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Mass cultivation of useful
microalgae in Indian
scenario
Dr. Ruma Pal
Department of Botany
University of Calcutta
WHAT IS ALGAE
Algae are artificial assemblage of oxygen
evolving photosynthetic organisms, without
having root, stems or leaves and lack sterile
covering on their reproductive cells.
TYPES OF ALGAE
Group-I Prokaryotic Algae
Group-II Eukaryotic Algae
Group-III
Group-IV
1.Cyanobacteria & Green Cyanobacteria 2.Glaucophyta 3.Rhodophyta 4.Chlorophyta 5.Euglenophyta 6.Dinophyta 7. Apicomplexa
8.Cryptophyta 9.Heterokontophyta 10.Prymnesiophyta
Variation in thallus Structure
Unicellular
Chlorella
Colonial
Filamentous
Spirogyra
Volvox
Mode of Reproduction – ReproductiveUnit
Hormogones – Portion of Vegetative body
Vegetative asexual spores and cysts – Thick walled spores
Sexual reproduction – Gametogenesis – Zygote - Zygospores
Rate of reproduction – 2 to 3 hrs to few years
Life Cycle of Microalgae
Reproductive units of cyanobacteria showing a. initiation of hormogone formation,
b. hormogones, c. viable pseudo hormogones, d. hormogones within sheath, e. release
of pseudo hormogones
a. b. c.
d. e.
Habit and Habitat
Fresh water Brackish water Marine water
NUTRITION - i) Autotrophic, ii) Heterotrophic
Special Nutrient Requirement
High pH High salinity High silica
Spirulina
Euglena
Dunaliella
Phormidium Nannochloropsis
Diatom
Why Microalgal biotechnology?
Very fast growing
High production of various important product
Consumption of nutrient from waste
Simple mode of reproduction
Easy to harvest
Can be cultivated in marine water and waste lands
ANIMAL FEED
ADDITIVES
COSMETICS
FOOD ADDITIVES
MICROALGAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
PIGMENTS
POLYSACCHARIDE
FATTY ACID - PUFA
BIOFUEL
PRODUCTION
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
GM-ALGAE- MOLECULAR
FARMING, RECOMBINANT
PROTEIN, ANTIBODIES,
VACCINES
PRECIOUS METAL SEPARATION
Chlorella
ß-1, 3 glucan- active immunostimulator
Free radicals scavenger
Reducer of blood lipid
Antitumour effect of
Chlorella polysaccharide
Haematococcus
1.5-3% astaxanthin of dry weigh
Cost, US $ 2500/kg.
Aquaculture market US $ 200 million,
Protect skin from UV ray,
Antiaging property,
Protect against cancer,
Enhance immune system
Reduce coronary heart attack.
Spirulina
Protein 65% of dry weight
Essential fatty acid-
gamma- linolinic acid.
Polysaccharide-commercial
product spirotan
Phycobiliprotein,Carotenoid
Vitamin B12
Minerals
Dunaliella
5-15 gm ß carotene/m3 in
intensive cultivation
50,000 m2 pond produce
3650 kg ß carotene/year
worth $300 to $3000/kg –
sold up as health food
or food supplement.
Tablet coated by sugar
wrapped by alluminium foil.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROSPECT OF SOME MICROALGAE
As food Nostoc commune Chinese People > 2000 years ago
Other microalgae Human Food 4th to 6th Century in China and Japan
Alfred Nobel invented dynamite by using Diatomaceous earth to absorb nitro glycerine into a portable stick 1860 Production of Chlorella biomass 1960 Microalgae in aquaculture 1970 Microalgal production to meet up energy crisis 1970
Micro algal biotechnology :A Historical view-
COMPANIES
Algal Genera Country/Place Companies
Chlorella Taipei, Taiwan Nihon Chlorella
Dunaliella Australia
Chennai, India
Western Biotechnology Cognis Nutrition and Health,
Parry Agro Limited
Spirulina Lake Texcoco, Mexico
Mysore, India
Sosa Texcoco
CFTRI, MMM Murugappa Chettinad Institute, Parry Agro Limited
Haematococcus Australia
India
BEAM (Biotechnological & Environmental Application of Microalgae)
Parry Agro Limited
ALGAE PRODUCTION
Closed photo bioreactor
.
Algatechnologie's Haematococcus
production plant in the heart of the
Negev desert in Israel.
“Red-stage” Haematococcus solar
photo bioreactors
Cultivation of Haematococcus
pluvialis in a 30 litre air-lift bioreactor Outdoor BioDomeReactor,Hawaii,USA
Lake MacLeod (world's largest natural salt
lake ) Western Australia approx 6,000
hectares. Under conditions of high salinity and
high solar radiance, it accumulates very high
levels of beta carotene as part of the cell
biomass.
Natural Dunaliella cultivation Dunaliella Production Unit
Dunaliella gold is a potent source
of natural mixed carotenoids and
important daily nutrients. Dunaliella salina soft capsule
($300 to3000/kg)
($2500/kg,
Market $200 million)
Haematococcus
Dunaliella
Major Algal Biomass project In India :
All India Co-ordinated Project on Algae (DST – 1976-81)-
IARI,CFTRI,CSMCRI,NEERI,NBRI
Indo Jerman Project on Spirulina – 1973-81-
CFTRI (L.V.Venkataraman and Becker)
MCRC – Dr.N Jeejibai (Rural technology)
University of Rajasthan –Prof P.Srivastava (Rural technology)
University of Madras – Prof G Rengaswamy
Ongoing all India Co-ordinated projects on Bio-fuel-
DBT,CSIR-NIMTLI
PVC tank used for Spirulina cultivation. Thatched
roof for reduction of light intensity.
Algal tank constructed with brick and cement for rural
cultivation of Spirulina CFTRI, Mysore, India.
Circular cement tank for Scenedesmus
cultivation. Aerobic digester for CO2
production from agricultural waste in the
foreground.
Open race way pond
Low cost
Mass
production
Local Strain
Exploitation
Cost Effective Process
Tank culture
Tray & Tub
culture
Open Raceway Pond
Mass Cultivation at Algal Net House, Green House
Premises, Banabitan, Saltlake
Tank Culture
Advantages of enclosed PBR Better control of algal culture
Large surface to volume ratio
Better control of gas transfer
Reduction in evaporation of growth medium
More uniform temperature
Better protection from outside contamination
Higher algal cell densities
Advantages Open tank culture
More production rate
Cost effective
Collection and culture establishment of Euglena
(Sundarban)
Natural Bloom
Vertical photo bioreactor
Vertical Photobioreactor Biomass Collection
Large Scale Microalgal Cultivation
Diatom cultures
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 4 7 11 14 19 22 26
Ch
loro
ph
yll
(m
g/g
m D
W)
Days
Chlorococcum infusionum
NaNO3
NH4Cl
Urea
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 4 7 11 14 19 22 26
Ch
loro
ph
yll
(m
g/g
m D
W)
Days
Spirulina subsalsa
NaNO3
NH4Cl
Urea
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 4 7 11 14 19 22 26
Ch
loro
ph
yll
(m
g/g
m D
W)
Days
Phormidium valderianum
NaNO3
NH4Cl
Urea
Growth yield of algae under different nitrogen sources in laboratory condition
Navicula minima
R² = 0.902
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Au
g '0
7
Sep
'07
Oct '0
7
No
v '0
7
Dec '0
7
Jan
'08
Feb
'08
Mar '0
8
Ap
r '08
May
'08
Ju
n '0
8
Ju
l '08
gm
dry w
eig
ht
Growth of P.valderianum (outdoor)
R² = 0.014
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Au
g '0
7
Sep
'07
Oct '0
7
No
v '0
7
Dec '0
7
Jan '0
8
Feb
'08
Mar '0
8
Ap
r '08
May
'08
Jun
'08
Jul '0
8
gm
dry
weig
ht
Growth of P.valderiuanum (indoor)
Growth performance of Phormidium under different irradiance
• Irradiance – 1200 lux
• Temperature – 23 °C
Culture condition
Indoor:
• Irradiance ~ 900 - 3000 lux
• Temperature – 21 - 39 °C
Outdoor:
• Steady growth throughout the
year due to maintenance of
similar culture conditions
Result
Outdoor:
Indoor:
• Highest biomass yield in April
(late spring).
• Lowest yield in September (late
summer)
Low cost techniques for Spirulina production for rural people in family
scale at Bagnan Howrah (DST project 1990)
Waste water Management
Thank You
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