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LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
MORPHOLOGY
Table of Content
At the end of this chapter you will know:I. MorphemesII.Affixation: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix III.Compound WordsIV.Lexical Categories V. DerivationVI.InflectionVII.Morphological Typology of LanguagesVIII.Word FormationIX.Other morphological phenomenon
Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009); Rowe & al. (2012)
1. MORPHOLOGY2. SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX WORDS3. FREE VS. BOUND MORPHEMES
I. Morphemes
Morphology
Morphology:The analysis of word __________.The system of categories and rules involved in _______________ and __________________.
Word and Morpheme
Word: the smallest Word: the smallest _________(an element that doesn’t have to occur in a fixed position)
Word Word simplesimple vs. vs. complexcomplex Ex. Ex.
Morpheme: the Morpheme: the smallest smallest _________
_________
Morpheme Morpheme freefree vs. vs. boundbound Ex. Ex.
Question #1, p.139 O’Grady,2009
a. Flyb. Desksc. Untied. Treee. Dislikef. Reuseg. Triumphedh. Delighti. Justly
O’Grady, 2009
1. ROOT, AFFIX 2. BASE3. AFFIX:
1. prefix, suffix, infixes & circumfixes
II. Affixation
Roots & affixes
Root: Serves as a building block for other words (usually, but not always a free morpheme)
Affix: Bound morphemes added to the root.
Affixation
Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base,
Ex. re-play.
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base.
Ex. kind-ness.
Affixation
Infix: Infix: An affix that occur An affix that occur _________a basea base Ex: Ex: Tagalog: write = sulat / written = sinulat.
The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past tense.tense.
Circumfixes: Circumfixes: Where you Where you _________ ___________(sometimes surrounding the root).(sometimes surrounding the root). Ex: Arabic: Book = Ex: Arabic: Book = kkiittaabb / Wrote = / Wrote = kkaattaabbaa / has / has
been written= been written= kkuuttiibb Ex: HebrewEx: Hebrew
Hebrew and Affixes
The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible By Jeff A. Benner
Hebrew and Affixes
יר ִט� ְמ� (hee-teer) ִה�This is the verb ְמִטר (M.Th.R) meaning to
"rain." The structure of the verb also identifies the verb tense as perfect – he rained. The prefix ִה (hee) along with the י (ee) infix, identifies the verb as a hiphil (causative) verb – he made rain, or he caused to rain. But, the preceding word לא negates this verb – he did not cause it to rain.
www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/046.doc
Examples of English Affixes
-able-ing-ish-ize
Anti-Ex- Re-In-
Analyzing Word Structure
CLOSED-FORM COMPOUNDHYPHENATED COMPOUNDOPEN-FORM COMPOUND
III. Compound Words
Compound Words
Closed-form compound:Hyphenated compound:Open-form compound:
Brain waves
Turnstile
What kind of Compound Word is this
Hair plugs
Fast food
What kind of Compound Word is this?
A SMALL OVERVIEW
IV. Lexical Categories
Syntactic Categories (1)
Noun (N)Verb (V)Adjective (A)Preposition (P)
Adverb (Adv)
moisture, policymelt, remaingood, intelligentto, nearslowly, now
Syntactic Categories (2)
Determiner (Det)Auxiliary (Aux)Conjunction (Con)
Interjection
the, this, mywill, canand, orOh, goodness
sake, whatever
Exercise: Word class
a.a. bettermentbettermentb.b. thethec.c. himhimd.d. elegantelegante.e. inconvenienceinconveniencef.f. eloquentlyeloquentlyg.g. complycomplyh.h. inasmuch asinasmuch asi.i. over over
Determine the word class of each of the following words.
1. ENGLISH DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES2. COMPLEX DERIVATION3. CONSTRAINTS IN DERIVATION4. TWO CLASSES OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
V. Derivation
Derivation
An affixational process that forms a word with a _____________ and/or ___________ _________from that of it’s base.
Ex:
Examples of English Derivational Affixes
See pages 117 or O’Grady.
O’Grady, 2009
Derivation
Illustrated through trees:
N V
V Af A Af
treat ment modern ize
Let’s Practice
Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme
-ic : Noun Adj -ly : Adj Adv -ate : Noun Verb -ity : Adj Noun -ship : Noun Nounre- : Verb Verb
alcohol alcoholic
exact exactlyvaccin
vaccinateactive activityfriend
friendshipcover recover
Complexe Derivation
Words with several layers of structureActivation: N
V
A
V Af Af Af
Act ive ate ion
Constraints on Derivation
The suffix –antContest contestantDefend defendantHunt
*Huntant Hunter
WHY?
The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.
Constraints on Derivation
The suffix –enwhite whitendark darkengreen
*greenenWHY?The suffix –en can combine only a __________ base that ends in an obstruent.
How about large ?
The suffix –en can combine only a __________ _______base that ends in an ________ (Kwary, 2004).
largen ?
1. INFLECTION2. INFLECTIONS IN ENGLISH
VI. Inflection
Inflection
The modification of a word’s form to __________the ____________ ________to which it belongs Ex:
THE 9 ENGLISH INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES
Nouns–s plural–’s possessive
Verbs –s third person singular present–ed past tense–en past participle–ing progressive
Adjectives–er comparative–est superlative-en past participle
Inflection vs. derivation
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
It changes the It changes the __________and/or the and/or the __________of of meaning of the meaning of the word, so it is said to word, so it is said to create create __________..
Ex: Ex:
It does not It does not change either the change either the ______ __________or or the the ________ __________found in found in the word.the word.
Ex: Ex:
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
A derivational affix must combine with the base A derivational affix must combine with the base __________an inflectional affix.an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)
= neighbourhoods= neighbourhoods
The following combination is unacceptable:The following combination is unacceptable:
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)
= *neighbourshood= *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
An inflectional affix in more An inflectional affix in more __________than a than a derivational affix.derivational affix.
EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun.virtually any noun to form a plural noun.
On the other hand,On the other hand,
the derivational suffix the derivational suffix –ant–ant can combine only can combine only with Latinate bases.with Latinate bases.
Describe the italic affixes:
1) impossible2) terrorized3) terrorize4) desks5) dislike6) humanity7) fastest
Describe the italic affixes:
8) premature9) untie10) darken11) fallen12) oxen13) faster14) lecturer
The suffix -er
Ex: sin - sinner
I. ANALYTIC (OR ISOLATING) LANGUAGESII. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES:
1. Fusional (or inflectional) languages2. Agglitinating Languages3. Polysynthetic languages
VII. Morphological Typology of Languages
Morphological Typology of Languages
I. Analytic (or isolating) languages
II. Synthetic languages:
1. Fusional (or inflectional) languages
2. Agglitinating Languages
3. Polysynthetic languages
1. COMPOUNDING2. CONVERSION3. CLIPPING4. BLENDING5. BACK-FORMATION6. ACRONYMS7. ONOMATOPOEIA8. EPONYMS & TRADE NAMES9. DERIVATION10. OTHER WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
VIII. Word Formation
1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words _______ _____________to form a new word.
Examples:
Properties of compounds
1.Properties of compounds1. Lexical category
2. Stress
3. Plural
Note: The meaning of a compound is not Note: The meaning of a compound is not always always _____________________________. .
Baby oil blue-movies
blue-chip
Coconut oil oil made from coconuts. Olive oil oil made from olives.
oil for babiesNOT oil made from babies
Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds
2. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________.
Examples:
Conversion
Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).
3. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a ______________by ______________________________
Examples: Facsimile Hamburger
Gasoline Gasoline Advertisement Advertisement
4. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but Definition: Similar to compounds, but ______ ______________ are deleted.are deleted.
Examples:Examples:
Is this a blend?
Case Study: Blends or Compounds
‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003).
‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004).
Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).
5. Back-formations
Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________a _________________ from another word in the language.
Examples:
6. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the _________of several words
Examples:
7. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.
English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian
Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk
Meow Nya Niyaw Meong
8. Eponyms
Definition: Words derived from _____ __ ___ __________.
Examples:
9. Derivation
Derivation is the process of forming a new word by adding a _______ _____________to a ________.
Ex:
9. Other Word Formation Process
Foreign word Borrowing
Let’s invent words!
Invent words that don’t already exist in English, and then define the process that was used to creat this word.
Intialism or Acronym?
Initialism: An abbreviation created by ________ __ __________ (e.g. PEI or USA) as letters rather than a word.
Acronym: A word that is forms by ________ ____________of some or all the words in a phrase or title and __________ __________ (e.g. NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
IX. Other Morphological Phenomena
Other Morphological Phenomena related to inflection
Internal change Process that substitutes one non-
morphemic segment for another to mark grammatical contrast.
Different than infixing … Examples:
Other Morphological Phenomena related to inflection
Suppletion Replaces a morpheme with an entirely
different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast.
Ex:
Morphophonemics
Morphophonemics
“Pronunciation can be sensitive to __________factors”
Example: English Plural Allomorphs pronounced: /-s/, /-z/, /-əz/ The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the
phonetic context. Ex:
www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady
Allomorphs
p. 95-96 (Rowe & Levine, 2012)
Examples: An & a -s The & the
Rowe & Levine, 2012
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