Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

See the Future...See the Future... or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care?

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care? Audio flow through a typical mixing console

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care? Audio flow through a typical mixing console. Equalizer basics

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care? Audio flow through a typical mixing console. Equalizer basics Signal to Noise Ratio and Gain Structure

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care? Audio flow through a typical mixing console. Equalizer basics Signal to Noise Ratio and Gain Structure. Polar plots

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The three main categories of audio signal types.

What is a decibel and why do we care? Audio flow through a typical mixing console. Equalizer basics Signal to Noise Ratio and Gain Structure. Polar plots Understanding Feedback

See the Future...See the Future...or or

What you can expect to learn. What you can expect to learn.

The The Signals we Signals we Know and Know and

LoveLove

Mic level Line level Speaker level

The Signals we Know and LoveThe Signals we Know and Love

Mic level aprox -60 dBu to -40 dBu

Small and delicate Shielded cable Can use tiny cable

Line level Speaker level

The Signals we Know and LoveThe Signals we Know and Love

Mic level approx -60 dBu to -40 dBu

Line level approx -8 dBu to +4 dBu

Fairly sturdy Shielded cable a very good idea Can still use small cable

Speaker level

The Signals we Know and LoveThe Signals we Know and Love

The Signals we Know and LoveThe Signals we Know and Love

Mic level approx -60 dBu to -40 dBu

Line level approx -8 dBu to +4 dBu

Speaker level approx +10 dBu to +40 dBu

Large and robust, somewhat of a bully

Cable twisted, no need for shield Large cable a good idea

Voltage Range of Audio Signals

Range of Audio Signals

What is a What is a decibel?decibel?

What is a decibel?What is a decibel?A decibel is one tenth of a bel (B). Devised by engineers of the Bell Telephone Laboratary to quantify the reduction in audio level over a 1

mile (approximately 1.6 km) length of standard telephone cable, the bel was originally called the

transmission unit or TU, but was renamed in 1923 or 1924 in honor of the Bell System's founder and telecommunications pioneer

Alexander Graham Bell. In many situations, however, the bel proved inconveniently large, so

the decibel has become more common.

From Wikipedia

What is a decibel?What is a decibel? A ratio or comparison It is useless without a reference!

What is a decibel?What is a decibel? A ratio or comparison It is useless without a reference!

“Nice mixer, how much did it cost?”

"Twice as much”

What is a decibel?What is a decibel?

????!!!!????

Two times more... than what?

A ratio or comparison It is useless without a reference!

“Nice mixer, how much did it cost?”

"Twice as much”

What is a decibel?What is a decibel? A ratio or comparison It is useless without a reference!

There are standard references For prices, we use dollars. For sound we use:

dBu dBm dB V dB SPL dB FS

Range of Audio Signals

One channelOne channelof an of an

averageaveragemixing mixing

console.console.

One channelof an average

mixing console.

This is not any particular mixer. It is one that my fertile imagination invented. Any resemblance to a real mixer is purely coincidental.

Block Diagram

Input

Block Diagram

Block Diagram

Equalizer

Chart of Common frequency ranges

Frequency Response Chart

0

6

-6

-12

-18

12

18

20 50 100 300 1k 3k 10k 20k

Frequency Response Chart

Frequency

0

6

-6

-12

-18

12

18

20 50 100 300 1k 3k 10k 20k

Level

Frequency Response Chart

0

6

-6

-12

-18

12

18

20 50 100 300 1k 3k 10k 20k

Level, or volume, control

Level, or volume, control

Level, or volume, control

High boostHow much

High cutHow much

Mid cutHow much

Mid-cut LowHow muchWhere

Mid-cut HighHow muchWhere

Parametric EqualizerHow muchWhereHow wide

Parametric EqualizerHow muchWhereHow wide

Signal to Signal to Noise Noise RatioRatio

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

80 dB

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

30 dB

signal

Signal to Noise RatioSignal to Noise Ratio

90 dB

signal

Signal FlowSignal Flow

Gain StructureGain Structure

Gain StructureGain Structure

Gain StructureGain Structure

Gain StructureGain Structure

Gain StructureGain Structure

Polar Polar PlotsPlots

Polar PlotsPolar Plots It is not:

B-rate movie about the North Pole Anything to do with polar bears

Polar PlotsPolar Plots It is not:

B-rate movie about the North Pole Anything to do with polar bears

It is a way to chart signal levels as they relate to physical space.

Horizontal Polar Plot

Cardiod180°

90°

0°

90°

-5 dB

-20 dB

-15 dB

-10 dB

Cardiod180°

90°

0°

90°

-5 dB

-20 dB

-15 dB

-10 dB

Horizontal Polar Plot

Omni-directional

180°

90°

0°

90°

-5 dB

-20 dB

-15 dB

-10 dB

Horizontal Polar Plot

180°

90°

0°

90°

-5 dB

-20 dB

-15 dB

-10 dB

In the real world,the patternchangeswithfrequency!

What is “Feedback”?

What does it sound like? What is it not. What causes it?

What is “Feedback”?

What does it sound like? Usually a single tone - or two... Often high-pitched

What is it not. What causes it?

What is “Feedback”?

What does it sound like? What is it not.

Crackles Pops Static Other noises

What causes it?

What is “Feedback”?

What does it sound like? What is it not. What causes it?

More electronic gain than acoustic loss

The amplifier completely “makes up for” all the losses from the voice to the loudspeaker. That is, the volume (dB SPL) from the loudspeaker is exactly the same as the voice.

0 dB Reference

Amp

“A” is the reference point

The microphone “hears” everything in the room.

Reference -30 dB

Fader

Balance point! Amp gain = acoustic loss

30 dB Reference

Amp

Acoustic loss = -30 dB

Amp gain = 30 dB

Fader

Feedback!!!!!Amp gain is greater that speaker-to-mic loss. The sound keeps getting louder!

33 dB Reference

Amp

Acoustic loss = -30 dB

Amp gain = 33 dB

Fader

Feedback!!!!!Amp gain is greater that speaker-to-mic loss. The sound keeps getting louder!

33 dB Reference

Amp

Acoustic loss = -30 dB

Amp gain = 33 dB

So, what can we do about it?Fader

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Move the mic and loudspeaker farther

apart. Change the angle of the loudspeaker. Change the angle of the microphone.

Decrease the electronic gain.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Move the mic and loudspeaker farther

apart. Remember that sound get weaker the

further it has to travel. Change the angle of the loudspeaker. Change the angle of the microphone.

Decrease the electronic gain.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Move the mic and loudspeaker farther

apart. Change the angle of the loudspeaker.

Speakers are rarely omni-directional. Get the mic to a spot that the loudspeaker doesn't cover well.

Change the angle of the microphone. Decrease the electronic gain.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Move the mic and loudspeaker farther

apart. Change the angle of the loudspeaker. Change the angle of the microphone.

Use the mic's polar plot to “point” the weak pickup area toward the loudspeaker.

Decrease the electronic gain.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

Change the frequency response of the system.

Turn down the fader.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

Change the frequency response of the system.

Adjust an equalizer to turn down the frequency to which the mic/speaker/room system is most responsive.

Turn down the fader.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

Change the frequency response of the system.

Adjust an equalizer to turn down the frequency to which the mic/speaker/room system is most responsive.

It will affect the desirable sound too! Turn down the fader.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

Change the frequency response of the system.

Turn down the fader.

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

Increase the acoustic loss. Decrease the electronic gain.

Change the frequency response of the system.

Turn down the fader.

But now we can't hear because it is too quiet!

So what can we do about it??So what can we do about it??

“B” is the reference point

The sound in the room is the same volume, but there is less amp gain needed because the source sound is louder.

33 dB

ReferenceAmp

Acoustic loss = -30 dB

Amp gain = 27 dB

Turn down the amp 6 dB

So no more feedback!

Move mictwice as close +6 dB

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Move the mic closer.

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