Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers Chapter 8 Notes

Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers

Chapter 8 Notes

Mass Movement….

• What factors determine how fast you go down a waterslide?

Mass Movement: Changing the Landscape

• Definition: Movement of soil and rock downslope due to gravity

• All mass movements occur on slopes (i.e. almost everywhere)

• Can be subtle (creep) or catastrophic (landslide) and everything in between

• Range in size from small sediment to large boulders

Factors that influence mass movement

• Climate• Composition of the earth material• Weight of the material• Friction• Triggers (an earthquake, for example)• Water/rainfall: increases weight and

decreases friction

Types of Mass Movements• Creep– Solifluction

(permafrost)

• Flows• Slides• Slumps • Falls

Examples of Mass Movement

Creep Slump

Note the curved crescent shape at the top of the slump.

Flows Slides

Avalanche Falls

Wind Erosion

• Moving air can transport sediment– Suspension– Saltation (bouncing motion of sand particles)

• Precipitation limits wind erosion:– Precipitation promotes plant growth that anchors

sediment– Moist soil is not carried as easily by wind

Dust Bowl: Great Plains 1930s

Wind Erosion and Transport

Abrasion Deflation

Desert pavement

Wind Deposition

• When wind velocity decreases, particles are deposited.

• Dunes: piles of windblown sand– Windward side is not as steep as the leeward side– Wind causes dunes to move (“migrate”)

• Loess: Thick windblown silt deposits. – Loess soils are very fertile due to abundant

nutrients and minerals.

Wind Deposition

Loess Dunes

Glaciers

• Large moving masses of ice

• Currently, 10% of Earth’s surface is covered by glaciers

• Can be– Valley glaciers (alpine

glaciers)– Continental glaciers

Valley Glaciers

• Turns V-shaped river valleys into U-shaped glacial valleys

Glacial Erosion

U-shaped valley with hanging stream

Glacial Erosion

Cirque Arête

Formation of a Cirque

Glacial Deposition

Drumlin

Glaciers in Indiana

Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers Chapter 8 Notes

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