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Bentonite: Its Origin

Large volumes inwestern U.S.

Formed duringCretaceous Period

Formed by volcanicash

http://www.webcamcruise.com/USA%20Map_fichiers/usa_map.jpg

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Bentonite Mining

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Wyoming Sodium Bentonite High swelling clay

Ability to adsorb largequantities of water

Composed of many stacks of

platelets like a stack of cards

Expands up to 20 times itsvolume

One inch3 covers 66 football

fields

One inch high containsbetween 35,000-40,000 layers(stresses good mixing)

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Venturi PipeHopper Jet

Bentonite going into

hopper @ 200 mesh

(74 Microns)

Bentonite platelets (1/2 Micron)

mechanically separated by high

velocity fluid from jet hopper

Venturi Style Mixing Hopper

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Mixing System

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Examples of Un-yielded Bentonite

This image shows a poorlymixed 40 Viscosity SUPER

GEL-X poured over thescreen on a Marsh Funnel

This image shows the un-yielded bentonite on your

hand when dipping it intothe mix tank

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Most important block of fluid system!

Makes 95-99% of a drilling fluid!

Bad Water = Bad Drilling Fluids

Make-Up Water

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Bentonite does not mix like it should

When we turn off the mixing equipment thebentonite settles and leaves water on the surface

It takes a lot more bentonite to get the sameviscosity

The pump is making all kinds of noises whenpumping the slurry

Polymer gets all stringy when we mix it

Do These Problems Sound Familiar?

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Is there a problem with the Bentonite?Probably not.

Most likely the culprit is low pH (

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Effects of Soda Ash on Bentonite in Water

Soda ash increases the negative charge on bentonite

More water is adsorbed

Dispersion of clay platelets increases

Soda ash also promotes dispersion of the drill cuttings

+ +Na2CO

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Bentonite Settles and Leaves Water on the Surface

Bentonite settling due to calcium in water

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Check pH (7 is neutral)

HYDRAUL-EZ and polymers like a pH ofapproximately 9.5+

Raise the pH with soda ash (sodium carbonate).This also precipitates out calcium

Normal treatment is to pound per 100 gallonsof water

What to Do?

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Check Mix Water pH with pH Strips

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The pH Scale

Neutral(H+ =OH-)

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

10-9

10-10

10-11

10-12

10-13

10-14

0 1 Molar Hydrochloric acid (HCI)1 Stomach Acid, Lime Juice

2 Lemon Juice

3 Acid Rain (2.5-5.5), Vinegar, Cola

4 Beer

5 Black Coffee, Tea

6 Normal Rain (5.6)

7 Pure Water, Saliva, Blood, Sweat

8 Seawater (7.8-8.3)

9 Baking Soda

10 Phosphate Detergents, Chorine Bleach

11 Household Ammonia

12 Washing Soda

13 Oven Cleaner

14 1-Molar Sodium Hydroxide (Na0H)

IncreasinglyBasic(H

+

OH-)

pH ValueH+ Concentration (Moles/Liter)

BentoniteMixing

Reference: Audesirk,T., Audesirk, G., &Byers, B. 2003. Life OnEarth. Third Edition.Prentice Hall. UpperSaddle River

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Functions of HYDRAUL-EZ Drilling Fluid

Cool bit & lubricate the

hole

Control sub-surface

pressure

Control fluid-loss, losscirculation, and frac-outs

Hold the hole open,stabilize the hole

Clean the hole, suspend& transport cuttings

Reduce torqueassociated with stickysoil

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Characteristics of HYDRAUL-EZ

Drilling Fluid

Density,Hydrostatic Head

Sand Content

Fluid Loss

Gel Strength

Viscosity

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The resistance of a fluid to flow; the greater theresistance, the greater the viscosity or thickness

Measured with a marsh funnel and cup

Viscosity only tells us the thickness of a fluid

Two fluids with the same viscosity can be vastly

different in terms of its ability to clean the hole

Viscosity

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Units for Bingham Plastic FluidsWe use the following units, typically, to describe therheological behavior of drilling fluids

Plastic viscosity, PV(cp)

Yield Point,YP (lb/100 ft2)

Apparent Viscosity,AV(cp)

Gel strengths (??)

How can this possibly make any sense?

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Marsh Funnel and Cup - Viscosity

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Viscosity & Pump Performance Higher viscosity fluids will reduce the flowability of

cuttings

Higher viscosity fluids will drastically reduce pumpperformance

Higher viscosity fluids will increase pumping andmaterial costs

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Viscosity & Pump PerformancePump curves are based on clear water at sea level andunder ideal conditions

Example

40 gpm pump with clear water, 26 viscosity

40 viscosity 10-15% capacity = 34-36 gpm 60 viscosity 25-30% capacity = 28-30 gpm

80 viscosity 40-50% capacity = 20-24 gpm

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Gel Strength Most important drilling f luid characteristic

The ability of HYDRAUL-EZ to form gels and suspendcuttings in borehole

If drill cuttings are not suspended, they will pack off

borehole and cause pressure buildup, fracturing, andstuck pipe

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Two methods to increase the gel strength of a drillingfluid

1. Add more HYDRAUL-EZ, which also increases viscosity(resistance to flow)

2. Add a gel strength enhancing polymer to HYDRAUL-EZ slurry

HYDRAUL-EZ/polymer system - HYDRAUL-EZ withSUSPEND-IT is most desirable since it forms a high gelstrength, pump-able slurry

Gel Strength

G l S h

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If cuttings are flowing out

of the hole, we know wehave an open hole

If the hole is open, we dont

get stuck

HYDRAUL-EZ offerssuperior gel strength

05

101520

2530354045

10 MI N GEL

SUPER GEL-XHYDRAUL-EZ

Gel Strength

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One Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity

SUPER GEL-X HYDRAUL-EZ

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Four Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity


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Ten Minute Gel Strength @ 60 Viscosity


G l St th

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Gel Strength

No viscosity increasewith HDD designeddrilling fluids

RecommendSUSPEND-IT whencoarse sands and gravel

are anticipated

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Fluid Loss Measure of amount of drilling fluid lost through a

permeable formation

Fluid loss can be measured with a filter press

Bentonite platelets shingle off wall of the hole andform a filter cake when slurry is pumped underpressure

This cuts off water to surrounding sand or gravel

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Fluid LossTwo methods to tighten or reduce amount of f luidgoing into formation

Add more HYDRAUL-EZ, which increases platelets butincreases viscosity (resistance to flow)

Add fluid loss polymer to HYDRAUL-EZ slurry HYDRAUL-

EZ/polymer system HYDRAUL-EZ with SUPER PAC or RELPAC is most desirable since it forms a low solids pump-ableslurry

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HYDRAUL-EZ Drilling Fluid Seals Borehole Sidewall

Bentonite Suspension

Hydrostatic

Pressure

Bentonite Particles

Bentonite Filter Cake Formed byClogging and Bridging

Soil

Grains

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Fine to Medium Sand

Water percolatingthrough sand Total saturation

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Fine to Medium Sand

HYDRAUL-EZ and REL-PAC Drilling Fluid

MINIMAL Fluid Loss

Water or drilling fluid withpoor fluid loss

HIGH Fluid Loss

C t lli Fl id L

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Controlling Fluid Loss

Minimal Fluid Loss = Borehole Stability

Fl id L

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Fluid Loss

SUPER PAC andREL-PAC enhance theperformance ofHYDRAUL-EZ

A thick filter cake does nottranslate to a reduction influid loss

Modified Natural Polymer

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Modified Natural Polymer

Used in Coarse Non-Reactive Soils

Manufactured in liquid and powdered form, cellulose polymers areused primarily to control fluid loss and stabilize difficult holes

REL-PAC and SUPER PAC Dry and liquid cellulose polymers whichare added to HYDRAUL-EZ systems to create superior boreholestability

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Holding the Hole Open

Maintaining a stable hole while drilling through soil,sand, gravel or other non-consolidated formations

Positive pressure of drilling fluid (filter cake,circulating pressure, hydrostatic pressure)

Similar to coffee grounds in a vacuum sealed can

Keys Filter cake

Particle bridging character of the polymers in CETCOsformulations

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Density/Hydrostatic Pressure of Boring Fluids

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Borehole Stability

Major function of HYDRAUL-EZ fluid is to keep thehole open

Hole is held open by hydrostatic pressure from a

HYDRAUL-EZ fluid pressing against a lower formationpressure across a filter cake

The pressure difference need not be great, but must

always be positive

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What Is Loss Circulation?

Loss circulation refers to the total or partial seepage ofdrilling fluid into the formation through crevices orporous media

Not to be confused with frac-outs which refer to fluidbreaking through the surface

C U lid t d F ti

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Coarse Unconsolidated Formations

Sand

Gravel

Partial and or gradual loss of return flowmay be experienced in coarse soilconditions.

Utilize a drilling fluid with good fluid-loss control such as a HYDRAUL-EZ/PACpolymer fluid (soda ash is also importantto get maximum yield out of HYDRAUL-EZ)

Reduce the mud weight as much aspossible by good solids control practicesand checking mud properties frequently

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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems

High solids/high density drilling fluids increasehydrostatic pressure on formations

Example:Mud Weight X 0.052 X Depth = Hydrostatic Pressure

9.0 pound mud @ 200 depth:

9.0 X 0.052 = 0.468 X 200 = 93.6 PSI of Hydrostatic Pressure on theFormation

14 pound mud @ 200 depth:

14 X 0.052 = 0.728 X 200 = 145.6 PSI of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Formation

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Failure to adequately transportcuttings to the surface

Inadequate gel strength and orannular ascending velocity to

transport cutting to the surface,and suspend cuttings whencirculation is stopped can resultin the bridging of drill cuttingsaround the drill stem which can

block return f low, over pressure,and fracture the formation

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Failure to control the hydrationof reactive soils

Reactive clays can swell up andcreate blockages that preventreturn flow from exiting thebore and over-pressure theformation causing fractures andloss circulation

Utilize synthetic polymer forcontrolling reactive soils

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Driller-Created Loss Circulation Problems Hole Swabbing

Thick, poorly-yielded

bentonite drilling fluids (notusing soda ash) along with afailure to utilize modifiednatural polymers (PACpolymers) to control water-loss can result in high fluid-loss conditions

A thick ineffective filter cakecan cause swabbing (suction)

of the hole, when downholetooling is pulled, resulting inhole collapsing and losscirculation problems

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Barrel YieldDescribes the number of barrels of a given viscosity bentoniteslurry that can be made from a ton of clay

SUPER GEL-XHigh Yield Bentonite = 200-220 bbls HYDRAUL-EZ HDD specialty bentonite = 165-185 bbls PREMIUM GEL API grade = 90 bbls

Examples

210 bbls x 42 gal = 8,820 gallons of slurry185 bbls x 42 gal = 7,770 gallons of slurry90 bbls x 42 gal = 3,780 gallons of slurry

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Five Steps to a Successful Borehole

SoilIdentification

DrillingFluids

Bits& Reamers

Planning

Volume

SuccessfulBorehole

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PLAN for SUCCESS! Time is Money!

Planning Phase Saves Time

Jobsite Layout

Needs:

Manpower

Equipment Needs (Tooling, Vacs, Recycling)

Product Needs

Jobsite Water Source (Fire Hydrant)

Disposal Options

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CETCO Online Calculation Guides

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Why Use a Software Based Mud Program?Allows for more accurate bidding of jobs

Ensure you have the correct products on the job-

site

Ensure you have proper quantity of products onthe job

Printed report can be used with your submission

Engineers are using this to assist in specs

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Sample Input Screen

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Five Steps to a Successful Bore - Soil IdentificationCoarse Soils

Sand, Gravel, Cobble, Rock, typically use bentonite orbentonite/polymer system

Fine Soils

Clay and silts, typically use polymer or

bentonite/polymer system

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Soil IdentificationReactive(Fine Soils)

Clay Shale

Non-Reactive

(Coarse Soils)

Sand Gravel

Cobble

Rock

Five Steps to a Successful Bore -

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Five Steps to a Successful Bore

Drilling Fluids

There are no universal soils and there are nouniversal drilling fluids

Match the drilling fluid to the soil type

Use bentonite as a base for all soil conditions

Polymers & additives are added to bentonitedrilling fluids to match soil conditions

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Polymer Additives

Designed as additives for HYDRAUL-EZ & SUPERGEL-X drilling f luids, not a replacement

First used as drilling fluids in the late 1930s

Specifically designed for a particular drillingsituation

Three basic categories; synthetic, modifiednatural, and natural polymers

Synthetic Polymers Used in

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Synthetic Polymers - Used in

Reactive SoilsManufactured in liquid and powdered form;they can be tailor made to fit any function

Functions:

Viscosifiers Clay and shale inhibitors Lubricants Borehole stabilizers Very shear sensitive

Synthetic Polymers

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Synthetic Polymers

ACCU-VIS and INSTA-VIS PLUS

Liquid polymers to increaseviscosity and inhibit hydrationof clay and shale

INSTA-VIS DRY Dry polymerfor stabilizing borehole andcoating clay and shale

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Clay & Water (Reactive Soils)

Mixing claywith water

Clay will hydratecausing stickingand swelling

Polymer andwater

Polymer coats clayparticles anddelays hydration

CLAY CUTTER

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CLAY CUTTER A concentrated, non hazardous,

proprietary clay inhibitor thatcan be used with either polymeror HYDRAUL-EZ drilling fluidsystems

An ideal additive for reactiveclay soils

Will greatly reduce or eliminateclay cuttings from sticking toeach other and to the drillingtools. Swelling of the bore willbe reduced or eliminated

Rotation and pullback pressureswill be significantly reduced

Can be used in antifreeze tank

for easy spot treatment

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CLAY CUTTER Breaks Down Reactive Soils

Adding CLAY CUTTER to granularbentonite and water

Granular bentonite/reactive soils arebroken down (instead of beingencapsulated) and in a more flowablestate

Modified Natural Polymer (Used in Coarse

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y (

Non-Reactive Soils)

Manufactured in liquid and powdered form,cellulose polymers are used primarily to controlfluid loss and stabilize difficult holes

REL-PAC and SUPER PAC Dry and liquidcellulose polymers which are added to HYDRAUL-

EZ systems to create superior borehole stability

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Reducing Fluid Loss REL PAC

40 ViscosityHYDRAUL-EZ fluid

40 ViscosityHYDRAUL-EZ fluid

with REL PAC

Natural Biodegradable Polymers

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Natural, Biodegradable Polymers

No viscosity increasewith HDD designeddrilling fluids

Increases gel strength

SUSPEND-IT is

recommended whencoarse sands and gravelare anticipated

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Example: Alternating Clay & Sand

Sand

Reactive Clay

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Example: Difficult Conditions

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Pilot Hole Use drilling fluids and additives both ways: if youneed it back-reaming, you will need it on the pilot hole

Maintain an open bore path and steady flow

Avoid over-steering

Avoid Creating Bottlenecks in the

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Avoid Creating Bottlenecks in the

Bore Path

Rotate the bit through sections where push-steering corrections were performed tomaintain annular spacing


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p

Bits & Reamers

No universal soils

No universal drillingfluids

No universal bits &reamers

Match downholetooling to the soil type

BitsDuckbill

Roller Cone

Geo-Head

Reamers

Barrel/Packer

Spiral/FlutedWinged/Open

Roller Cone/HoleOpener

Bit Se ection T e Proper Bit is Critica or a Success uPilot Hole

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Pilot Hole

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Reamer Selection

Reamer should always be a minimum of 1 timesthe diameter of the product line to prevent gettingstuck and frack outs.

Reamer selection is critical for a successful bore

Like fluids, reamers need to be matched to soiltypes

Reamers should not restrict the pumps capacity orannular flow

Spiral or Fluted Reamer

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p

Versatile type of

reamer

Used in sand, siltysoils, and rocks &cobbles

Avoid using spiral or

fluted reamers in clay

S i l R I Cl

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Spiral Reamer In Clay

Winged or Open Reamer

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g p

Used in reactive soil

conditions (i.e. clays)

Minimal surface area forclay to stick and cause

blockage of annular flow

Good chopping action(required in reactive soils)

Barrel Reamer or Packer
http://www.melfredborzall.com/prodstyle.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=29

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Barrel Reamer or Packer

Used in uniform soilsand loose sands

Used with highviscosity to maintainborehole stability

Makes a great boatanchor!

Frac-Outs and Bulging

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g g

Pavement

No space between formation and drillpipe for drilling fluid to return

Reamers such as fluted and spiral ball upwith clay and restrict flow to exit side

Drilling fluid has nowhere else togo but into the formation

Annular space is maintained through proper drillingfluid additives and good drilling techniques

-

Open type of back reamers reduce balling of clays and providea chopping/mixing action while allowing for fluid to flow to the exit side

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Preventing Frac-OutsFrac-outs occur when the circulating pressure inthe wellbore exceeds the formation strength

Build-up of solids in drilling f luid lead to really highmud viscosities, low pump rates, and/or out-runningmud

Solution is more drilling fluid and or higher circulationrates to reduce solids content in returns

A Little Bit of Volume and Pressure Can

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A Little Bit of Volume and Pressure Can

Cause a Lot of Damage

D R i i C tl

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Damage Repair is Costly

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Volume Provide sufficient volume to maintain a flowable

slurry

Calculate drilling f luid volumes based on hole sizeand soil type

Determine backream time based on pumpcapacity

D t F t I t t R l f

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Dont Forget an Important Rule of

Thumb In HDD

Hole diameter must be at least 1 timesthe diameter of the product line

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Calculating Drilling Fluid Volumes

Volume of hole = Diameter2

24.52 = gals/ftExample: 8backream and 200 ft bore

8x8=64 24.52=2.61 gals/ft

200 ft bore x 2.61 gals/ft = 522 gals (based on 1:1 ratio)

Requirements for different soils

Sands: 2-3 x volume of hole

Clays: 3-5 x volume of hole

C l l ti D illi Fl id V l

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Calculating Drilling Fluid Volumes

Estimating bore time based on pump capacityExample: 200 ft bore x 8 hole; sandy soils2.61 gals/ft x 2= 5.22 gals x 200 ft=1,044 gallons

Using 10 ft drill stem we need 52.2 gallons per stem:

Pumping 20 gpm takes between 2.5 and 3 minutes per 10 ft. rod. Pumping 30 gpm takes between 1.5 and 2 minutes per 10 ft. rod. Pumping 40 gpm takes between 1 and 1.5 minutes per 10 ft. rod.

* Given above examples, reaming time should vary between 25 and 60

minutes.

HDD P i V l R i t

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HDD Pumping Volume RequirementsHole dia.

(in.)Gal/ Lin. Ft.

= (dia2 24.5)Coarse Soils (Sands)2 to 3 X Vol. Of hole

Fine Soils (Clays)3 to 5 X Vol. of Hole

2 0.16 0.32 to 0.48 0.48 to 0.8

4 0.65 1.3 to 1.95 1.95 to 3.25

5 1.02 2.04 to 3.06 3.06 to 5.10

6 1.47 2.94 to 4.41 4.41 to 7.35

7 2.00 4.0 to 6.0 6.0 to 10.0

8 2.61 5.22 to 7.83 7.83 to 13.05

9 3.30 6.60 to 9.90 9.90 to 16.5

10 4.08 8.16 to 12.24 12.24 to 20.4

12 5.87 11.47 to 17.61 17.61 to 29.35

14 8.0 16 to 24 24 to 40

16 10.44 20.88 to 31.32 31.32 to 52.2

18 13.22 26.44 to 39.66 39.66 to 66.10

20 16.32 32.64 to 48.96 48.96 to 81.6

24 23.49 46.98 to 70.47 70.47 to 117.45

30 36.73 73.467 to 110.19 110.19 to 183.65

36 52.88 105.76 to 158.64 158.64 to 264.4

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Let the Exit Flow Be Your Guide

Fi St t S f l B h l

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Five Steps to a Successful Borehole

SoilIdentification

Drilling

Fluids

Bits& Reamers

Planning

Volume

SuccessfulBorehole

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Up Your Odds for Success! Utilize drilling fluids as a tool to avoid trouble

instead of an aid to get you out of trouble

Take advantage of the information available on the

CETCO website @ http://www.cetco.com/DPG/

Utilize the CETCO HDD Estimator:http://www.cetco.com/DPG/HDD.aspx

Putting it All Together
http://www.cetco.com/DPG/http://www.cetco.com/DPG/HDD.aspxhttp://www.cetco.com/DPG/HDD.aspxhttp://www.cetco.com/DPG/

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Functions of Drilling Fluid Characteristics ofa Drilling Fluid

Cool bit & Lubricate the hole

C t l b f

Control fluid loss, losscirculation, and frac-outs

Hold the hole open

(stabilize the hole)

Clean the hole

(suspend & transport cuttings)

Reduce torque associated withsticky soil

Density,

HydrostaticHead

Sand Content

Fluid Loss

Gel Strength

Viscosity

INSTA-VIS PLUS

SUPER PAC XTRA-LOWREL-PAC XTRA-LOW

SUPER GEL-X

SUPER PACREL-PAC

HYDRAUL-EZ

CLAY CUTTERCLAY CUTTER DRY

PROSHOT

ACCU-VIS

INSTA-VIS DRY

SUSPEND-IT

Documents

Muds 2012