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MANIFEST DESTINY. PENULTIMATE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR: U.S. EXPANSIONISM 1830 - 1850. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA WITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MANIFEST DESTINYPENULTIMATE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR:
U.S. EXPANSIONISM 1830 - 1850
EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAWITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
TODAY: WHAT WERE THE CAUSES, EXTENT, AND EFFECTS OF U.S. EXPANSIONISM IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA?
BROAD: WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?
BACKGROUND/ REVIEW
1820 – MISSOURI COMPROMISE – THE 36° 30’ LINE
TO CLAY, A RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES; TO JEFFERSON “THE KNELL OF THE UNION”
1832 – THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS – NEAR-CIVIL WAR OVER THE TARIFFS OF 1828 AND 1832
LATER 1830s -1842/44 -- BOTH DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS TRIED TO AVOID SECTIONAL ISSUES
1836-1844 -- GAG RULES (DE JURE IN HOUSE, DE FACTO IN SENATE) BARRED ANTI-SLAVERY PROPOSALS
1833 – 1842 – LOWERED TARIFF UNDER CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF (BUT 1842: HIGH “BLACK TARIFF” – WE’LL DISCUSS NEXT CLASS)
WHAT MADE THE UNEASY PEACE OVER SLAVERY FALL APART?
EXPANSION (MOSTLY WESTWARD) DISPUTE OVER EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORY
IMPETUS FOR EXPANSION?
KING COTTON IN THE SOUTH QUEST FOR MORE COTTON LAND
POPULATION INCREASE NEED FOR MORE LAND (AND NEED FOR WHITE SETTLERS TO HOLD LAND
SECOND MAJOR WAVE OF IMMIGRATION (1ST WAS PURITAN GREAT MIGRATION – IMMIGRATION TOTALS 17TH – 18TH Cs. ABOUT 1 MILLION
IMMIGRATION 1820 - 1864YEARS TOTAL IMMIGRATION PRINCIPLE COO*
1820 - 1831 159,918 IRELAND (45%)BRITAIN (22%)
1832 - 1846 431,496 IRELAND (41%)GERMANY (27%)BRITAIN (16%)
1847 - 1854 2,341,542 IRELAND (45%)GERMANY (32%)BRITAIN (13%)
1855 - 1864 1,443,933 GERMANY (33%)IRELAND (28%)BRITAIN (25%)
* COO = COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
TOTAL = 4,376,689
U.S. POPULATION GROWTH 1790 - 1860
YEAR POPULATION1790 3,929,2141800 5,308,4831810 7,239,881
1820 9,638,453
1830 12,866,0201840 17,069,4531850 23,191,8761860 31,443,321
BIRTH RATE ≈ 50%
EXPANSION – THE JUSTIFICATIONS
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) – THE AMERICAS BELONG TO THE U.S.!
“MANIFEST DESTINY” -- TERM COINED BY NEWSPAPERMAN JOHN O’SULLIVAN IN “ANNEXATION,” 1845:
“[T]HE RIGHT OF OUR MANIFEST DESTINY TO OVER SPREAD AND TO POSSESS THE WHOLE OF THE CONTINENT WHICH PROVIDENCE HAS GIVEN US FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT EXPERIMENT OF LIBERTY AND FEDERAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT ENTRUSTED TO US. IT IS RIGHT SUCH AS THAT OF THE TREE TO THE SPACE OF AIR AND THE EARTH SUITABLE FOR THE FULL EXPANSION OF ITS PRINCIPLE AND DESTINY OF GROWTH."
THREE THEMES OF MANIFEST DESTINY – AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM REDUX
1. THE VIRTUE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS;
2. THE MISSION TO SPREAD THESE INSTITUTIONS, THEREBY REDEEMING AND REMAKING THE WORLD IN THE IMAGE OF THE U.S.; AND
3. THE DESTINY UNDER GOD TO ACCOMPLISH THIS WORK.
AMERICAN PROGRESS, JOHN GAST (1872)
WESTWARD THE COURSE OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY (WESTWARD HO!), EMANUEL LEUTZE (1861)
THE PROMISED LAND--THE GRAYSON FAMILY, WILLIAM S. JEWETT (1850)
BUT FIRST – “NORTHWARD HO!” - AROOSTOOK “WAR, 1839
THE ONLY U.S. WAR EVER DECLARED BY A STATE! MAINE DECLARED WAR ON CANADIAN PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK
DISPUTE: BORDER – WHO OWNED AROOSTOOK VALLEY (TIMBER)?
CAUSE: MAINE MILITIA EXPELLED CANADIAN LUMBERJACKS (A FEW CASUALTIES)
CONGRESS CALLED UP 50,000 TROOPS AND APPROPRIATED $10,000,000 TO PAY FOR THE “WAR.”
GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT ARRANGED A TRUCE, AND A BORDER COMMISSION WAS CONVENED TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, 1842
1842 – BORDER ESTABLISHED – U.S. GOT A HUNK OF QUEBEC
GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT- HERO IN WAR OF 1812, MEGA-HERO IN MEXICAN WAR, WHIG PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE 1852
FIRST OF FOUR CHIEF UNION GENERALS IN CIVIL WAR
“OLD FUSS AND
FEATHERS” – STRICT ON MILITARY
CEREMONY AND
DISCIPLINE
“GREAT SCOTT”?
TEXAS
MEXICO MADE THE SAME MISTAKE SPAIN DID IN FLORIDA :INVITED U.S. SETTLERS
SAME RESULT!
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS (1836 – 1845)
EAST TEXAS = GOOD COTTON LAND OVER 30,000 U.S. SOUTHERNS BECAME “TEXIANS” BY 1835
1835 – MEXICAN PRESIDENT AND GENERAL ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA DECLARED NEW CONSTITUTION: ABOLISHED SLAVERY AND CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT
1836 -- “TEXIANS” LED BY SAM HOUSTON AND STEPHEN AUSTIN, DECLARED INDEPENDENCE OF REPUBLIC OF TEXAS
SAM HOUSTON (1793 - 1863), THE DECLARATION, AND STEPHEN AUSTIN (1793 – 1836)
NOTE THE IRONY – THESE GUYS ARE HEROES; AARON BURR GOT TRIED FOR TREASON FOR HIS TEXAS FILIBUSTER!
SANTA ANNA – A MEXICAN HERO
VILIFIED IN U.S. BECAUSE HE RESISTED ALLOWING U.S. TO STEAL TEXAS FROM MEXICO!
BUT N.B. SOME “TEJANOS” BACKED TEXIANS, EVEN FOUGHT ALONGSIDE THEM
THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS
AKA “THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC”
THOUSANDS MORE U.S. SOUTHERNERS FLOCKED TO REPUBLIC OF TEXAS
“GREATEST HITS” OF THE TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE”
“BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, MARCH 6, 1836 -- TEXIANS REFUSED TO SURRENDER ALMOST ALL (180 – 200) KILLED
THE ALAMO – IN THE 19TH C. AND NOW
KILLED AT THE ALAMO – DAVY CROCKETT AND JIM BOWIE
DAVID “DAVY” CROCKETT (1786 – 1836) – “KING OF THE WILD FRONTIER” – MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, LEFT U.S. BECAUSE HE OPPOSED INDIAN REMOVAL . JIM BOWIE – SOLDIER, PUTATIVE INVENTOR OF BOWIE KNIFE
DEFENSE OF THE ALAMO (FOR WHAT?)
THE GOLIAD INCIDENT, MARCH 27, 1836
UNDER ORDERS FROM SANTA ANNA, MEXICAN ARMY EXECUTED 365 TEXIAN PRISONERS OF WAR HELD AT GOLIAD PRESIDIO
“REMEMBER THE ALAMO!” “REMEMBER GOLIAD” -- HUNDREDS OF U.S. MEN (WITH ARMS, MATERIEL, EVEN SHIPS PROVIDED BY U.S.) GO TO FIGHT FOR TEXAS
BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO, APRIL 21, 1836
STRENGTHENED BY TROOPS AND SUPPORT FROM U.S. , HOUSTON DEFEATED AND CAPTURED SANTA ANNA AT SAN JACINTO RIVER
SANTA ANNA SIGNED TREATY OF VELASCO RECOGNIZING INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS AND RIO GRANDE BORDER– BUT HE WASN’T PRESIDENT ANYMORE SO TREATY NOT VALID
THE AFTERMATH – THE ANNEXATION DISPUTE
MOST TEXIANS WANTED TO JOIN U.S. – BUT NORTHERN STATES OPPOSED ANNEXATION OF HUGE SLAVE TERRITORY
IT TAKES 2/3 VOTE IN SENATE TO RATIFY TREATY – SENATE NEARLY BALANCED IN 1830s & 1840S
MEXICO DIDN’T RECOGNIZE INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS – MANY LAND AND NAVAL SKIRMISHES FROM 1836 ON – A CAUSE OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
BRITAIN HAD TREATY WITH, SUPPORTED TEXAS – LIKED TARIFF-FREE COTTON-EXPORTING COUNTRY (GAVE HOPE TO SOUTHERN STATES WHEN THEY SECEDED IN 1860 – 61)
ELECTION OF 1844 -- JAMES K. POLK (DEM) v. HENRY CLAY (WHIG)
“HIS ACCIDENCY” – JOHN TYLER (WHIG COME LATELY) BECAME PRESIDENT IN 1841 WHEN WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DIED 32 DAYS AFTER HE TOOK OFFICE
TYLER UNPOPULAR – COULD NOT GET ANY WHIG SUPPORT FOR TEXAS ANNEXATION TREATY , ALTHOUGH MOST AMERICANS SUPPORTED ANNEXATION
POLK – “THE DARK HORSE CANDIDATE” -- ANNEXATION PART OF HIS PLATFORM
JAMES K. POLK OF TENNESSEE (1795 – 1849) AND CLAY OF KENTUCKY
JAMES K. POLK – “THE LEAST KNOWN CONSEQUENTIAL PRESIDENT”
ANNAPOLIS (NAVAL ACADEMY)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
FIRST POSTAGE STAMPS
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
TEXAS ANNEXATION
MEXICAN WAR & GADSDEN PURCHASE
OREGON
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (APRIL, 1846 –FEBRUARY 1848)
THE DISPUTED TERRITORY CLEARLY BELONGED TO MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY.
U.S. RELIED ON TREATY OF VELASCO (NEVER ADOPTED BY MEXICO
IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE WAR
1845 – CONGRESS PASSED JOINT RESOLUTION FOR ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (TEXAS ADMITTED AS STATE DECEMBER 1845)
U.S. HAD ITS EYE ON CALIFORNIA – WANTED PACIFIC PORTS
NOVEMBER 1845 – POLK SENT “SECRET” ENVOY, JOHN SLIDELL, TO OFFER MEXICO ≈ $30 MILLION FOR MEXICO’S TERRITORY ABOVE THE RIO GRANDE – NO DEAL!
EARLY 1846 -- POLK SENT GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, 3,500 TROOPS TO NUECES STRIP (PART OF MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY!
APRIL 1846 – THE THORNTON AFFAIR. CASUS BELLI?
MEXICAN FORCES AMBUSHED 70-MAN U.S PATROL UNDER COLONEL THORNTON -- 16 TROOPS KILLED
WAR! POLK’S MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, MAY 11, 1846:
“MEXICO HAS PASSED THE BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES, HAS INVADED OUR TERRITORY AND SHED AMERICAN BLOOD UPON AMERICAN SOIL.”
MAY 13, 1846 – CONGRESS DECLARED WAR
MOST WHIGS IN CONGRESS VOTED IN FAVOR OF WAR (IT WAS POPULAR) – BUT MOST WHIG PEOPLE OPPOSED WAR FOR “SLAVE POWER”
CALIFORNIA BEAR FLAG REPUBLIC, JUNE – JULY 1846 (THEN ANNEXED BY U.S.
JOHN C. FRÉMONT
LED BY CAPTAIN JOHN C. FREMONT, 33 U.S. SETTLERS IN SONOMA REVOLTED AND ESTABLISHED REPUBLIC
THE ORIGINAL BEAR FLAG, AND CALIFORNIA STATE FLAG
GREATEST HITS OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
BATTLE/ SEIGE OF VERACRUZ, MARCH 9 – 29, 1847
COMBINED NAVAL/ ARMY INVASION – TROOPS UNDER WINFIELD SCOTT CONQUER SEAPORT, BEGIN MARCHING TOWARD MEXICO CITY
BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA, FEBRUARY 22 – 23, 1847
DECISIVE LAND BATTLE – ZACHARY TAYLOR DEFEATED SANTA ANNA (YES, HE WAS BACK IN POWER IN MEXICO)
BUENA VISTA – REHEARSAL FOR CIVIL WAR?
GENERAL ZACHARY TAYOR, NEXT PRESIDENT. COLONEL JEFFERSON DAVIS, FUTURE CONFEDERATE PRESIDENT
BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847
WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!
BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847
WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!
MEXICO CITY – CIVIL WAR REHEARSAL?
IN ADDITION TO WINFIELD SCOTT, PRESENT AT BATTLE:ROBERT E. LEE, GEORGE MEADE, ULYSSES S. GRANT, STONEWALL JACKSON
TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO/ MEXICAN CESSION, 1848
NICHOLAS TRIST,AMERICAN NEGOTIATOR
$15 MILLION FOR 1.2 MILLION ACRES – CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO
POLITICAL FALLOUT FROM THE WAR – ALL OVER SLAVERY
WILMOT PROVISO (1846 AND AGAIN AND AGAIN) – NEVER ADOPTED BUT MAJOR PROVOCATION
PROVIDED, THAT, AS AN EXPRESS AND FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION TO THE ACQUISITION OF ANY TERRITORY FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO BY THE UNITED STATES, BY VIRTUE OF ANY TREATY WHICH MAY BE NEGOTIATED BETWEEN THEM, AND TO THE USE BY THE EXECUTIVE OF THE MONEYS HEREIN APPROPRIATED, NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE SHALL EVER EXIST IN ANY PART OF SAID TERRITORY. . . .”
REP. DAVID WILMOT, D. PA.
LINCOLN EMERGES AS NATIONAL FIGURE – THE “SPOT RESOLUTIONS”
DECEMBER 22, 1847 -- LINCOLN PROPOSED SEVERAL RESOLUTIONS IN HOUSE CHALLENGING POLK TO IDENTIFY THE EXACT SPOT ON “U.S. SOIL”
WHERE MEXICO SHED U.S. BLOOD
THIS EARNED LINCOLN THE NICKNAME ”SPOTTY”
HENRY DAVID THOREAU, “ON CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE”
THOREAU REFUSED TO PAY HIS POLL TAXES TO PROTEST THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR AND SLAVERY
WENT TO JAIL FOR ONE DAY, WROTE LYCEUM LECTURE ARGUING DUTY TO PASSIVELY RESIST UNJUST LAWS
INFLUENCED GHANDI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING
OREGON
“OREGON FEVER” – BEGINNING IN 1830s – DRAWN BY FREE LAND, THOUSAND WENT WEST TO OREGON
THE OREGON TRAIL, ALBERT BIERSTADT 1869
JOINT U.S. BRITISH ADMINISTRATION OF OREGON UNDER CONVENTION OF 1818 ENDED 1846
DEM. PARTY PLATFORM 1844: “54-40 OR FIGHT”
BUT POLK DIDN’T WANT WAR WITH BRITAIN – OREGON TREATY ESTABLISHED 49TH PARALLEL AS BORDER
U.S. NOW “FROM SEA TO SHINING SEA”
ELECTION OF 1848 – ZACHARY TAYLOR (WHIG), LEWIS CASS (DEM), VAN BUREN (FREE SOIL)
CASS (M) ADVOCATED “POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY” IN THE TERRITORIES. VAN BUREN (R) ARGUED FOR BAN. TAYLOR (L) (SOUTHERNER AND HERO) PROPOSED MAKING ONLY TWO FREE STATES OF NEW TERRITORY
ANTI-TAYLOR CARTOON
THE U.S. IN 1853
CALIFORNIA
THE GOLD RUSH 1848-55 – POPULATION BOOM!
1848 - GOLD DISCOVERED AT JOHN SUTTER’S MILL
ABOUT 300,000 PEOPLE (OF ALL RACES , NATIONALITIES AND GENDERS) WENT TO CALIFORNIA
49ers
BOOMTOWN – TWO VIEWS OF SAN FRANCISCO 1848 AND 1853
EFFECTS OF THE GOLD RUSH
MAJOR STIMULATION OF U.S. AND WORLD ECONOMIES (FOR A WHILE)
IT THREATENED THE BALANCE OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES:
SENATE HAD BEEN ROUGHLY BALANCED SINCE 1840. DEMOCRATS USUALLY CONTROLLED HOUSE. BUT CALIFORNIA WOULD BE 2 MORE SENATORS FROM A FREE STATE AND IN FUTURE, MANY MORE VOTES IN THE HOUSE
WESTWARD MIGRATION, 1840 – 1860 – MOSTLY TO CALIFORNIA
WESTERN TRAILS
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
MAIN COMPETING PROPOSALS
CASS: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
NASHVILLE CONVENTION (SOUTHERN STATES, 1849): TO PRESERVE UNION, EXTEND 36-30 LINE TO PACIFIC
VARIOUS PROPOSALS LIKE TAYLOR’S TO LIMIT NUMBERS OF NEW FREE STATES (INCLUDING COMBINING MORMOM STATE OF DESERET WITH CALIFORNIA
CLAY’S LAST COMPROMISE
CLAY’S PROPOSED OMNIBUS BILL:
CALIFORNIA ADMITTED AS FREE STATE
NEW MEXICO CARVED OUT OF TEXAS, ADMITTED AS SLAVE STATE (BUT VERY FEW SLAVES THERE AND MEXICANS DIDN’T WANT SLAVES)
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN REST OF MEXICAN CESSION
SLAVE TRADE BANNED IN D.C.
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT – AND ACCUSED ESCAPED SLAVES COULD NOT TESTIFY
CLAY’S OWN WHIG PARTY BLOCKED THE BILL
HE VOWED TO GET IT ALL PASSED ONE BY ONE
IT DID ALL PASS IN 1850, BUT STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS (D.. ILL) WROTE THE SEPARATE LAWS AND PUSHED IT THROUGH THE SENATE
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 DIDN’T SOLVE THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES NOT PART OF THE MEXICAN SESSION (LIKE KANSAS AND NEBRASKA!)
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT INFURIATED ABOLITIONISTS (AND IT LED TO THE DRED SCOTT CASE!)
THE CIVIL WAR DELAYED – AND NOW INEVITABLE?
THE U.S. IN 1853 = CURRENT BORDERS
SOUTHWARD HO! FAILED EXPANSION ATTEMPTS
THESE ARE SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THEY PERSUADED MANY SOUTHERNERS AN INDEPENDENT SOUTH COULD EXPAND INTO LATIN AMERICA
• RECALL – SOUTH NEEDED TO EXPAND – COTTON WORE OUT LAND
OSTEND MANIFESTO, 1854: U.S. MINISTERS TO FRANCE, SPAIN AND BRITAIN MET IN OSTEND, BELGIUM AND DRAFTED PROPOSAL FOR U.S. TO ANNEX CUBA – “THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES”
WHEN THE PROPOSAL GOT TO CONGRESS, FREE STATES WENT WILD – CUBA WOULD HAVE BEEN SLAVE STATE – PROPOSAL DROPPED
SOUTHERNERS ALL!
MINISTER TO SPAINPIERRE SOULE
MINISTER TO ENGLAND JAMES BUCHANAN:"WE MUST HAVE CUBA; WE CAN'T DO WITHOUT CUBA . . ." :
MINISTER TO FRANCE JOHN Y. MASON:“WHENEVER THE HOUR COMES, WHEN IN GOOD FAITH, AND WITH DUE REGARD TO NATIONAL HONOR, WE CAN INCORPORATE CUBA AS ONE OF THESE UNITED STATES, IT WILL BE DONE, AND EUROPE MAY FIND IT BEST TO HOLD ITS PEACE."
WILLIAM WALKER’S FILIBUSTER IN NICARAGUA
1854 – WALKER, OF TENNESSEE, LED FILIBUSTER TO NICARAGUA -- IN 1855 HE DECLARED HIMSELF PRESIDENT, DECLARED SLAVERY LEGAL – LASTED A YEAR
HE WAS BACKED BY SOUTHERNERS, INCLUDING PIERRE SOULÉ
ALSO BY TRANSPORTATION MAGNATE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, WHO WANTED TO BUILD STAGE COACH LINE ACROSS NICARAGUA (ATLANTIC TO PACIFIC)
BY 1850, IF NOT BEFORE, THE DIE WAS CAST.
EVERY POLITICAL DISPUTE FROM THEN ON WAS JUST ANOTHER STEP TO THE CIVIL WAR.
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