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5 - 1Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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5 - 2Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data Resource Management
Chapter
5
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1. Explain the business value ofimplementing data resourcemanagement processes and
technologies in an organization.
2. Outline the advantages of a database
management approach to managing thedata resources of a business, comparedto a file processing approach.
Learning Objectives
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Learning Objectives
3. Explain how database management softwarehelps business professionals and supports theoperations and management of a business.
4. Provide examples to illustrate each of thefollowing concepts:
Major types of databases.
Data warehouses and data mining. Logical data elements.
Fundamental database structures.
Database development.
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Why Study Data Resource Management?
Todays business enterprises cannotsurvive or succeed without quality dataabout their internal operations and
external environment.
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Data Resource Management
Definition: A managerial activity that applies
information systems technologies to the
task of managing an organizations dataresources to meet the information needsof their business stakeholders
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Foundation Data Concepts
Character single alphabetic, numeric orother symbol
Field group of related characters
Entity person, place, object or event
Attribute characteristic of an entity
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Foundation Data Concepts
Record collection of attributes thatdescribe an entity
File group of related records
Database integrated collection of
logically related data elements
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Logical Data Elements
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Entities and Relationships
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Types of Databases
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Types of Databases
Operational store detailed data neededto support the business processes andoperations of a company
Distributed databases that are replicatedand distributed in whole or in part to
network servers at a variety of sites
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Types of Databases
External contain a wealth of informationavailable from commercial online servicesand from many sources on the World
Wide Web
Hypermedia consist of hyperlinked
pages of multimedia
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Hypermedia Database
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Data Warehouse
Definition: Large database that stores data that have
been extracted from the various
operational, external, and other databasesof an organization
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Data Warehouse System
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Data Mart
Definition: Databases that hold subsets of data from
a data warehouse that focus on specific
aspects of a company, such as adepartment or a business process
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Data Warehouse & Data Marts
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Data Warehouse & Data Marts
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Retrieving Information from Data Warehouse
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Data Mining
Definition: Analyzing the data in a data warehouse to
reveal hidden patterns and trends in
historical business activity
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Data Mining
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Data Mining Uses
Perform market-basket analysis to identify newproduct bundles.
Find root causes to quality or manufacturingproblems.
Prevent customer attrition and acquire newcustomers.
Cross-sell to existing customers.
Profile customers with more accuracy.
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Traditional File Processing
Definition: Data are organized, stored, and
processed in independent files of data
records
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File Processing Systems
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Problems of File Processing
Data Redundancy duplicate data requires anupdate to be made to all files storing that data
Lack of Data Integration data stored in
separate files require special programs foroutput making ad hoc reporting difficult
Data Dependence programs must includeinformation about how the data is stored so achange in storage format requires a change inprograms
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Database Management Approach
Definition: Consolidates data records into one
database that can be accessed by manydifferent application programs.
Software interface between users anddatabases
Data definition is stored once, separatelyfrom application programs
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Database Management Approach
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Database Management Software (DBMS)
Definition: Software that controls the creation,
maintenance, and use of databases
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DBMS Software Components
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Uses of DBMS Software
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Database Interrogation
Definition: Capability of a DBMS to report information from
the database in response to end users requests
Query Language allows easy, immediateaccess to ad hoc data requests
Report Generator - allows quick, easyspecification of a report format for informationusers have requested
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Database Query vs. Report
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Natural Language vs. SQL Queries
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Database Maintenance
Updating a database continually to reflectnew business transactions and otherevents
Updating a database to correct data andensure accuracy of the data
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Application Development
End users, systems analysts, and otherapplication developers can use theinternal 4GL programming language andbuilt-in software development toolsprovided by many DBMS packages todevelop custom application programs.
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Fundamental Database Structures
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Database Structures
Hierarchical relationships betweenrecords form a hierarchy or treelikestructure
Network data can be accessed by oneof several paths because any data
element or record can be related to anynumber of other data elements
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Relational Database Structure
Definition: All data elements within the database are
viewed as being stored in the form of
simple tables
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Relational Database
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Multidimensional Database Structure
Definition: Variation of the relational model that uses
multidimensional structures to organize
data and express the relationshipsbetween data
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Multidimensional Database Structure
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Object-Oriented Database Structure
Definition: Can accommodate more complex data types
including graphics, pictures, voice and text
Encapsulation data values and operations thatcan be performed on them are stored as a unit
Inheritance automatically creating new objectsby replicating some or all of the characteristicsof one or more existing objects
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Inheritance
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Evaluation of Database Structures
Hierarchical data structure is best forstructured, routine types of transactionprocessing.
Network data structure is best whenmany-to-many relationships are needed.
Relational data structure is best when adhoc reporting is required.
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Database Development
Enterprise-wide database development isusually controlled by databaseadministrators (DBA)
Data dictionary catalog or directorycontaining metadata
Metadata data about data
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Database Development Process
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Data Planning
Database administrators and designerswork with corporate and end usermanagement to develop an enterprisemodel that defines the basic businessprocess of the enterprise.
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Data Modeling
Definition: Process where the relationships between
data elements are identified
E i R l i hi Di
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Entity Relationship Diagram
L i l Ph i l Vi
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Logical vs. Physical Views
Logical data elements and relationshipsamong them
Physical describes how data are to bestored and accessed on the storagedevices of a computer system
L i l d Ph i l D b Vi
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Logical and Physical Database Views
S
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Summary
Data resource management is amanagerial activity that appliesinformation technology and software toolsto the task of managing an organizations
data resources.
The database management approach
consolidates data needed by differentapplications into several commondatabases and provides an easy-to-usead hoc reporting capability.
S
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Summary
Database management systems are softwarepackages that simplify the creation, use, andmaintenance of databases.
Several types of databases are used bybusiness organizations including operational,distributed, and external databases.
Data warehouses are a central source of datafrom other databases that have been cleaned,transformed, and cataloged for businessanalysis and decision support applications.
S
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Summary
Data must be organized in some logical manneron physical storage devices so that they can beefficiently processed. For this reason, data arecommonly organized into logical data elements
such as characters, fields, records, files anddatabases.
Database structures such as the hierarchical,network, relational, and object-oriented modelsare used to organize the relationships amongthe data records stored in databases.
S
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Summary
The development of databases can beeasily accomplished using microcomputerdatabase management packages forsmall end-user applications.
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End of Chapter
Chapter
5
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