Megan Dunne RN, MA, AOCNP Nurse Practitioner for Breast Cancer Survivorship Memorial Sloan Kettering...
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- Megan Dunne RN, MA, AOCNP Nurse Practitioner for Breast Cancer
Survivorship Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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- Experiences of Cancer Survivors Lance Armstrong Foundation
LIVESTRONG TM Survey of 2,307 Post-Treatment Survivors 99% reported
1 problem as a result of cancer Physical problems (86%) Energy,
concentration, sexual dysfunction, neuropathy, pain were most
highly endorsed Emotional concerns (93%) Fear of recurrence,
depression, grief/identity issues, concerns about family members
risk Practical concerns (58%) 70% of those in school reported
school-related problems 40% experienced employment issues Debt
issues (33%); insurance issues (21%) LIVESTRONG Report, 2011.
LIVESTRONG survey 2006
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- After Effects of Breast Cancer Therapies Long term effects
Developed during treatment Linger and are chronic after treatment
is completed Some improve over time Fatigue Anemia Permanent-
Neuropathy- nerve damage Numbness, tingling, pain
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- After Effects of Breast Cancer Therapies Late Effects
Delayed-can emerge months or even years after treatment Lymphedema
Osteoporosis
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- Late medical effects of treatment depend on the type of
therapy... and the specific toxicities of each therapy Radiation
Therapy Surgery Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy
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- Types of After Effects Physical Fatigue, Scars, Lymphedema,
Osteoporosis Emotional Anxiety/depression Fear of Recurrence
Practical Employment Health Insurance
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- Fatigue: Symptoms Prevalence in breast cancer survivors 33 to
37%. More prevalent and prolonged in patients whove received
chemotherapy Symptoms reported by patients Tired despite sleeping
well at night Difficulty performing routine activities Irritability
Difficulty concentrating Goedendorp et al (2007) Cancer Nov 15
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- Fatigue: Interventions Balance activity and rest periods
Healthy lifestyle choices High fiber, low fat diet Exercise Yoga
Aerobic exercise McMillan et al (2011) Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
Dec;36(6) 892-903
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- Insomnia Related Fatigue Prevalence as high as 88% cancer
patients Lasts for years after therapy is completed Becomes chronic
when maladaptive responses to the initial sleep disturbance develop
Underreported and undertreated Contributes to: Decreased quality of
life (QOL) Impaired function Impaired cognition Woodward (2011)
CJON 15;4Perlis et al (2008) Cog Behav Tr Insomnia: session by
session guide ONS (2008) PEP: Sleep wake Disturbances
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- Cognitive Changes: Symptoms Prevalence up to 40% cancer
patients Difficulty concentrating, attention deficit, easily
distracted Short term memory loss Inability to perform routine
tasks Checkbook, multi-tasking, recall names/dates American Cancer
Society (2008)Jansen et al (2005) ONF 32: 6 1151-63. Stewart et al
(2008) PsychoOncology 17:2Ahles et al (2002) JCO 20:485-493
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- Cognitive Changes: Interventions Exercise- improves brain
oxygenation Acupuncture Antioxidant foods- fruits and vegetables
high in vit C and E can mediate effects of oxidative stress
Increased fluid intake- prevents dehydration, flushes toxins Inform
family and friends- generate support and understanding Nelson et al
(2007)Palliative and Supp Care 5:3 p 273-80 Barton and Loprinzi
(2002) Clin Breast Ca 3 (suppl 3) s121-127
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- Cognitive Changes: Interventions Sleep habits Make lists Mental
exercises- Crosswords, Sudoku puzzles Relaxation activities Music,
hobbies, nature Cognitive therapy MSKCC Trial- Memory Training
Pharmacologic Interventions: Effectiveness Not Established Wilson
et al (2002) J Amer Geriatrics Soc 50:12 p 2041-56
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- Lymphedema: Symptoms Prevalence is estimated at 21% to 49%
Includes self- reported symptoms Swelling of arm or trunk Jewelry
and clothing feel tight Fullness or discomfort of arm Loss of
flexibility of hand, wrist, fingers Infections that recur in same
area Cellulitis Skin changes and feels tight Smoot et al (2010) J
Cancer Surv; Jun 4:2 p167-78 2010 LIVESTRONG survey, Petrek et al
(2001) Cancer 92: 1368-77.
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- Lymphedema: Interventions Multimodality Therapy Lymphedema
specialist Occupational Therapy Compression garment or sleeve
Manual lymphatic drainage with massage Health diet, healthy weight
Adequate fluid hydration Shah and Vicini (2011) Int J Rad Onc Biol
Phys. 81:4 p907-914
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- CIPN : Symptoms Incidence is greatest in patients treated with
taxanes Paclitaxel 57%-83%overall; 2%-33% severe Docetaxel 11%-64%
overall; 3%-14% severe Numbness Hands or feet most common Pain
Burning, shooting pain Sensitivity to temperature Loss of reflexes
and reduced function of extremities Ataxia- gait changes Quastoff
and Hartung. (2002) J Neurol 249 (1): 9-17
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- CIPN: Interventions No proven evidence based interventions
Control contributing conditions Diabetes mellitus Thyroid
dysfunction Physical and Occupational Therapy Exercise Acupuncture
Visovsky et al. (2007) CJON 11;6 p.901-913 ONS PEP: Evidence Based
Interventions for CIPN
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- CIPN: Education Maintain Safety Visual input to compensate for
sensation loss Risk of ischemic and thermal injury Protect skin
from hot and cold extremes Proper foot care and foot wear Dangle
legs prior to standing High fiber diet and adequate fluid intake
Armstrong et al. (2005) ONF. 32:305-311 Marrs and Newton. (2003)
CJON, 7:299-303
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- Osteoporosis Primary Osteoporosis Major public health issue in
general population Particularly post-menopausal women Baseline Bone
Mineral Density age 50 Wickham (2011) CJON 15:6
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- Osteoporosis Secondary osteoporosis related to cancer therapies
is common in Breast Cancer Survivors Premature ovarian failure
Chemotherapy Elective ovarian ablation Impaired gonadal function
Gonadotropin and Androgen blockade Estrogen blockade Tamoxifen
Negative effect in pre-menopausal women only Aromatase inhibitors
Abdel Razeq and Awidi: 2011. J of Ca Res and Ther 7:3
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- Osteoporosis: Symptoms Silent disease Can exist for years
without symptoms Loss of height Stooped posture Spinal curve or
hump
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- Osteoporosis: Assessment Bone Mineral Density Testing T-score
NTX ( serum and urine) bone turnover rate FRAX World Health
Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool Algorithm Estimates 10
year fracture risk Stratifies gender, age, co-morbidities
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- Osteoporosis: Non-pharmacologic Interventions Limit alcohol and
stop smoking Weight bearing activities Maintain a healthy weight
Strength training Safety- falls prevention Nutritional
considerations Calcium and Vit D
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- Osteoporosis: Pharmacologic Interventions Bisphosphonates
Alendronate (Actonel) Ibandronate (Boniva) Risedronate IV
Zoledronic Acid IV Other agents Denosumab Calcitonin Wickham, R
(2011) CJON 15:6 p E90-E104 Drake et al (2008) Mayo Clin
Proceedings 83:1032-45
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- Chronic Pain: Interventions Talk to your medical team
Multidisciplinary approach Stretching, exercise Complementary
therapies Acupuncture Take medication as directed May require
frequent monitoring and changes Pain specialist consult
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- Sexual Dysfunction: Symptoms Decreased libido (desire)
Difficulty reaching climax (orgasm) Vaginal dryness Painful
intercourse Painful touching Tightness
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- Sexual Dysfunction: Interventions Consult with GYN who
specialized in womens issues Kegel exercises Vaginal dilator
Psychologic support Depression Anxiety Self- esteem, body images
issues
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- Vaginal Moisturizers Apply at bedtime 2 to 5 times weekly
Vitamin E capsules Puncture a vitamin E capsule with a pin. Insert
the capsule into your vagina. You can also empty the capsule onto a
finger. Wipe the vitamin E inside your vagina. Replens This vaginal
moisturizer comes with an applicator and is inserted into the
vagina. K-Y Brand LIQUIBEADS This is a vaginal bead (OVULE)
suppository placed into the vagina. It also comes with disposable
applicators. Carter et al (2011) J Sexual Med 8:549-559
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- Vaginal Lubricants Eros women formula. Astroglide. KY Jelly.
Pjur Woman Bodyglide (a silicone-based lubricant). Avoid colors,
flavors, spermicides, and warming liquids Carter et al (2011) J
Sexual Med 8:549-559
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- Vaginal Hormone Replacement Discuss safety with your medical
team Opinions vary Vagifem is contained in an applicator. Insert it
into your vagina every night for 14 days. Then insert it twice a
week, at bedtime. Estring comes as a vaginal ring. Insert the ring
into the vagina and push it as far back as possible. Remove it
after 90 days.
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- Depression and Anxiety Common in cancer survivors Fear of
recurrence Body changes Support Services Community support groups
Family, friends Psychologist, Psychiatrist
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- Journey Forward: Supporting Survivors and Providers
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- ASCO Breast Cancer Adjuvant Treatment Plan and Summary
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- Treatment Summary and Care Plan Diagnosis and treatment history
Co-morbid conditions Medications Family history Genetics consult
Screening recommendations Health Promotion Counseling
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- Routine Screening Annual mammogram at age 40 Annual clinical
breast exam Self breast awareness Notify your NP/MD of changes
Colonoscopy baseline at age 50 PAP smear with gynecologist Skin
cancer screening as indicated
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- Promote Healthy Life Choices to Prevent Cancer If you smoke-
STOP Limit alcohol Exercise Eat a balanced low-fat, high-fiber diet
Reduce stress Health maintenance with Primary Care Provider