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Bentonite: Its Origin
Large volumes inwestern U.S.
Formed duringCretaceous Period
Formed by volcanicash
http://www.webcamcruise.com/USA%20Map_fichiers/usa_map.jpg
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Bentonite Mining
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Wyoming Sodium Bentonite High swelling clay
Ability to adsorb largequantities of water
Composed of many stacks of
platelets like a stack of cards
Expands up to 20 times itsvolume
One inch3 covers 66 football
fields
One inch high containsbetween 35,000-40,000 layers(stresses good mixing)
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Venturi PipeHopper Jet
Bentonite going into
hopper @ 200 mesh
(74 Microns)
Bentonite platelets (1/2 Micron)
mechanically separated by high
velocity fluid from jet hopper
Venturi Style Mixing Hopper
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Mixing System
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Examples of Un-yielded Bentonite
This image shows a poorlymixed 40 Viscosity SUPER
GEL-X poured over thescreen on a Marsh Funnel
This image shows the un-yielded bentonite on your
hand when dipping it intothe mix tank
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Most important block of fluid system!
Makes 95-99% of a drilling fluid!
Bad Water = Bad Drilling Fluids
Make-Up Water
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Bentonite does not mix like it should
When we turn off the mixing equipment thebentonite settles and leaves water on the surface
It takes a lot more bentonite to get the sameviscosity
The pump is making all kinds of noises whenpumping the slurry
Polymer gets all stringy when we mix it
Do These Problems Sound Familiar?
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Is there a problem with the Bentonite?Probably not.
Most likely the culprit is low pH (
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Effects of Soda Ash on Bentonite in Water
Soda ash increases the negative charge on bentonite
More water is adsorbed
Dispersion of clay platelets increases
Soda ash also promotes dispersion of the drill cuttings
+ +Na2CO
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Bentonite Settles and Leaves Water on the Surface
Bentonite settling due to calcium in water
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Check pH (7 is neutral)
HYDRAUL-EZ and polymers like a pH ofapproximately 9.5+
Raise the pH with soda ash (sodium carbonate).This also precipitates out calcium
Normal treatment is to pound per 100 gallonsof water
What to Do?
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Check Mix Water pH with pH Strips
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The pH Scale
Neutral(H+ =OH-)
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
0 1 Molar Hydrochloric acid (HCI)1 Stomach Acid, Lime Juice
2 Lemon Juice
3 Acid Rain (2.5-5.5), Vinegar, Cola
4 Beer
5 Black Coffee, Tea
6 Normal Rain (5.6)
7 Pure Water, Saliva, Blood, Sweat
8 Seawater (7.8-8.3)
9 Baking Soda
10 Phosphate Detergents, Chorine Bleach
11 Household Ammonia
12 Washing Soda
13 Oven Cleaner
14 1-Molar Sodium Hydroxide (Na0H)
IncreasinglyBasic(H
+
OH-)
pH ValueH+ Concentration (Moles/Liter)
BentoniteMixing
Reference: Audesirk,T., Audesirk, G., &Byers, B. 2003. Life OnEarth. Third Edition.Prentice Hall. UpperSaddle River
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Functions of HYDRAUL-EZ Drilling Fluid
Cool bit & lubricate the
hole
Control sub-surface
pressure
Control fluid-loss, losscirculation, and frac-outs
Hold the hole open,stabilize the hole
Clean the hole, suspend& transport cuttings
Reduce torqueassociated with stickysoil
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Characteristics of HYDRAUL-EZ
Drilling Fluid
Density,Hydrostatic Head
Sand Content
Fluid Loss
Gel Strength
Viscosity
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The resistance of a fluid to flow; the greater theresistance, the greater the viscosity or thickness
Measured with a marsh funnel and cup
Viscosity only tells us the thickness of a fluid
Two fluids with the same viscosity can be vastly
different in terms of its ability to clean the hole
Viscosity
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Units for Bingham Plastic FluidsWe use the following units, typically, to describe therheological behavior of drilling fluids
Plastic viscosity, PV(cp)
Yield Point,YP (lb/100 ft2)
Apparent Viscosity,AV(cp)
Gel strengths (??)
How can this possibly make any sense?
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Marsh Funnel and Cup - Viscosity
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Viscosity & Pump Performance Higher viscosity fluids will reduce the flowability of
cuttings
Higher viscosity fluids will drastically reduce pumpperformance
Higher viscosity fluids will increase pumping andmaterial costs
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Viscosity & Pump PerformancePump curves are based on clear water at sea level andunder ideal conditions
Example
40 gpm pump with clear water, 26 viscosity
40 viscosity 10-15% capacity = 34-36 gpm 60 viscosity 25-30% capacity = 28-30 gpm
80 viscosity 40-50% capacity = 20-24 gpm
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Gel Strength Most important drilling f luid characteristic
The ability of HYDRAUL-EZ to form gels and suspendcuttings in borehole
If drill cuttings are not suspended, they will pack off
borehole and cause pressure buildup, fracturing, andstuck pipe
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Two methods to increase the gel strength of a drillingfluid
1. Add more HYDRAUL-EZ, which also increases viscosity(resistance to flow)
2. Add a gel strength enhancing polymer to HYDRAUL-EZ slurry
HYDRAUL-EZ/polymer system - HYDRAUL-EZ withSUSPEND-IT is most desirable since it forms a high gelstrength, pump-able slurry
Gel Strength
G l S h
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If cuttings are flowing out
of the hole, we know wehave an open hole
If the hole is open, we dont
get stuck
HYDRAUL-EZ offerssuperior gel strength
05
101520
2530354045
10 MI N GEL
SUPER GEL-XHYDRAUL-EZ
Gel Strength
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One Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity
SUPER GEL-X HYDRAUL-EZ
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Four Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity
SUPER GEL-X HYDRAUL-EZ
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Ten Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity
SUPER GEL-X HYDRAUL-EZ
G l St th
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Gel Strength
No viscosity increasewith HDD designeddrilling fluids
RecommendSUSPEND-IT whencoarse sands and gravel
are anticipated
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Fluid Loss Measure of amount of drilling fluid lost through a
permeable formation
Fluid loss can be measured with a filter press
Bentonite platelets shingle off wall of the hole andform a filter cake when slurry is pumped underpressure
This cuts off water to surrounding sand or gravel
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Fluid LossTwo methods to tighten or reduce amount of f luidgoing into formation
Add more HYDRAUL-EZ, which increases platelets butincreases viscosity (resistance to flow)
Add fluid loss polymer to HYDRAUL-EZ slurry HYDRAUL-
EZ/polymer system HYDRAUL-EZ with SUPER PAC or RELPAC is most desirable since it forms a low solids pump-ableslurry
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HYDRAUL-EZ Drilling Fluid Seals Borehole Sidewall
Bentonite Suspension
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Bentonite Particles
Bentonite Filter Cake Formed byClogging and Bridging
Soil
Grains
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Fine to Medium Sand
Water percolatingthrough sand Total saturation
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Fine to Medium Sand
HYDRAUL-EZ and REL-PAC Drilling Fluid
MINIMAL Fluid Loss
Water or drilling fluid withpoor fluid loss
HIGH Fluid Loss
C t lli Fl id L
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Controlling Fluid Loss
Minimal Fluid Loss = Borehole Stability
Fl id L
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Fluid Loss
SUPER PAC andREL-PAC enhance theperformance ofHYDRAUL-EZ
A thick filter cake does nottranslate to a reduction influid loss
Modified Natural Polymer
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Modified Natural Polymer
Used in Coarse Non-Reactive Soils
Manufactured in liquid and powdered form, cellulose polymers areused primarily to control fluid loss and stabilize difficult holes
REL-PAC and SUPER PAC Dry and liquid cellulose polymers whichare added to HYDRAUL-EZ systems to create superior boreholestability
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Holding the Hole Open
Maintaining a stable hole while drilling through soil,sand, gravel or other non-consolidated formations
Positive pressure of drilling fluid (filter cake,circulating pressure, hydrostatic pressure)
Similar to coffee grounds in a vacuum sealed can
Keys Filter cake
Particle bridging character of the polymers in CETCOsformulations
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Density/Hydrostatic Pressure of Boring Fluids
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Borehole Stability
Major function of HYDRAUL-EZ fluid is to keep thehole open
Hole is held open by hydrostatic pressure from a
HYDRAUL-EZ fluid pressing against a lower formationpressure across a filter cake
The pressure difference need not be great, but must
always be positive
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What Is Loss Circulation?
Loss circulation refers to the total or partial seepage ofdrilling fluid into the formation through crevices orporous media
Not to be confused with frac-outs which refer to fluidbreaking through the surface
C U lid t d F ti
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Coarse Unconsolidated Formations
Sand
Gravel
Partial and or gradual loss of return flowmay be experienced in coarse soilconditions.
Utilize a drilling fluid with good fluid-loss control such as a HYDRAUL-EZ/PACpolymer fluid (soda ash is also importantto get maximum yield out of HYDRAUL-EZ)
Reduce the mud weight as much aspossible by good solids control practicesand checking mud properties frequently
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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems
High solids/high density drilling fluids increasehydrostatic pressure on formations
Example:Mud Weight X 0.052 X Depth = Hydrostatic Pressure
9.0 pound mud @ 200 depth:
9.0 X 0.052 = 0.468 X 200 = 93.6 PSI of Hydrostatic Pressure on theFormation
14 pound mud @ 200 depth:
14 X 0.052 = 0.728 X 200 = 145.6 PSI of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Formation
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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems
Failure to adequately transportcuttings to the surface
Inadequate gel strength and orannular ascending velocity to
transport cutting to the surface,and suspend cuttings whencirculation is stopped can resultin the bridging of drill cuttingsaround the drill stem which can
block return f low, over pressure,and fracture the formation
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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems
Failure to control the hydrationof reactive soils
Reactive clays can swell up andcreate blockages that preventreturn flow from exiting thebore and over-pressure theformation causing fractures andloss circulation
Utilize synthetic polymer forcontrolling reactive soils
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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems Hole Swabbing
Thick, poorly-yielded
bentonite drilling fluids (notusing soda ash) along with afailure to utilize modifiednatural polymers (PACpolymers) to control water-loss can result in high fluid-loss conditions
A thick ineffective filter cakecan cause swabbing (suction)
of the hole, when downholetooling is pulled, resulting inhole collapsing and losscirculation problems
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Barrel YieldDescribes the number of barrels of a given viscosity bentoniteslurry that can be made from a ton of clay
SUPER GEL-XHigh Yield Bentonite = 200-220 bbls HYDRAUL-EZ HDD specialty bentonite = 165-185 bbls PREMIUM GEL API grade = 90 bbls
Examples
210 bbls x 42 gal = 8,820 gallons of slurry185 bbls x 42 gal = 7,770 gallons of slurry90 bbls x 42 gal = 3,780 gallons of slurry
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Five Steps to a Successful Borehole
SoilIdentification
DrillingFluids
Bits& Reamers
Planning
Volume
SuccessfulBorehole
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PLAN for SUCCESS! Time is Money!
Planning Phase Saves Time
Jobsite Layout
Needs:
Manpower
Equipment Needs (Tooling, Vacs, Recycling)
Product Needs
Jobsite Water Source (Fire Hydrant)
Disposal Options
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CETCO Online Calculation Guides
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Why Use a Software Based Mud Program?Allows for more accurate bidding of jobs
Ensure you have the correct products on the job-
site
Ensure you have proper quantity of products onthe job
Printed report can be used with your submission
Engineers are using this to assist in specs
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Sample Input Screen
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Five Steps to a Successful Bore - Soil IdentificationCoarse Soils
Sand, Gravel, Cobble, Rock, typically use bentonite orbentonite/polymer system
Fine Soils
Clay and silts, typically use polymer or
bentonite/polymer system
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Soil IdentificationReactive(Fine Soils)
Clay Shale
Non-Reactive
(Coarse Soils)
Sand Gravel
Cobble
Rock
Five Steps to a Successful Bore -
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Five Steps to a Successful Bore
Drilling Fluids
There are no universal soils and there are nouniversal drilling fluids
Match the drilling fluid to the soil type
Use bentonite as a base for all soil conditions
Polymers & additives are added to bentonitedrilling fluids to match soil conditions
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Polymer Additives
Designed as additives for HYDRAUL-EZ & SUPERGEL-X drilling f luids, not a replacement
First used as drilling fluids in the late 1930s
Specifically designed for a particular drillingsituation
Three basic categories; synthetic, modifiednatural, and natural polymers
Synthetic Polymers Used in
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Synthetic Polymers - Used in
Reactive SoilsManufactured in liquid and powdered form;they can be tailor made to fit any function
Functions:
Viscosifiers Clay and shale inhibitors Lubricants Borehole stabilizers Very shear sensitive
Synthetic Polymers
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Synthetic Polymers
ACCU-VIS and INSTA-VIS PLUS
Liquid polymers to increaseviscosity and inhibit hydrationof clay and shale
INSTA-VIS DRY Dry polymerfor stabilizing borehole andcoating clay and shale
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Clay & Water (Reactive Soils)
Mixing claywith water
Clay will hydratecausing stickingand swelling
Polymer andwater
Polymer coats clayparticles anddelays hydration
CLAY CUTTER
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CLAY CUTTER A concentrated, non hazardous,
proprietary clay inhibitor thatcan be used with either polymeror HYDRAUL-EZ drilling fluidsystems
An ideal additive for reactiveclay soils
Will greatly reduce or eliminateclay cuttings from sticking toeach other and to the drillingtools. Swelling of the bore willbe reduced or eliminated
Rotation and pullback pressureswill be significantly reduced
Can be used in antifreeze tank
for easy spot treatment
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CLAY CUTTER Breaks Down Reactive Soils
Adding CLAY CUTTER to granularbentonite and water
Granular bentonite/reactive soils arebroken down (instead of beingencapsulated) and in a more flowablestate
Modified Natural Polymer (Used in Coarse
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y (
Non-Reactive Soils)
Manufactured in liquid and powdered form,cellulose polymers are used primarily to controlfluid loss and stabilize difficult holes
REL-PAC and SUPER PAC Dry and liquidcellulose polymers which are added to HYDRAUL-
EZ systems to create superior borehole stability
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Reducing Fluid Loss REL PAC
40 ViscosityHYDRAUL-EZ fluid
40 ViscosityHYDRAUL-EZ fluid
with REL PAC
Natural Biodegradable Polymers
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Natural, Biodegradable Polymers
No viscosity increasewith HDD designeddrilling fluids
Increases gel strength
SUSPEND-IT is
recommended whencoarse sands and gravelare anticipated
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Example: Alternating Clay & Sand
Sand
Reactive Clay
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Example: Difficult Conditions
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Pilot Hole Use drilling fluids and additives both ways: if youneed it back-reaming, you will need it on the pilot hole
Maintain an open bore path and steady flow
Avoid over-steering
Avoid Creating Bottlenecks in the
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Avoid Creating Bottlenecks in the
Bore Path
Rotate the bit through sections where push-steering corrections were performed tomaintain annular spacing
Five Steps to a Successful Bore
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p
Bits & Reamers
No universal soils
No universal drillingfluids
No universal bits &reamers
Match downholetooling to the soil type
BitsDuckbill
Roller Cone
Geo-Head
Reamers
Barrel/Packer
Spiral/FlutedWinged/Open
Roller Cone/HoleOpener
Bit Se ection T e Proper Bit is Critica or a Success uPilot Hole
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Pilot Hole
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Reamer Selection
Reamer should always be a minimum of 1 timesthe diameter of the product line to prevent gettingstuck and frack outs.
Reamer selection is critical for a successful bore
Like fluids, reamers need to be matched to soiltypes
Reamers should not restrict the pumps capacity orannular flow
Spiral or Fluted Reamer
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p
Versatile type of
reamer
Used in sand, siltysoils, and rocks &cobbles
Avoid using spiral or
fluted reamers in clay
S i l R I Cl
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Spiral Reamer In Clay
Winged or Open Reamer
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g p
Used in reactive soil
conditions (i.e. clays)
Minimal surface area forclay to stick and cause
blockage of annular flow
Good chopping action(required in reactive soils)
Barrel Reamer or Packer
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Barrel Reamer or Packer
Used in uniform soilsand loose sands
Used with highviscosity to maintainborehole stability
Makes a great boatanchor!
Frac-Outs and Bulging
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g g
Pavement
No space between formation and drillpipe for drilling fluid to return
Reamers such as fluted and spiral ball upwith clay and restrict flow to exit side
Drilling fluid has nowhere else togo but into the formation
Annular space is maintained through proper drillingfluid additives and good drilling techniques
-
Open type of back reamers reduce balling of clays and providea chopping/mixing action while allowing for fluid to flow to the exit side
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Preventing Frac-OutsFrac-outs occur when the circulating pressure inthe wellbore exceeds the formation strength
Build-up of solids in drilling f luid lead to really highmud viscosities, low pump rates, and/or out-runningmud
Solution is more drilling fluid and or higher circulationrates to reduce solids content in returns
A Little Bit of Volume and Pressure Can
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A Little Bit of Volume and Pressure Can
Cause a Lot of Damage
D R i i C tl
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Damage Repair is Costly
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Five Steps to a Successful Bore
Volume Provide sufficient volume to maintain a flowable
slurry
Calculate drilling f luid volumes based on hole sizeand soil type
Determine backream time based on pumpcapacity
D t F t I t t R l f
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Dont Forget an Important Rule of
Thumb In HDD
Hole diameter must be at least 1 timesthe diameter of the product line
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Calculating Drilling Fluid Volumes
Volume of hole = Diameter2
24.52 = gals/ftExample: 8backream and 200 ft bore
8x8=64 24.52=2.61 gals/ft
200 ft bore x 2.61 gals/ft = 522 gals (based on 1:1 ratio)
Requirements for different soils
Sands: 2-3 x volume of hole
Clays: 3-5 x volume of hole
C l l ti D illi Fl id V l
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Calculating Drilling Fluid Volumes
Estimating bore time based on pump capacityExample: 200 ft bore x 8 hole; sandy soils2.61 gals/ft x 2= 5.22 gals x 200 ft=1,044 gallons
Using 10 ft drill stem we need 52.2 gallons per stem:
Pumping 20 gpm takes between 2.5 and 3 minutes per 10 ft. rod. Pumping 30 gpm takes between 1.5 and 2 minutes per 10 ft. rod. Pumping 40 gpm takes between 1 and 1.5 minutes per 10 ft. rod.
* Given above examples, reaming time should vary between 25 and 60
minutes.
HDD P i V l R i t
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HDD Pumping Volume RequirementsHole dia.
(in.)Gal/ Lin. Ft.
= (dia2 24.5)Coarse Soils (Sands)2 to 3 X Vol. Of hole
Fine Soils (Clays)3 to 5 X Vol. of Hole
2 0.16 0.32 to 0.48 0.48 to 0.8
4 0.65 1.3 to 1.95 1.95 to 3.25
5 1.02 2.04 to 3.06 3.06 to 5.10
6 1.47 2.94 to 4.41 4.41 to 7.35
7 2.00 4.0 to 6.0 6.0 to 10.0
8 2.61 5.22 to 7.83 7.83 to 13.05
9 3.30 6.60 to 9.90 9.90 to 16.5
10 4.08 8.16 to 12.24 12.24 to 20.4
12 5.87 11.47 to 17.61 17.61 to 29.35
14 8.0 16 to 24 24 to 40
16 10.44 20.88 to 31.32 31.32 to 52.2
18 13.22 26.44 to 39.66 39.66 to 66.10
20 16.32 32.64 to 48.96 48.96 to 81.6
24 23.49 46.98 to 70.47 70.47 to 117.45
30 36.73 73.467 to 110.19 110.19 to 183.65
36 52.88 105.76 to 158.64 158.64 to 264.4
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Let the Exit Flow Be Your Guide
Fi St t S f l B h l
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Five Steps to a Successful Borehole
SoilIdentification
Drilling
Fluids
Bits& Reamers
Planning
Volume
SuccessfulBorehole
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Up Your Odds for Success! Utilize drilling fluids as a tool to avoid trouble
instead of an aid to get you out of trouble
Take advantage of the information available on the
CETCO website @ http://www.cetco.com/DPG/
Utilize the CETCO HDD Estimator:http://www.cetco.com/DPG/HDD.aspx
Putting it All Together
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Functions of Drilling Fluid Characteristics ofa Drilling Fluid
Cool bit & Lubricate the hole
C t l b f
Control fluid loss, losscirculation, and frac-outs
Hold the hole open
(stabilize the hole)
Clean the hole
(suspend & transport cuttings)
Reduce torque associated withsticky soil
Density,
HydrostaticHead
Sand Content
Fluid Loss
Gel Strength
Viscosity
INSTA-VIS PLUS
SUPER PAC XTRA-LOWREL-PAC XTRA-LOW
SUPER GEL-X
SUPER PACREL-PAC
HYDRAUL-EZ
CLAY CUTTERCLAY CUTTER DRY
PROSHOT
ACCU-VIS
INSTA-VIS DRY
SUSPEND-IT
Recommended