MANIFEST DESTINYPENULTIMATE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR:

U.S. EXPANSIONISM 1830 - 1850

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAWITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

TODAY: WHAT WERE THE CAUSES, EXTENT, AND EFFECTS OF U.S. EXPANSIONISM IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA?

BROAD: WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

BACKGROUND/ REVIEW

1820 – MISSOURI COMPROMISE – THE 36° 30’ LINE

TO CLAY, A RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES; TO JEFFERSON “THE KNELL OF THE UNION”

1832 – THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS – NEAR-CIVIL WAR OVER THE TARIFFS OF 1828 AND 1832

LATER 1830s -1842/44 -- BOTH DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS TRIED TO AVOID SECTIONAL ISSUES

1836-1844 -- GAG RULES (DE JURE IN HOUSE, DE FACTO IN SENATE) BARRED ANTI-SLAVERY PROPOSALS

1833 – 1842 – LOWERED TARIFF UNDER CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF (BUT 1842: HIGH “BLACK TARIFF” – WE’LL DISCUSS NEXT CLASS)

WHAT MADE THE UNEASY PEACE OVER SLAVERY FALL APART?

EXPANSION (MOSTLY WESTWARD) DISPUTE OVER EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORY

IMPETUS FOR EXPANSION?

KING COTTON IN THE SOUTH QUEST FOR MORE COTTON LAND

POPULATION INCREASE NEED FOR MORE LAND (AND NEED FOR WHITE SETTLERS TO HOLD LAND

SECOND MAJOR WAVE OF IMMIGRATION (1ST WAS PURITAN GREAT MIGRATION – IMMIGRATION TOTALS 17TH – 18TH Cs. ABOUT 1 MILLION

IMMIGRATION 1820 - 1864YEARS TOTAL IMMIGRATION PRINCIPLE COO*

1820 - 1831 159,918 IRELAND (45%)BRITAIN (22%)

1832 - 1846 431,496 IRELAND (41%)GERMANY (27%)BRITAIN (16%)

1847 - 1854 2,341,542 IRELAND (45%)GERMANY (32%)BRITAIN (13%)

1855 - 1864 1,443,933 GERMANY (33%)IRELAND (28%)BRITAIN (25%)

* COO = COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

TOTAL = 4,376,689

U.S. POPULATION GROWTH 1790 - 1860

YEAR POPULATION1790 3,929,2141800 5,308,4831810 7,239,881

1820 9,638,453

1830 12,866,0201840 17,069,4531850 23,191,8761860 31,443,321

BIRTH RATE ≈ 50%

EXPANSION – THE JUSTIFICATIONS

MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) – THE AMERICAS BELONG TO THE U.S.!

“MANIFEST DESTINY” -- TERM COINED BY NEWSPAPERMAN JOHN O’SULLIVAN IN “ANNEXATION,” 1845:

“[T]HE RIGHT OF OUR MANIFEST DESTINY TO OVER SPREAD AND TO POSSESS THE WHOLE OF THE CONTINENT WHICH PROVIDENCE HAS GIVEN US FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT EXPERIMENT OF LIBERTY AND FEDERAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT ENTRUSTED TO US. IT IS RIGHT SUCH AS THAT OF THE TREE TO THE SPACE OF AIR AND THE EARTH SUITABLE FOR THE FULL EXPANSION OF ITS PRINCIPLE AND DESTINY OF GROWTH."

THREE THEMES OF MANIFEST DESTINY – AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM REDUX

1. THE VIRTUE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS;

2. THE MISSION TO SPREAD THESE INSTITUTIONS, THEREBY REDEEMING AND REMAKING THE WORLD IN THE IMAGE OF THE U.S.; AND

3. THE DESTINY UNDER GOD TO ACCOMPLISH THIS WORK.

AMERICAN PROGRESS, JOHN GAST (1872)

WESTWARD THE COURSE OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY (WESTWARD HO!), EMANUEL LEUTZE  (1861)

THE PROMISED LAND--THE GRAYSON FAMILY, WILLIAM S. JEWETT (1850)

BUT FIRST – “NORTHWARD HO!” - AROOSTOOK “WAR, 1839

THE ONLY U.S. WAR EVER DECLARED BY A STATE! MAINE DECLARED WAR ON CANADIAN PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

DISPUTE: BORDER – WHO OWNED AROOSTOOK VALLEY (TIMBER)?

CAUSE: MAINE MILITIA EXPELLED CANADIAN LUMBERJACKS (A FEW CASUALTIES)

CONGRESS CALLED UP 50,000 TROOPS AND APPROPRIATED $10,000,000 TO PAY FOR THE “WAR.”

GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT ARRANGED A TRUCE, AND A BORDER COMMISSION WAS CONVENED TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, 1842

1842 – BORDER ESTABLISHED – U.S. GOT A HUNK OF QUEBEC

GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT- HERO IN WAR OF 1812, MEGA-HERO IN MEXICAN WAR, WHIG PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE 1852

FIRST OF FOUR CHIEF UNION GENERALS IN CIVIL WAR

“OLD FUSS AND

FEATHERS” – STRICT ON MILITARY

CEREMONY AND

DISCIPLINE

“GREAT SCOTT”?

TEXAS

MEXICO MADE THE SAME MISTAKE SPAIN DID IN FLORIDA :INVITED U.S. SETTLERS

SAME RESULT!

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS (1836 – 1845)

EAST TEXAS = GOOD COTTON LAND OVER 30,000 U.S. SOUTHERNS BECAME “TEXIANS” BY 1835

1835 – MEXICAN PRESIDENT AND GENERAL ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA DECLARED NEW CONSTITUTION: ABOLISHED SLAVERY AND CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

1836 -- “TEXIANS” LED BY SAM HOUSTON AND STEPHEN AUSTIN, DECLARED INDEPENDENCE OF REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

SAM HOUSTON (1793 - 1863), THE DECLARATION, AND STEPHEN AUSTIN (1793 – 1836)

NOTE THE IRONY – THESE GUYS ARE HEROES; AARON BURR GOT TRIED FOR TREASON FOR HIS TEXAS FILIBUSTER!

SANTA ANNA – A MEXICAN HERO

VILIFIED IN U.S. BECAUSE HE RESISTED ALLOWING U.S. TO STEAL TEXAS FROM MEXICO!

BUT N.B. SOME “TEJANOS” BACKED TEXIANS, EVEN FOUGHT ALONGSIDE THEM

THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

AKA “THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC”

THOUSANDS MORE U.S. SOUTHERNERS FLOCKED TO REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

“GREATEST HITS” OF THE TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE”

“BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, MARCH 6, 1836 -- TEXIANS REFUSED TO SURRENDER ALMOST ALL (180 – 200) KILLED

THE ALAMO – IN THE 19TH C. AND NOW

KILLED AT THE ALAMO – DAVY CROCKETT AND JIM BOWIE

DAVID “DAVY” CROCKETT (1786 – 1836) – “KING OF THE WILD FRONTIER” – MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, LEFT U.S. BECAUSE HE OPPOSED INDIAN REMOVAL . JIM BOWIE – SOLDIER, PUTATIVE INVENTOR OF BOWIE KNIFE

DEFENSE OF THE ALAMO (FOR WHAT?)

THE GOLIAD INCIDENT, MARCH 27, 1836

UNDER ORDERS FROM SANTA ANNA, MEXICAN ARMY EXECUTED 365 TEXIAN PRISONERS OF WAR HELD AT GOLIAD PRESIDIO

“REMEMBER THE ALAMO!” “REMEMBER GOLIAD” -- HUNDREDS OF U.S. MEN (WITH ARMS, MATERIEL, EVEN SHIPS PROVIDED BY U.S.) GO TO FIGHT FOR TEXAS

BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO, APRIL 21, 1836

STRENGTHENED BY TROOPS AND SUPPORT FROM U.S. , HOUSTON DEFEATED AND CAPTURED SANTA ANNA AT SAN JACINTO RIVER

SANTA ANNA SIGNED TREATY OF VELASCO RECOGNIZING INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS AND RIO GRANDE BORDER– BUT HE WASN’T PRESIDENT ANYMORE SO TREATY NOT VALID

THE AFTERMATH – THE ANNEXATION DISPUTE

MOST TEXIANS WANTED TO JOIN U.S. – BUT NORTHERN STATES OPPOSED ANNEXATION OF HUGE SLAVE TERRITORY

IT TAKES 2/3 VOTE IN SENATE TO RATIFY TREATY – SENATE NEARLY BALANCED IN 1830s & 1840S

MEXICO DIDN’T RECOGNIZE INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS – MANY LAND AND NAVAL SKIRMISHES FROM 1836 ON – A CAUSE OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

BRITAIN HAD TREATY WITH, SUPPORTED TEXAS – LIKED TARIFF-FREE COTTON-EXPORTING COUNTRY (GAVE HOPE TO SOUTHERN STATES WHEN THEY SECEDED IN 1860 – 61)

ELECTION OF 1844 -- JAMES K. POLK (DEM) v. HENRY CLAY (WHIG)

“HIS ACCIDENCY” – JOHN TYLER (WHIG COME LATELY) BECAME PRESIDENT IN 1841 WHEN WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DIED 32 DAYS AFTER HE TOOK OFFICE

TYLER UNPOPULAR – COULD NOT GET ANY WHIG SUPPORT FOR TEXAS ANNEXATION TREATY , ALTHOUGH MOST AMERICANS SUPPORTED ANNEXATION

POLK – “THE DARK HORSE CANDIDATE” -- ANNEXATION PART OF HIS PLATFORM

JAMES K. POLK OF TENNESSEE (1795 – 1849) AND CLAY OF KENTUCKY

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JAMES K. POLK – “THE LEAST KNOWN CONSEQUENTIAL PRESIDENT”

ANNAPOLIS (NAVAL ACADEMY)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FIRST POSTAGE STAMPS

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

TEXAS ANNEXATION

MEXICAN WAR & GADSDEN PURCHASE

OREGON

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (APRIL, 1846 –FEBRUARY 1848)

THE DISPUTED TERRITORY CLEARLY BELONGED TO MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY.

U.S. RELIED ON TREATY OF VELASCO (NEVER ADOPTED BY MEXICO

IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE WAR

1845 – CONGRESS PASSED JOINT RESOLUTION FOR ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (TEXAS ADMITTED AS STATE DECEMBER 1845)

U.S. HAD ITS EYE ON CALIFORNIA – WANTED PACIFIC PORTS

NOVEMBER 1845 – POLK SENT “SECRET” ENVOY, JOHN SLIDELL, TO OFFER MEXICO ≈ $30 MILLION FOR MEXICO’S TERRITORY ABOVE THE RIO GRANDE – NO DEAL!

EARLY 1846 -- POLK SENT GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, 3,500 TROOPS TO NUECES STRIP (PART OF MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY!

APRIL 1846 – THE THORNTON AFFAIR. CASUS BELLI?

MEXICAN FORCES AMBUSHED 70-MAN U.S PATROL UNDER COLONEL THORNTON -- 16 TROOPS KILLED

WAR! POLK’S MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, MAY 11, 1846:

“MEXICO HAS PASSED THE BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES, HAS INVADED OUR TERRITORY AND SHED AMERICAN BLOOD UPON AMERICAN SOIL.”

MAY 13, 1846 – CONGRESS DECLARED WAR

MOST WHIGS IN CONGRESS VOTED IN FAVOR OF WAR (IT WAS POPULAR) – BUT MOST WHIG PEOPLE OPPOSED WAR FOR “SLAVE POWER”

CALIFORNIA BEAR FLAG REPUBLIC, JUNE – JULY 1846 (THEN ANNEXED BY U.S.

JOHN C. FRÉMONT

LED BY CAPTAIN JOHN C. FREMONT, 33 U.S. SETTLERS IN SONOMA REVOLTED AND ESTABLISHED REPUBLIC

THE ORIGINAL BEAR FLAG, AND CALIFORNIA STATE FLAG

GREATEST HITS OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

BATTLE/ SEIGE OF VERACRUZ, MARCH 9 – 29, 1847

COMBINED NAVAL/ ARMY INVASION – TROOPS UNDER WINFIELD SCOTT CONQUER SEAPORT, BEGIN MARCHING TOWARD MEXICO CITY

BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA, FEBRUARY 22 – 23, 1847

DECISIVE LAND BATTLE – ZACHARY TAYLOR DEFEATED SANTA ANNA (YES, HE WAS BACK IN POWER IN MEXICO)

BUENA VISTA – REHEARSAL FOR CIVIL WAR?

GENERAL ZACHARY TAYOR, NEXT PRESIDENT. COLONEL JEFFERSON DAVIS, FUTURE CONFEDERATE PRESIDENT

BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847

WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!

BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847

WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!

MEXICO CITY – CIVIL WAR REHEARSAL?

IN ADDITION TO WINFIELD SCOTT, PRESENT AT BATTLE:ROBERT E. LEE, GEORGE MEADE, ULYSSES S. GRANT, STONEWALL JACKSON

TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO/ MEXICAN CESSION, 1848

NICHOLAS TRIST,AMERICAN NEGOTIATOR

$15 MILLION FOR 1.2 MILLION ACRES – CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO

POLITICAL FALLOUT FROM THE WAR – ALL OVER SLAVERY

WILMOT PROVISO (1846 AND AGAIN AND AGAIN) – NEVER ADOPTED BUT MAJOR PROVOCATION

PROVIDED, THAT, AS AN EXPRESS AND FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION TO THE ACQUISITION OF ANY TERRITORY FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO BY THE UNITED STATES, BY VIRTUE OF ANY TREATY WHICH MAY BE NEGOTIATED BETWEEN THEM, AND TO THE USE BY THE EXECUTIVE OF THE MONEYS HEREIN APPROPRIATED, NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE SHALL EVER EXIST IN ANY PART OF SAID TERRITORY. . . .”

REP. DAVID WILMOT, D. PA.

LINCOLN EMERGES AS NATIONAL FIGURE – THE “SPOT RESOLUTIONS”

DECEMBER 22, 1847 -- LINCOLN PROPOSED SEVERAL RESOLUTIONS IN HOUSE CHALLENGING POLK TO IDENTIFY THE EXACT SPOT ON “U.S. SOIL”

WHERE MEXICO SHED U.S. BLOOD

THIS EARNED LINCOLN THE NICKNAME ”SPOTTY”

HENRY DAVID THOREAU, “ON CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE”

THOREAU REFUSED TO PAY HIS POLL TAXES TO PROTEST THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR AND SLAVERY

WENT TO JAIL FOR ONE DAY, WROTE LYCEUM LECTURE ARGUING DUTY TO PASSIVELY RESIST UNJUST LAWS

INFLUENCED GHANDI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING

OREGON

“OREGON FEVER” – BEGINNING IN 1830s – DRAWN BY FREE LAND, THOUSAND WENT WEST TO OREGON

THE OREGON TRAIL, ALBERT BIERSTADT 1869

JOINT U.S. BRITISH ADMINISTRATION OF OREGON UNDER CONVENTION OF 1818 ENDED 1846

DEM. PARTY PLATFORM 1844: “54-40 OR FIGHT”

BUT POLK DIDN’T WANT WAR WITH BRITAIN – OREGON TREATY ESTABLISHED 49TH PARALLEL AS BORDER

U.S. NOW “FROM SEA TO SHINING SEA”

ELECTION OF 1848 – ZACHARY TAYLOR (WHIG), LEWIS CASS (DEM), VAN BUREN (FREE SOIL)

CASS (M) ADVOCATED “POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY” IN THE TERRITORIES. VAN BUREN (R) ARGUED FOR BAN. TAYLOR (L) (SOUTHERNER AND HERO) PROPOSED MAKING ONLY TWO FREE STATES OF NEW TERRITORY

ANTI-TAYLOR CARTOON

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http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail162.html

THE U.S. IN 1853

CALIFORNIA

THE GOLD RUSH 1848-55 – POPULATION BOOM!

1848 - GOLD DISCOVERED AT JOHN SUTTER’S MILL

ABOUT 300,000 PEOPLE (OF ALL RACES , NATIONALITIES AND GENDERS) WENT TO CALIFORNIA

49ers

BOOMTOWN – TWO VIEWS OF SAN FRANCISCO 1848 AND 1853

EFFECTS OF THE GOLD RUSH

MAJOR STIMULATION OF U.S. AND WORLD ECONOMIES (FOR A WHILE)

IT THREATENED THE BALANCE OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES:

SENATE HAD BEEN ROUGHLY BALANCED SINCE 1840. DEMOCRATS USUALLY CONTROLLED HOUSE. BUT CALIFORNIA WOULD BE 2 MORE SENATORS FROM A FREE STATE AND IN FUTURE, MANY MORE VOTES IN THE HOUSE

WESTWARD MIGRATION, 1840 – 1860 – MOSTLY TO CALIFORNIA

WESTERN TRAILS

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

MAIN COMPETING PROPOSALS

CASS: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

NASHVILLE CONVENTION (SOUTHERN STATES, 1849): TO PRESERVE UNION, EXTEND 36-30 LINE TO PACIFIC

VARIOUS PROPOSALS LIKE TAYLOR’S TO LIMIT NUMBERS OF NEW FREE STATES (INCLUDING COMBINING MORMOM STATE OF DESERET WITH CALIFORNIA

CLAY’S LAST COMPROMISE

CLAY’S PROPOSED OMNIBUS BILL:

CALIFORNIA ADMITTED AS FREE STATE

NEW MEXICO CARVED OUT OF TEXAS, ADMITTED AS SLAVE STATE (BUT VERY FEW SLAVES THERE AND MEXICANS DIDN’T WANT SLAVES)

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN REST OF MEXICAN CESSION

SLAVE TRADE BANNED IN D.C.

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT – AND ACCUSED ESCAPED SLAVES COULD NOT TESTIFY

CLAY’S OWN WHIG PARTY BLOCKED THE BILL

HE VOWED TO GET IT ALL PASSED ONE BY ONE

IT DID ALL PASS IN 1850, BUT STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS (D.. ILL) WROTE THE SEPARATE LAWS AND PUSHED IT THROUGH THE SENATE

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 DIDN’T SOLVE THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES NOT PART OF THE MEXICAN SESSION (LIKE KANSAS AND NEBRASKA!)

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT INFURIATED ABOLITIONISTS (AND IT LED TO THE DRED SCOTT CASE!)

THE CIVIL WAR DELAYED – AND NOW INEVITABLE?

THE U.S. IN 1853 = CURRENT BORDERS

SOUTHWARD HO! FAILED EXPANSION ATTEMPTS

THESE ARE SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THEY PERSUADED MANY SOUTHERNERS AN INDEPENDENT SOUTH COULD EXPAND INTO LATIN AMERICA

• RECALL – SOUTH NEEDED TO EXPAND – COTTON WORE OUT LAND

OSTEND MANIFESTO, 1854: U.S. MINISTERS TO FRANCE, SPAIN AND BRITAIN MET IN OSTEND, BELGIUM AND DRAFTED PROPOSAL FOR U.S. TO ANNEX CUBA – “THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES”

WHEN THE PROPOSAL GOT TO CONGRESS, FREE STATES WENT WILD – CUBA WOULD HAVE BEEN SLAVE STATE – PROPOSAL DROPPED

SOUTHERNERS ALL!

MINISTER TO SPAINPIERRE SOULE

MINISTER TO ENGLAND JAMES BUCHANAN:"WE MUST HAVE CUBA; WE CAN'T DO WITHOUT CUBA . . ." :

MINISTER TO FRANCE JOHN Y. MASON:“WHENEVER THE HOUR COMES, WHEN IN GOOD FAITH, AND WITH DUE REGARD TO NATIONAL HONOR, WE CAN INCORPORATE CUBA AS ONE OF THESE UNITED STATES, IT WILL BE DONE, AND EUROPE MAY FIND IT BEST TO HOLD ITS PEACE."

WILLIAM WALKER’S FILIBUSTER IN NICARAGUA

1854 – WALKER, OF TENNESSEE, LED FILIBUSTER TO NICARAGUA -- IN 1855 HE DECLARED HIMSELF PRESIDENT, DECLARED SLAVERY LEGAL – LASTED A YEAR

HE WAS BACKED BY SOUTHERNERS, INCLUDING PIERRE SOULÉ

ALSO BY TRANSPORTATION MAGNATE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, WHO WANTED TO BUILD STAGE COACH LINE ACROSS NICARAGUA (ATLANTIC TO PACIFIC)

BY 1850, IF NOT BEFORE, THE DIE WAS CAST.

EVERY POLITICAL DISPUTE FROM THEN ON WAS JUST ANOTHER STEP TO THE CIVIL WAR.