View
264
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
1/89
Mingyur Dorje
TIBETAN LANGUAGE
BEGINNERS
COURSE BOOK
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
2/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
3/89
Special thanks to:SIT, AD Isabelle OniansSIT, AD Kabir (For their great support to have the book possible.)
English editing:Christopher Psomadellis
Also to:Ven. Ngawang Lungtog la (Vietnamese), Ven. Dorje Dudul la (Vietnamese), Ven. Tenzin Wangmo (Vietnamese),
Miranda la (Vietnamese), Joice la, Rozanna la, Layne Mayard la and Jeroen Collier la.(For their great help in the computers, internet and teaching me the layout design.)
And then to all my Dharma friends and students who encouraged me to write this book.
Thank youMingyur Dorje
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
4/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
5/89
ts elek
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
6/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
7/89
CONTENTS
Lesson Page no.
11 WHERE DID YOU GO? 41
The Past Simple Aux. Verbs 11.4 42
The Forms of the Verbs 11.5
12 TO DO WHAT? 45
The purpose of going/coming/sending etc. (The in nitives for motion verbs) 12.4 46
to do / in order to do (The in nitive) 12.5
13 DID HE/SHE SING SONGS? (DID YOU SEE/HEAR HIM/HER SINGING SONGS?) 49
Witnessed Past 13.3 50
Un-witnessed Past or Discovering Past 13.4
Commonly discovered or Logic Past 13.5Speaker-Powered Existential Past 13.6
14 HAS HE/SHE EVER BEEN TO TIBET? 53
Experiential Past 14.3
15 HOW LONG IT HAS BEEN SINCE YOU STARTED LEARNING TIBETAN? 57
Since 15.4 58
The Post-positions 15.5
GLOSSARY 61
PHONETIC 67
______________________
Each lesson has a drilling and an exercise page.
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
8/89
vocabulary
1
ngndo
14
11
12
13
ep
ghare
jenehphr
jeyla jeyong
khng-ghi
khyyrang
khyyrang-ghi
kuk-la
la
[la] yi
ming
nga
nge
-py
er-ghyi yorey
er-ghyi yy
tsh elek
hkje ch
-yang
yi
ne
what (?)
Jennifer
see you later, bye
his/her
you (singular)
your (singular)
body (honoric)
for, to
(honoric mark)
yes (honoric)
name
I
my
(yes/no question marker)
is called
is called
hello (greeting)
thank you
also, too
am, to be
kusuk ep yin-py?
How are you?(Lit. Is your body ne?)la yi, nga ep yi.
Yes, I am ne.
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?
khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey?
tsh elek
tsh elek
[la] yi,nga ep yi. hkje ch.
khyyrang kuk ep yi-py?
[la] yi, nga-yang ep yi. hkje ch.
khng-ghi ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yorey.
nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yy.
[ ] [khyyrang] kuk ep yi-py?
jeyla jeyong!
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
9/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
15 Word order
GRAMMAR
In Tibetan,the verb is always seenat the end of a sentence.
Subject Object Verb+ -
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yynge ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yy er -ghyi meykhng-ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yoreykhng-ghi ming-la awa er -ghyi yorey er -ghyi yo marey
The question word and its answerare found next to the verb.
Place of the questionsand answers
The Personal Pronounsghangag tsbtsg
To be calleder-ghyi yy / er-ghyi yorey
Personal pronouns Possesive pronouns (Genitive case)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
nga I ngats we nge my ngats our
khyyrang you[ ]
khyy[rang]ts you khyyrang-ghi your [ ]
kyhy[rang]ts your
khng he/she khngts they khng-ghi his/her khngts their
In the above sentences; er is the main verb call[ed], -ghyi is a genitive particle and yy / yorey / ug are the existential copulasto be. The genitive particles (-ghyi, kyi, ghi, i and yi) with the existential copulas, they together make the processing helping verbs.In the Tibetan language, the helping verbs do not change because of the persons ( rst/second/third), but they vary in accordance with the
way the knowledge was gained or under what circumstances the action happened or was done. We will learn more about it in the next lessons.
In genera l (depending on the situation or context ):
verb + -ghyi yy for the 1st person (singular/plural) in afrmative sentences: For example :
nge ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yy. verb + -ghyi yy for the 2nd person (singular/plural) in interrogative sentences:
Example : khyyrang -ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yy?
verb + -ghyi yorey for the 3rd person (singular/plural):
Example : khng -ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yorey? khng -ghi ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yorey .
16
15
17
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
10/89
DRILLS18
19Object building Subject building
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?What is your name?
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?What is your name?
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy? nge ming-la nyima er-ghyi yy.
khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey? khng-ghi ming-la psng er-ghyi yorey.
What is your name? My name is Nyima.
What is his/her name? His/her name is Psng.
1.
2.
nge ming-la nyima
awa
migm
lhkp
phrbhu
psng
pp
er er -ghyi yy -ghyi yy
-ghyi yorey
-ghyi mey -ghyi mey
-ghyi yo m
[to] my name Nyima
Dawa
Migmar
Lhakpa
Phurbu
Pasang
Penpa
call[ed] call[ed]is is
is
is not is not
is not
nge
khng-ghi
gela-ky
nge p:la-ky
nge ma la-ky
khng-ghi p:la-ky
khng-ghi ma la-ky
ming-la awamy
his/her
the teachers
my fathers
my mothers
his/her fathers
his/her mothers
110 Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
11/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
Where do we nd the main verb in a Tibetan sentence?
Which is the place of a question word in a Tibetan sentence?
How do we greet somebody and say bye, see you later?
1.
2.
3.
Give the meaning of the following words and memorize them!
ngakhyyrang
khng
nge
khyyrang-ghi
khng-ghiming
ghare
ep
hkje ch
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ts elek
nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yy.
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?
khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey?
khng-ghi ming-la migm er-ghyi yorey.
[khyyrang] kuk ep yi-py?
[nga] ep yi.
jeyla jelyong!
1.
2.3.
4.
5.
6.
nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yy.
khng-ghi ming-la migm er-ghyi yorey.nge ming-la awa er-ghyi mey.
khng-ghi ming-la lhkp er-ghyi yo marey.
nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi mey.
khng-ghi ming-la pp er-ghyi yo marey.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
1.
2.3.
4.
5.
6.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
1
1
13
12
114
Answer the following questions
Write the opposite statements of the following sentences
111
EXERCISE
Translate the following
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
12/89
2 khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?WHICH COUNTRY ARE YOU FROM?
ngndo
leyri
ri-mibhy
bhypdhokpghaney
gyamigyanag
khlihphrniya-ky la
la mareyla melungpmarey
me-ney
ni york-py
reysbt
yi
Oh, I see America AmericanTibetTibetanfriend (male)from where/what/whichChineseChina
Californiaof, -s (genitive particle)(H.)[It] is not. (H.)am/are/not (H.)countryis not, noam/are not, nofromNew York(yes/no Q.P.)is/are, yesmapam/are, yes
vocabulary
khyyrang je-ney gap jhug.Nice to see/meet you.nga-yang.Me too.
25
khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?
nga ri-ney yi.
nga ni york-ney yi.
khyyrang ri ghaney yi.
khng lungp ghaney rey?
khng ri-ney rey.
khng ri ghaney rey?
khng ni york-ney rey.
A:
B:
A:
B:
22
[ ]
khyyrang-yang ri-ney yi-py?
la yi, nga-yang ri-ney yi.
ley. khyyrang-yang ni york-ney yi-py?
la me,nga ni york-ney me.nga khlihphrniya-ney yi.
ley. khyyrang-ghi dhokp-yang ri-ney rey-py?
[la] marey, khng ri-ney marey. khng gyanag-ney rey.
nga bhyp yi. khng ri-mi rey. khngts gyami rey.
23
bhy-ky sbtThe map of Tibet
24
21
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
13/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
GRAMMAR
From
am, are, is ( to be the essential copulas )
The copulas are also used for answering yes/no questions.
2
2
2
6
7
8
Examples :
a)
b)
c)
nga ri-ney yin.
khng gyanag- ney rey.
awa bhy-ney rey.
I am from America.He/she is from China.Dawa isfrom Tibet.
Please note that in English the particle from precedes a noun, for example from America. But, in Tibetan - ney ( ) which means from comes after a noun, eg. America -ney which means from America.
KnowledgeStatement Interrogative
+ - + -Personal (P) (speaker based) yi me yi- py * me-py?Impersonal (IP) (factual) rey marey rey-py marey-py?
In genera l (depending on the situation or context ):
yi / me (the Personal positive/negative statements ) go with the 1st person (singular/plural). Example 1 :
nga ri-ney yi. I am from America.
nga gyanag-ney me. I am not from China. yi-py / me -py (the Personal positive/negative interrogatives ) go with the 2nd person (singular/plural).
Example 2 :
khyyrang bhy-ney yi-py? Are you from Tibet?
khyyrang gyanag-ney me-py? Arent you from China? rey / marey / rey- py / marey- py (the Impersonal copulas ) go with the 3rd person (singular/plural).
Example 3 : jenehphr ni york-ney rey-py ? Is Jennifer from New York?
khng khlihphorniya-ney marey-py ? Isnt he/she from California?
khng ni york-ney rey. He/she is from New York.
khng khlihphorniya-ney marey. He/she is not from California.
Honoric
yes yi rey la yi la rey
no me marey la me la marey
-ney
yi, rey
a)
b)
a)
b)
a)
b)
a)
b)
-pyis used for yes/no question marker. It goes after a verb or a copula.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
14/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
15/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
212
EXERCISE
ghare er-ghyi yy khyyrang-ghi ming-la?
khng-ghi ming-la er-gyhi yorey ghare?
rey ri-ney khng.
nga me ri-ney.
rey-py gyanag-ney khng?
yi-pey bhy-ney khyyrang?
lungp ghaney khyyrang yi?
1.
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.
Give the meaning of the follwing words and memorize them!
lungpghaney
-ney
ri
bhy
gyanaggyami
gyagha
chgye-mi
dhokp
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
kyhyrang lungp ghaney yi?
nga bhy-ney yi.
khyyrang-ghi dhokp-yang bhy-ney rey-py?marey, khng bhy-ney marey.
khng gyanag-ney rey. khng gyami rey.
aley. kyhyrang ri-ney yi-py?
la me, nga gyagha-ney yi.
nga chgyel-ney me. nga chgye-mi me.
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
213
214
Correct the word order of the following sentences!
Translate the following sentences
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
16/89
khng leyk ghare jhey-ky yorey?
khng lbthg rey.
3 khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?WHAT DO YOU DO?
ngndo
hengsng
mch
jhey
-ky yorey
-ky yy
leyk
leyk jhey
lbtg
mach
ngma
pghu -kh
ingp
tsngp
vocabulary 34
khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
nga lbthg yi.
31
33
A:
B:
ngma, khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
these days
doctor
do
(aux. verb, IPH+)
(aux. verb, P+)
work (n.)
to work (vt.)
student
cook
before
baby sitter
farmer
businessman
ghare jhey-ky yy?What are you doing?
or Whats up?
khng-ghi leyk ghare rey?
khng pghu -kh rey.
khng mch rey-py?
la marey, khng mch marey.
khng mach rey.
32 A:
B:
A:
B:
nga mch me.
nga mach yi.
ngma, nga ingp yi.
hengsng, nga tsngp yi.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
17/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
GRAMMAR
What do you do?khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?35
Subject Object Verb (to be)
+ - +? -?
lbthg
nga yi me rey-py? marey-py?
khyyrang rey marey yi-py? me-py?
khng rey marey rey-py? marey-py?
verb + kh shows who does the action or the verb + er .It can also show ones profession when the action is related to a job.
For example :1. pghu means to look after a baby.
pghu -kh means one who looks after babies (baby sitt er ). khng ngatsi pghu -kh rey. She is our baby sitter. (She is the one who looks after our baby.)
2. mot ng means to drive a car.
mot ng-kh
means one who drives a car/vehicle (driv er ).
khng nge mot ng-kh rey. He/she is my driver. (He/she is the one who drives my car.)
3. huglg thy means to wash clothes. huglg thy-kh means one who washes clothes.
khng khyyrangts huglg thy-kh rey-py? Is he/she is the one whowashes your (plural ) clothes?
4. lng means to beg. lng-kh means one who begs. (beggar).
khng lng-kh rey-py? Is he/she a beggar?
Sometimes -kh is not needed to say ones profession: eg. mch a doctor, mach a cook, gege a teacher.
1. khng mch rey-py? Is he/she a doctor?
2. khng ngats mach rey. He/she is our cook.
3. khng nge bhyky gegen rey. He/she is my Tibetan teacher.
36 verb + kh
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
18/89
DRILLS37
38Object building Subject building
khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
What do you do? (Lit. What work do you do?)
ngma khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
What did you use to do before?
nga lbthg yi. khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
ngma khng leyk ghare jhey-ky yorey. khng mach rey-py?
I am a student. What do you do?
What did he/she use to do before? Was he/she a cook?
1.
2.
nga
khng
lbthg
gege
mach
chyp
mch
ingp
dogp
yi
rey
yi
rey
me
marey
me
marey
I
he/she
student
teacher
cook
practitioner
doctor
farmer
nomad
am
is
was
was
am not
is not
was not
was not
nga
khng
nyima
ngats
nge dhokp
khngts
gela
ngma tsngpI
he/she
Nyima
we
my friend
they
teacher
before businessman
39 Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
19/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
310
EXERCISE
kuk ep yi-py?
khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?
khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?
khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
ngnma khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?
khyyrang-ghi bhyky gela phy* ghaney rey?
khyyrang-ghi p:la ingp rey-py?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
leyk jhey
lbthg
gege
dogp
mch mach
hengsng
ngma
kh
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
311
312
Answer the following questions in Tibetan
ep yin.
1 2 3 4 5
khng mch rey.
khng-ghi leyk ghare rey? What is his/her work?
What do these people do? Ask a Tibetan friend!
phy : homeland
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
20/89
pch
chyp
chysm k[dra]chye
4 i ghare rey?WHAT IS THIS?
ngndo
Tibetan language
shrine roomoffering[s]alter/shrinestupanowandthat, it, thebookand thenthose, theythisthese
so, wellteacher ! [addressing]it doesnt matter body (H.)statueof, -sat, in, on, tothat down thereinBuddhist text[s]that [over there]those [over there]
incense holder Buddhais calledwordsthangka paintingmind [H.]that up therethose up there
4 41 2
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
[]
[ ]
jenehphr-hang khng-ghi bhyky gela chykhng nang-la
vocabulary 43bhyky
chykhngchypchysm
chyha
-dhang-heheb
heney-hets
iits
nigela!ghe yo marey
kk[da]
-ky -la
maghinang-la
pchphghi
phts
pyongsngyeyer-ghyi rey
snghngkhk
yaghiyats
i ghare rey?
i chysm rey.
gela! its-la [bhyky-la] ghare er-ghyi rey?
its-la k[da] er-ghyi rey. phts-la hngk er-ghyi rey.
ley. ni, yats-la heb er-ghyi rey-py?
er-ghyi marey. yats-la pch er-ghyi rey.
ley. phghi ghare rey? gela!
phghi chye rey. k[da]-dhang hngk-hets sngyey-ky k rey.
pch-hets sngyey-ky sng rey. heney, chy-he sngyey-ky hk
rey. ni, its chyp rey. maghi pyong rey. ha hgho sng-gey?
hgho sng, gela! hkje ch.
ghe yo marey.
hgho sng-ngey?
Did you understand?
hgho sng. / hgho masng.
Yes, I understood. / no I didnt.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
21/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
GRAMMAR
The Demonstrative Pronouns
Subject, object and verb in a singular or plural sentence
4
4
4
5
Examples on the singular demonstrative pronouns :
Sentences
Singular form Plural form
i heb rey This is a book. its heb rey These are books.nga lbthg yi I am a student. ngats lbthg yi We are students.
NOTE: In Tibetan, the copulas or the verbs remain the same in the singular and the plural form.
Example A : a) i hebrey (singular form), and its hebrey (plural form).
b) nga lbthg yi (singular form), and nga-ts lbthg yi (plural form). In general, the nouns need not be pluralized, and take no articles in order to have a complete sentence.(Please check the table above.)
Example B :
Simple Determined/deniteSingular i heb rey This is a book . heb-i ngai [heb] rey. This book is mine.
Plural its heb rey. These are books . heb-its ngai [heb] rey. These books are mine.
Please check the following two sentences and also the difference in the question forms:1) i ghare rey? i heb rey. (What is this? This is a book.)2) heb ghaghi rey? heb-i rey (Which is the book? This is the book.)
Examples on the plural demonstrative pronouns :
i ghare rey?phghi gnp rey-py?yaghi heb marey.
maghi pyong marey-py?
its kdra rey.phts hngk rey-py?yats pch rey.mats bu marey-py?
A: 1.
2.
3.
4.
B: 1.
2.
3.
4.
What isthis ?Is that (over there)a monastery?That up there is not a book.Isntthat down there an incense holder?
These are statues. Are those thangkas?Those are Buddhist textsup there . Arentthose insects down there ?
i phghi yaghi maghi heSingular this that (over there) that up there that down there it, that, the
Plural its phts yats mats hetsthese those (over there) those up those down there they, those, the
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
22/89
DRILLS46
47Object building Subject building
i ghare rey?
What is this?
i ghare rey?
What is this?
[ ]
i heb rey. heb-i khyyrang-ghi [heb] marey. heb-i jenehphr-ghyi [heb] rey.
phts nyghu rey-py? nyghu-hets khyyrang-ghi nyghu rey-py?
This is a book. This book is not your [book]. This book is Jennifers [book].
Are those pens [over there]? Are those pens your pens over there?
1.
2.
48
i chysm
kda
hngk
pch
chy
ychb
py
chykhng
rey
rey-py?
rey
rey-py?
marey
marey-py?
marey
marey-py?
This alter, shrine
Buddha statue
thangka
scriptures
stupa
water offering
incense
shrine room
is
is?
is
is?
is not
isnt?
is not
isnt?
i
phghi
yaghi
maghi
its
phts
yats
mats
hebthis
that [over there]
that up there
that down there
these
those
those up there
those down there
book
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
23/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
49
Translate the following sentences
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
iphghi
yaghi
maghi
its
phtsyats
mats
er-ghyi rey
-hang
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
410
411
Change the following demonstrative pronouns into determining!
EXERCISE
i heb rey.
its khng-ghi heb rey-py?
phts khyyrang-ghi nyghu rey.
yaghi pch marey.
yats khyyrang-ghi pch marey-py?
i nge nyelkhng* rey-py?
phghi-la gp er-ghyi rey.
i-la chysm er-ghyi rey-py?
heb i rey. ( Example ) ____________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
nyelkhng* (bedroom/room)khngmig** (room/cell)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
i-la ghare er-ghyi rey?
i-la kda er-ghyi rey.
its khyyrang-ghi pch rey-py?
khyyrang-ghi khngmig** i rey-py?
phghi-la ghare er-ghyi rey?
phghi-la hngk er-ghyi rey.
heb-its gela-ky rey.
pch-phts jenehphr-ghyi pch rey.
i-yang khyyrang-ghi rey-py?
yaghi ghare rey?
mats bu marey.
phghi gp rey.
maghi pyong rey-py?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
24/89
5
khyyrang momo-la gap yy-py?DO YOU LIKE MOMOS?
ngndo
bhyjhabhykybhyey
-cjg / ig / sgug
gapo mey!gap yy
gap yy-py?ghai yo marey
ghadeyghe chp
gonghagla
khlagmi
momonyngje chp
psmp sangp
impimp ug.
imp ug-ghey?imp midug
imp yorey-py?hgp
tzmpyagp
Tibetan tea
Tibetan [language]
Tibetan food
a, an (indenite article)
is (with a quality)
dont like
[I/we] like
like?
it doesnt matter
how?
important
sorry, I beg your pardon
(addresing) (H.)
food, meal
person, human, man
momo
compassionate
very, extremely
good/pure heart
tasty. delicious
[it] is tasty (NPNH+)
[is it] tasty? (IPNH?)
[it is not] tasty (IPNH-)
[is it] tasty? (IPH+)
noodles soup
roasted our
good
vocabulary
5
5
5
1
2
3
nga momo-la gap yy. I like momos.
Nyima:
nnifer:
Nyima:
nnifer:
Nyima:
nnifer:
Nyima:
nnifer:
Nyima:
nnifer:
khlag imp ug-ghey?
imp ug. p imp ug! momo-i p imp ug!
nga momo-la p gap yy.
nga-yang momo-la gap yy. ni, hgp-la-yang gap yy.
nga bhyjha-la p gap yy. khyyrang bhyjha-la gap yy-py?
nga bhyjha-la gap mey! bhyjha imp midug. gonghag!
ghai yo marey. ni, khyyrang-ghi bhyky gela s rey?
khng-ghi ming-la orje-la er-ghyi yorey.
ley. khng mi ghadey ug?
khng mi yagp ug. khng smp angp-hang nyngje chp ug.
i ghare rey?
i tzmp rey. i bhyey ghe chp-cjg rey.
ley. i imp yorey-py?
ghare jheyneywhy?
ghangyiernabecause
jheytzngtherefore, thats why
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
25/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
GRAMMAR
gyetsg
gap yy
The Adjectives
[I/we] like ____.
5
5
4
5
In Tibetan, the adjectives appear after the nouns. The copulas that usually follow the adjectives are ug, yorey and yy.(The basic meaning of these copulas: to have or to be there somewhere or to be or to have a quality. These are existential verbs.)
The existential/connectivity copulas:
Thecopulas
Statement Interrogative+ - +? -?
P
Speaker based(PH)
yy mey yy-py mey-pySpeaker based(PNH)
IP
Common/logic(IPH) yorey yo marey yorey-py yo marey-pyDiscovering/(IPNH) ug miug ug-ghey * miug-ghey
There are no different copulas for singular and plural form of the subjects and objects.
Examples :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nga bhyey-la gap yy.
nga bhyjha-la gap mey.
khng-yang bhyjha-la gap yo marey.
khyyrang sh-la gap yy-py?
khyyrang i-la gap mey-py?
I like Tibetan food.
I dont like Tibetan tea.
He/she also doesnt like Tibetan tea.
Do you like meat?
Dont you like this?
Examples :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
khng nyng jep ug. (IPNH+)
i imp ug. phghi imp miug. (IPNH-)
bhychy-hets ep yorey. (IPH+)
khngts mi yagp yy. (PH+)
khyyrang bhey-la kyp ug-ghey? (IPNH+?)
She is beautiful.
This is tasty. That is not tasty.
Tibetan dresses are comfortable.
They are good people. (for me)
Are you happy in Nepal?
Personal (P) Impersonal (IP)Sentence
PH/PNH IPNH IPH
[ ][la]
at, in, to
gaplike
yy ug yorey + mey miug yo marey -
yy-py? ug-ghey? yorey-py? +? mey-py? miug-ghey? yo marey-py? -?
-ghey is also used for yes/no question mark. It goes after a verb or a copula which ends with the letter gha .
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
26/89
56
57
DRILLS
Object building Subject building
[ ]khlag [dhowa] ghadey ug?What is the food like? (Lit. How is the taste of the food?)
khyyrang s-la gap yy-py?Do you like meat? (Lit. Do you have liking in meat?)
[ ]
bhyey imp ug, [jheytzng],nga bhyey-la gap yy.
nga bhyey-la gap yy, ghangyierna, bhyey imp ug.
The Tibetan food is tasty, [therefore], I like Tibetan food.
I like Tibetan food because Tibetan food is tasty.
1.
2.
58
khlag dhowa chp
simp
kh tsp
tskh
ngmo
cjy chp
dhowa kh-tsp
ug
yorey
ug-ghey?
yorey-py?
miug
yo marey
miug-ghey?
yo marey-py?
food tasty
delicious
spicy/hot
salty
sweet
nutritious
strange taste
is
is
is _?
is _?
is not
is not
isnt _?
isnt _?
nga
khng
nga dhokp
khng-ghi garok
kyhyrang-ghi gela
jenehphr
bhyp
s-la gap yy
yrey
yrey-py?
ug
ug-ghey?
mey
yo marey
yo marey-py?
miug
migug-ghey?
I
he/she
my friend
his/her lover
your teacher
Jennifer
Tibetan
in meat liking have
has
has __?
has
has __?
dont have
doesnt have
does __ have?
doesnt have
does __ have?
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
27/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
59
EXERCISE
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
khlagghadey
imp
yagp
nyng jep
gapp
yy
ug
yorey
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
512
Correct the word order of the following sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ug nyng jep khng.
dhowa chp khlag ug.
yorey bhyey imp.
ug-ghey khlag imp?
yy nyngje chp ngai garok.
gap yy nga bhyjha-la.
khng nyng jep ug. (Example )
eg. sp a dangtz b ts c nimbu d ts khgg
di kh tsp yorey.
1.
2.
3.
4.
nga bhyey[-la] gap yy, ghangyierna, bhyey imp ug.
khng-yang bhyey[-la] gap yorey.
khyyrang i[-la] gap yy-py?
khng smp angp ug, jheytzng, nga khng-la gap yy.
i dhowa ghadey yorey? What does it taste like?
510 Translate the following sentences
511 Describe the taste of the following with your Tibetan friends
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
28/89
khyyrang-la garok yy-py?
nga-la garok yy.
nga-la garok mey. I dont have a girlfriend/boyfriend.
6
khyyrang-la garok yy-py?DO YOU HAVE A BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND?
ngndo
61
cjma
bhy-la-cjg.
cjcjhahung
garokghap
-ghi / ghyi / ky / kym
khngtskyhgha
-lamangp
m:lanang
nangminangmi
ngynygmap:la
prpdom
p:laedhak
shch nng.
tzngmazigp
[elder] sister
mother/mom
in Tibet
something, one
[elder] brother
moreover, still, more
boyfriend/girlfriend/love
where?
s, of, belong to
wife, woman
they
husband
at, in, on, with (locative prtcl.)
many
grandmother
home
family [member]
familys
really
younger bros/sisters
father/dad
photo
photo album
grandfather
very
who
thank you
clean
handsome/impressive
vocabulary 6
26
3
nnifer:
Dawa:
nnifer:
Dawa:
nnifer:
Dawa:
nnifer:
Dawa:
nnifer:
Dawa:
nnifer:
[ ]
awa la, khyyrang-ghi nang tzngma edhak ug.
hch nng. i nge nangmi pdom rey.
ley. i s rey? khng zigp edhak ug.
khng nge p:la rey. i ma rey. ni, i m:la rey.
ni, i nge p:la rey. nga khng-la p gap yy.
khngts nge cjcj-hang, i cj rey, heney khng nge gma rey.
ngyny, khyyrang-la nangmi mangp edhak ug.
hahung, khng cjcj-ghi kymn rey. khng cja-ghi khygha rey.
ley. ni, khyyrang-la garok mey-py?
mey. nga-la garok mey. khyyrang-la garok yy-py?
mey. nga-la-yang [garok] mey. gp-i ghap yorey?
gp-i bhy-la yorey. i bhy-kyi pr rey.
ley.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
29/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
GRAMMAR
-gyhi / -ky / ghi / / -yi
There is / are
Have / Has
of , -s (The genitive/possesive particles)
6
6
6
4
5
6
Examples :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nyima-la pky manp ug. (IPNH+)khng-la-yang pky mangp yorey-py ? (IPH+?)khng-la pky mangp yo marey . (IPH-)khyyrang-la pky mangp yy-py? (PH+?)nga -la pkyyy, yinnayang, mangp mey . (PH+ / PH-)
Examples :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ri-la yg yo rey-py ? (IPH+?)khng-ghi nang -la imi mangp ug. (IPNH+)nge nang -la-yang imi manpo yy. (PH+)khyrang-ghi nang -la tztz ug-ghey ? (IPNH+?)chy-la nghu mang ug. (IPNH+)gp-la dhawa mang p yorey . (IPH+)
Examples phonetic meaning ending letterof a syllable Pronunciation
1. jenehphr -ghyi nangmi Jennifer s family consonantsounds
The difference between -ghyi ,-ky , and -ghi is barely heard in thespoken language, but one should still
follow the rules when writing.
2. bhy-ky pr photo of Tibet3. cjcj-ghi kym [elder] brother s wife4. nyime garok Nyimas lover a
vowelsounds
eslightly longer
in the tone5. phrbh dhokp Phurbus friend (male) u 6. lhm kyhgha Lhamos husband o
Translations:1) Nyima has many relatives. 2) Does he/she also have many relatives? 3) He/she doesnt have many ralatives. 4) Do you have manyrelatives? 5) I have relatives, but not many.
Translations:1) Are there yaks in America?2) There are many cats in his/her home. 3) I also have many cats at/in my home.4) Do you have rats in/atyour home? 5) There are many pigeons at the stupa. 6) There are many monks in the monasteries.
Please note :
The -la ( ) in 6.4 and 6.5 examples is the locative particle, and it is a part of the sentence struture.
yy / ug / yorey
yy / ug / yorey
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
30/89
67
DRILLS
Building vocabularies
PH/PNH+? IPNH+? IPH+?
khyyrang-la ng sma yy-py?Do you have any change? (Are you aware of it?)
khyyrang-la ng sma ug-ghey?Do you have any change? (Can you nd it?)
khyyrang-la ng sma yorey-py?Do you have any change? (like you usually do)
bhy-la yg yorey. ri-la yg yorey-py?
khng-ghi nang-la imi mangp ug. khyyrang-ghi nang-la-yang imi yy-py?
There are yaks in Tibet. Are there yaks in America?
There are many cats in his/her home. Do you also have cats in your home?
1.
2.
68
SUBJECT OBJECT
VERB
P IPSentence form
PH/PNH IPNH IPH
+
Statements
-
+?
Interrogatives
-?
nga
khng
nyima
jenehphr-ghyi gela
gela
khng-ghi garok
nge garok
yy
mey
yy-py?
mey-py?
ug
miug
ug-ghey?
miug-ghey?
yorey
yo marey
yorey-py?
yo marey-py?
ng sima
ng
lgly
dhokp
ngo syp
hytsy
leyk
laI
he/she
Nyima
Jennifers teacher
teacher
his/her love
my love
have
dont have
do [you] have?
dont [you] have?
has
doesnt have
does [he] have?
doesnt [he] have?
has
doesnt have
does [he] have?
doesnt [he] have?
change (money)
money
computer
friend (male)
acquantance
time
work
to,with
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
31/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
69
EXERCISE
nangmip:la
ma
pp
mm
cjcjcj
gma
pky
mangp
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
khyyrang-la cjcj ___________ ?
khng-ghi nang-la tztz mangpo ___________ .
nga nang-la imi ___________ .
gnp-la dhawa mangp ___________ .
khyyrang-la ng sma ___________ .
nga-la pnky mangp ___________ .
jenehphr-la garok ___________ .
khyyrang-la garok ___________ ?
khng-la ghare ___________ ?
khng-ghi garok ghapa ___________ ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
khyyrang-la hytsy yy-py?
la yy, nga-la hytsy yy.
jenehphr lak. khyyrang-la lgly yy-py?
nga-la lgly yy.
khng-la lgly ug.
nyima-la lgly yo marey.
khyyrang-la ghare yy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
PH+?
IPNH-
P-
IPH+
IPH-
P+
IPNH-
P-?
IPNH+?
IPH+?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
610
611
Fill in the blanks with the existential copulas matching the second column
Translate the folllowing sentences and also write whether they are personal or impersonal.
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
32/89
7 khyyrang-la ghare go?WHAT [DO] YOU WANT/NEED?
ngndo
7
7
1
2
khyyrang-la ng-its go-py?
mogo. hch nng!
nga-la ng-hidey go marey
khng kga rey. khng lhkp rey.
lhgp chyp rey. jheytzng, khng-la
ng mangpo idey go-marey.
yinayang, kga tsngp rey.
khng-la ng mangpo go yorey.
khyyrang-la ng go yy-py?
go yy, yiney, mangpo idey
go mey. ghangyierna
nga ng-la gapo edhak mey.
ngyny?
chyp
idey
ghangyierna
go marey
go yy
go/gy
jheytzng
kga
lhkp
mangp
mogo
go mey / gy mey
ngny
ng
edhak
hch nngtsngp
yinayang
yiney
ngny?
ngny!
Dharma practitioner
like this, so [much]
because
not necessary, no need
need (to have in general)
want, need (for now)
therefore, thats why, so
(Tibetan name)
(Tibetan name)
many
dont want (for now)
dont need (in general)
really
money, silver
very
thank you
businessman
but
but
really?
really!
vocabulary 73
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
33/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
34/89
77
78
DRILLS
Object building Object building
khyyrang-la ghare go?What do you want?
khyyrang-la ghare go yy?What do you want [to have]?
lbthg-la ghare gorey?What does a student need?
kga tsngp rey, jheytzng, khng-la ng mangp gorey. yina yang, lhgp chyp rey, khng-la ng mangp go marey.
nga-la ng tgtzm gy ug ghangyierna nga-la bagbag-cjg gy ug.
Kunga is a businessman, therefore he/she needs lots of money. But, Lhakpa is a practitioner, he/she doesnt need much money.
I need some money because I need a motorbike!
1.
2.
nga-la go
go yy /gy yy
mogo
go mey /gy mey
ng
jhiri
khykp jhiri
gyugp jhiri
nmdhu
mot
le pkg
I, for me want dont wantmoney
candies
ice-cream
lollipop
aeroplane
car, motor
doll
lbthg-la go rey go mareyheb
nyghu
lgly
gege
lbdha
lbjong
ng-yang
[for] a student are needed arent neededbook[s]
pen[s]
computer[s]
teacher[s]
school[s]
education
also money
79 Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
35/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
710
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
( ___ )
( ___ )
( ___ )
( ___ )
( ___ )
( ___ )
Translate the following
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
gogo yy
go rey
ghangyierna
jheytzng
yina yangtsngp
chyp
ng
hch nng
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
711
712
Match the the following
tsngp-la
chyp-la
lbdha-la
gp-la
akhng-la
meg
khyyrang-la lgly go yy-py?
khyyrang-la ghare go?
nga tsngp yi. nga-la ng mangpo go rey.
ng mangp go rey-py?
khng-la rokp go yorey.
lbthg
ng
mach
chy
nyng jep
dhap / dhawa
go rey
[for/with] the business man
[for/with] the practitioner[s]
[at] a school
[at] a monastery
[in] a restaurent
ower
student
money
cook
Dharma
beautiful
monk
is/are needed
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
36/89
8 nga yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?CAN I COME IN?
ngndo
81
ley!
bheycjy jheybhyky tsgzy
bhyky-ky tsgzy
ch
cjg
ha
-hang!
-he
dig-hang dig
gekhng
gela
ghe nng-ghi marey
ghe yo marey
go
gyab
jheyna
leysy
-na dig-ghi rey
-na dig-ghi rey-py
nyy
php
-rok nng!
uk
hch nng
tsgzy
yagp jhung
ya
yong
zidha tsk
Oh!
to use
Tibetan dictionary
dictionary of the Tib. L.
to open
once, one, some
now
(imperative particle)
that, the
of course okay
window
teacher
it doesnt matter (H.)
it doesnt matter
door
to close
well then, so, well
okay (accepting)
it is okay if -
is it okay if -?
two
to go/come (H.)
(imperative particle) (H.)
to sit, to stay (H.)
thank you
dictionary
nice! good!
in, upwards
come
to have class
vocabulary 82
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
nnifer:
Dorje:
[ ]
gela, nga ya yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?
ley! jenehphr! dig-hang dig! ya php-hang! uk-hang!
ni, ep yi-py?
ep yi. hch nng. khyyrang kuk ep yi-py?
la yi, nga-yang ep yi. go-he gyab-rok nng!
ni, gekhng-he ch-rok nng! hch nng.
leysy gela. ghe nng-ghi marey.
khyyrang-la bhyky-ky tsgzy yy-py?
la mey, nga-la mey. yiney nga-la cjg go[-ky] ug.
jheyna yagp jhung. i bhyky tsgzy rey. nga-la nyy ug.
cjg khyyrang bheycjy jhey-na dig-ghi rey. khyyrang-la gy-py?
go, gela! yagp jhung! thch nng!
ghe yo marey. ni, ha, ngats zidha tsk-na dig-ghi rey-py?
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
37/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
Please note :Unlike the main verb + - hang structure (as above), a noun + -hang is in the associating case (In this case hangmeans and .)
Example : nga-la heb-hang nyghu mangp yy. I have many books and pens.
GRAMMAR
Is it okay if I/you do ___ OR he/she does ____?
Verb + - rok nng / verb + - hang Imperative Particles
83
4
We use this structure to ask for/give permission to do something.
+ - +? -?
IPthe verb +-na drig-ghi rey drig-ghimarey drig-ghirey-py drig-ghimarey-py
Answering yes/no. Yes, it is okay. No, it is not okay.
The verb in this structure usually comes in the past form, but it is not incorrect to use the present and future forms. na means if in general, but it can function as to (in nitive). jhey-na drig-ghi rey-py can be translated eitheris it okay if somebody does something? or Is it okay to do something?. drig means to be okay Since the action is yet to be done, we have the future auxiliary verbs - ghi rey / - ghi marey etc. The structure will be the same for the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd person.
the mainverb +
-rok nng could you please - Asking for something politely
-hang Can you - / please Asking in an ordinary way
-na dig-ghi rey-py?
Example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[ ]
[ ]
[nga] ch-i ng-na dig-ghi rey-py?
dig-ghi rey. ch-i tzngma rey.
ng-na dig-ghi rey.
dig-ghi marey. ch-i tzngma marey.
[ch-i] ng-na dig-ghi marey.
nga yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?
dig-ghi rey, khyyrang yong-na dig-ghi rey.
yiney, khng yong-na dig-ghi marey.
Is it okay if [I] drink this water?
[Yes], it is okay. This water is clean.
It is okay to drink.
No, it is not okay. This water is not clean.
It is not okay to drink this water.
Is it okay if i come?
Yes, It is okay if you come.
But, it is not okay if he/she comes.
Example :
1.
2.
3.4.
imgo ch-rok nng !go ch-hang !
nga-la chb-cjg nng- rok nng !nga-la ch-chjg ty-hang !
Could you please open the door !
Can you open the door !
Please give me some water !Can I have some water !
8
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
38/89
85
86
DRILLS
verb + na dig-ghi rey-py? verb + rok nng! / verb + hang!
nga ch ng-go yy!
I need to drink water! khyyrang nyth-la gap yy-na
If you like watching TV ...
nga momo-la gap yy. ngats gongha khlag-la momo a-na dig-ghi rey-py?
bhyjha chy-rok nng! bhyjha chy-hang!
I like momos. Is it okay if we have momos for dinner?
Please have someTibetan tea! Have some Tibetan tea!
1.
2.
nga
khyyrang
khng
nyima
ch-i ng
chng ng
gekhng ch
go gyab
khlag a
momo a
nythn
I
you
he/she
Nyima
drink this water
drink chang
open the window
close the door
eat food
eat momos
watch TV
khyyrang nyth ik
chb chy
chychng chy
gekhng gyab
go ch
elag chy
emo chy
-ro nng
-hang
-ro nng hang
you watch TV (H.)
drink water (H.)
drink chang (H.)
close the windows
open the door
eat food (H.)
eat momos (H.)
please (polite)
have/please/[you] can
please (polite)
87
naif, to
dig-ghi rey-py
dig-ghi rey
dig-ghi marey
dig-ghi marey-py
is it okay
it is okay
it is not okay
isnt it okay
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
39/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
88
EXERCISE
Translate the following
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
dig-ghi reydig-ghi marey
dig-ghi rey-py
dig-ghi marey-py
bheycjy jhey
tsgzygo ch
go gyab
nng-rok nng
jhey-hang
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
Could you please open the door!
Is it okay if I open the door?
You can close the window!
Have some momos!
Please have some momos!
It is not okay to drink this water.Is it not okay?
No, it is not okay.
I like momos! Is it okay to eat these momos?
Please give me some boiled water!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
89
810
Make these sentences negative
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ch-hi ng-na dig-ghi rey.
gekhng ch-na dig-ghi rey.
go gyab-na dig-ghi rey-py?
khyyrang nyth -na dig-ghi rey.
khng-la pch-i ty-na dig-ghi rey.
nga do-na dig-ghi rey-py?
ch-i ng-na dig-ghi marey. (eg.)
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
40/89
ng-ghi yin. nga bhyjha ng-ghi yin. Yes, I will drink Tibetan tea.
9 khyyrang bhyjha ng-ghi yi-pyWILL YOU HAVE TIBETAN TEA?
ngndo
91
:mmley
bhyjhachy
cjgheneyheringdhowa
dik-songghadey
ghang-ghi rey.-ghi yi
-ghi yi-py-ghi yy.
hghoky
khy tsrp-ky marey
-ky rey.-ky rey-py-ky yi-py
lamemar
nngnyig
phpsngnyihngng
-yangyangkyr
mm.. (tasting)Oh!Tibetan teadrink, eat (H.)one, once, somethingand thentodaytaste (n.)enough!howone full(fut. aux.) (IP+)(fut. aux.) (P+)(fut. aux.) (P+?)(present aux.) (P+)to knowcupstrange(fut. aux.) (IP-)(fut. aux.) (IP+)(fut. aux.) (IP+?)(fut. aux.) (P+?)no (H.)butter the day after tomorrowokaycome/go (H.)tomorrowdrink (present)drink (fut./past)alsoagain
vocabulary 9
29
3
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
jenehphr la, khyyrang bhyjha chy-ky yi-py?
bhyjha? bhyjha dhowa ghadey yorey?
imp yorey. khyyrang cjg chy-dhang! heyney hgho-ghi rey.
leysey. jheyna ng-ghi yi. :mm. i-la ts ug.
yorey. bhyjha-la ts-dhang mar-yang yorey.
ley. mar-yang yo rey-py?
yorey! chy-hang! howa ghadey ug?
dowa-i khytsrp-cjg ug. yiney imp ug!
ni, hering khyyrang-ghi gela php-ky rey-py?
khng hering php-ky marey. khng sngnyi php-ky rey.
heney nngnyi-yang php-ky rey. :mm. jha-i imp ug !
jheyna yangkyr ky ghang ng-ghi yi-py?
lame. ha dik-song. hch nng
mala, khyyrang-yang chy-hang !
g,nga hng-ghi yy.
khyyrang ks a-ghi yi-pey?
Will you eat an apple?
nga sml ng-ghi yi.I will think [about it].
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
41/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
Future Simple TenseI/you/he/she/it will
Ive had enough! / Thats enough/okay!
9
9
4
5
+ - +? -?
Future form of theverb + ghi /kyi/ghyi( / /)
Pyi me yi-py me-py IP
rey marey rey-py marey-pya) As we have learned, the Personal positive and the negative statements are usually used for the 1st person (singular/plural).For example :
b) The Personal interrogative forms of the auxiliary verbs are usually used for the 2nd person (singular/plural).
For example :
c) The Im-personal auxiliary verbs are always used for the 3rd person (singular/plural).For example:
More examples :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
nga yong-ghi yi.khng-yang yong- ghi rey .
khyyrang yong-ghi yi-py?khongts do-ghi marey .
nga-yang do- ghi me .khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yi?khyyrang-yang do-ghi me-py ?
I will come.He/she will also come.Will you come?They will not go.I will not go either.What will you (singular) do?Will you (singular) alsonot go?
1.
2. nga bhy-la d-ghi yi.ngats chgye-la do- ghi me .
I will go to Tibet.We will not go to a foreign country.
1.
2.
khyyrang jha ngmo ng- ghi yi-pey?khyyrang bhyjha ng-ghi me -py?
Will you drink sweet tea?Will you not drink Tibetan tea?
1.
2.
3.
4.
ma momo a-ghi rey .
khng hgp ng-ghi marey .
nyima-yang hgp ng-ghi marey-py ?khng-yang momo a- ghi rey-py ?
Dolmawill eat momos.He/she will not drink noodle soup.Will Nyima alsonot drink noodle soup?Will he/she also eat momos ?
+ - +? -?
IPdik-sng dik-masng dik-sng-gey dik-masng-gey
Thats enough! Okay! Thats not enough! / Not okay! Is that enough? / Okay? Isnt that enough? / Not okay?
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
42/89
96
97
DRILLS
Vocabulary building Subject building
sngnyi khyyrang ghap do-ghi yi?
Where will you go tomorrow?
[ ]
nga bhy-la do-ghi yi, yina yang ngai garok [bhy-la] do-ghi marey.
khngts s[-la] gapo yorey. jheytzng khngts s a-ghi rey. khyyrang-yang s a-ghi yi-py?
I will go to Tibet. But, my girl/boy friend will not go.
They love meat, so they will eat meat. Will you also eat meat?
1.
2.
sngnyi nga
khng
nyima
ngats
khng-nyy
awa
khngts
tomorrow I
he/she
Nyima
we
they-two
Dawa
they
98
gtzm jey-la, khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yi?
What will you do a bit later?
nga nyth
ey
leyk
nges
-
-
nyigung khlag
gp-la-ghi yi -ghi yi
-ghi rey
-ghi me -ghi me
-ghi marey
nye
jhey
gyag
do
yong
a
droI TV
song, music
work
rest
lunch
to the monasterywill will
will
will not will not
will not
watch, look
listen
do
take
go
come
eat
go
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
43/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
99
EXERCISE
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
Translate the following sentences into Tibetan!
-ghi yi-ghi rey
jha
ng
khlag
achy
sngnyi
ogtzm jeyla
nngnyi
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I will not eat momos.
Will you go to the monastery tomorrow?
They will not come .
Will he also not come tomorrow?
Will you watch TV?
Jennifer will go to Tibet.
She will also go to India.
Will you not drink chang?
He/she will not drink Tibetan tea.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
910
911
Make these sentences negative
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
nga nyth -ghi yi.
khyyrang nangjong jhey-ky yi-py?
sngnyi nge garok yong-ghi rey.
khng khlag mangp a-ghi rey.
sngnyi nga gp-la do-ghi yi.
khyyrang momo a-ghi yi-py?
jenehphr bhy-la do-ghi rey-py?
ngats nges gyag-ghi yi.
khyyrang nge nang-la yong-ghi yi-py?
khyyrang leyk jhey-ky yi-py?
nga nyth -ghi me. (eg.)
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
44/89
10 khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
ngndo
101
jhey
-ky yykhlag
khlag o-ghi ug
-ghi ug-ghey-ghi miug
gomgom gyag
tskpr lg
ghapr do
lbdha-la
to do
present aux. (P+)food
to cook
present aux. (IPNH+)
present aux. (IPNH+?)
present aux. (IPNH-)
meditation
to meditate
newspaper
to read
where?
to go
school
to, towards
vocabulary 104
khng ghare jhey-ky ug?
khng khlag o-ghi ug.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
kyhyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?
khng ghap do-ghi yorey?
A: khng ghare jhey-ky yorey?
B: khng gom gyag-ghi yorey.
nga khlag o-ghi yy.
khng lbdha-la do-ghi yorey.
khngts khlag o-ghi ug-ghey?
o-ghi miug, khngts khlag o-ghi miug.
na, khngts ghare jhey-ky ug?
khngts tskpr lg-ghi ug.
school
102
103
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
45/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
The Processing Auxiliary Verbs, for the Present or the Past105+ - +? -?
present form ofthe verb + ghi/ky/ghyi( / / )
H/NM
Pyy mey yy-py mey-py
H
IP
yorey yo marey yo rey-py yo marey-py
NHug miug ug-ghey miug-ghey
1) The Personal positive and the negative statements are usually used for the 1st person (singular/plural).Whether it is a habitual action or not depends on context.For example :
1.
2. nga nangjong jhey -ky yy.
ngats kych sy- ky mey.I am doing homework.
We are not talking .
2) The Personal interrogatives are usually used for the 2nd person (singular/plural).Whether it is a habitual action or not again depends on context.For example :
1.
2.
khyyrang pch lg- ghi yy-py?khyyrang gom gyag- ghi mey-py ?
Are you reading pecha?
Are you not doing meditation?
3a) The 3rd person (singular/plural) gets the Impersonal auxiliary verbs for habitual actions:For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
dma s a-ghi yorey .khng chng hng- ghi yo marey .
nyima s a- ghi yorey-py ?khng-yang chng hng- ghi yo marey-py ?
Dolma eats meat.He/she doesnt drink chang.Does Nyima eat meat?Does he/she also not drink chang?
3b) The third person (singular/plural) gets the Impersonal auxiliary verbs for non-habitual actions:For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
dma jha o-ghi ug .khng khlag o-ghi miug.nyima tzmo tz- ghi ug-ghey ?khng nangjong jhey- ky miug-ghey?
Dolmais making tea.He/she is not cooking .Is Nyima playing?Is he/she not doing homework?
Please check the Grammar Section 3.3 and 3.4 to see how the present simple/continuous changes to past simple/continuous.Example :
1.
2.
nga s a- ghi yy.ngma nga s a- ghi yy.
I eat meat. or I am eating meat.
Before, Iused to eat meat.or I ate meat before.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
46/89
106
107
DRILLS
Object and verb building Subject with the aux.verbs
khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?Whatare you (singular) doing ?
khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?Whatare you (singular) doing ?
[ ]
nga ha zidha tsk-ky yy. khyyrang khp gtzm jeyla ng-rok nng!
ngma nga s mangp a-ghi yy. yiney, hengsng [nga s] a-ghi mey.
I am having a class right now. Please call me a bit later!
Before, I used to eat a lot of meat, but these days I dont eat meat.
1.
2.
ngaI
nga
khng
ngats
nga-nyy
khng-nyy
nyima
I
he/she
we
we two
they two
Nyima
108
leyk
dungheb
huglg
ukp
sml
lgny
dhagya-la
leykwork
story book
cloth[es]
body
thought
movie
on the internet
work
-ky yy -ky yy
-ky yorey
-ky ug
-ky mey -ky mey
-ky yo marey
-ky miug
jhey
lg
thy
thy
ng
jhey(PH+) /(PNH+)
(PH-) /(PNH-)
do
read
wash
wash
(verbalizer)
watch
check, look up
do
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
47/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
109
EXERCISE
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
Translate the following into Tibetan (you can use phonetics).
jhey-ky yy jhey-ky yorey
jhey-ky ug
ha
hengsng
ngmaleyk jhey
ukp thy
huglg thy
dhagya-la
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are you doing? Are you taking a shower?
What is he doing? Is he washing clothes?
Is he reading a newspaper? No, he is reading pechas.
They are cooking momos. They are not eating momos.
I am not drinking chang. I dont drink chang.
Does she smoke?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
1010
1011
See the pictures and answer the questions with a Tibetan friend.
khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng-ts ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey?
khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey?
1
4
2
5
3
66
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
48/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
49/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
50/89
116
DRILLS
build vocabulary 117 build vocabulary
haghi, khyyrang ghare jhey-p yi?
What did you do a while ago?
khs khyyrang ghap ch-p yi?
Where did you (singular) go yesterday?
[ ]
khs, ngats nyighung khlag [la] momo ey-p yi. khyyrang nyighung khlag [la] ghare ey-p yi?
khs, nga gp-la ch-p yi. khyyrang khs ghap ch-p yi?
Yesterday we ate momos for lunch. What did you eat for lunch?
Yesterday I went to the monastery. Where did you go yesterday?
1.
2.
nga khlag
khlag
ukp
pch
nangjong
jha
chyn-la
-p yi -p yi
-p rey
-mey
-yo marey
-meyey
y
ty
lk
jhey
ng
ch
I food
food
body
pecha
home-work
tea
to the Stupa
(P+) (P+)
(IP+)
(P-)
(IP-)
(P-)ate
made
washed
read
did
drank
went
nga
khng
nyima
nga-ts
khng-nyy
lhkp
khngts
chy
akhng
ngkhng
gp
lbdha
zidha
nyekhg
chlaI
he/she
Nyiima
we
they two
Lhakpa
they
Stupa
restaurant
bank
monastery
school
classroom
bedroom, room
wentto
118
+ - + -
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
51/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
52/89
12
ghare jhey-ghar / ghare jhey-yag-laWHAT FOR? (TO DO WHAT?)
ngndo
121
khyyrang-nyy ghap php-p yi?
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
khng-nyy jhokhng-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p rey?
khng-nyy jhokhng-la chyje u-gha ch-pa rey.
khng thm-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p rey?
khng thm-la nyobch gyag- gha ch-p rey.
122
A:
B:
khyyrang nyghu-i ghare jhey-yag-la nyy-p yi?
nga nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-p yi.
khng nyghu-i ghare jhey-yag-la nyy-p rey?
khng nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-pa rey.
chyje udhi-yag-la
-gha ghare jhey-gha
ghare jhey-yag-la jhokhng
khng-nyykhyyrang-nyy
-lanyobch gyag
nyyphp
thm[yighe] dhi
to visit a monastery
for writing, to write
for, to
what for?, to do what?
what for?, to do what?
Jhokhang (Name of a Temple)
they-two
you-two
to, atto do shopping
bought
to come/go (for all tenses)
market
to write [letters]
vocabulary 123
nga-nyy jhokhng-la ch-p yi.
khyyrang-nyy jhokhng-la ghare jhey-gha php-p yi?
nga-nyy jhokhng-la chyje u-gha ch-p yi.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
53/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
Innitive Particle (to do, for doing, in order to do __ )
Innitive Particle (to do, for doing, in order to do __ )
verb + gha
verb + yag-la
12
12
4
5
GHA is used only with motion verbs, such as: going / coming / inviting someone / sending someone (somewhereto do something).For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
nga thm-la nyobch gyag-gha ch-p yi.I went to the market for shopping.
khng lbdha-la lbjong jhey-gha do-ghi yorey.He/she goes to school for studying.
jenehphr gp-la lma je-gha do-ghi rey.Jennifer will go the monastery to visit a Lama.
khng khyyrang-la kych sy-gha yong-ghi rey-py?Will he/she come to talk to you?
khng ts nyo-gha ng-p yin.I sent him/her to buy vegetables.
khng khyyrang-la kych sy-gha ky ng-ghi yi.I will call him/her to talk to you.
THE QUESTION WORD THAT IS USED FOR THIS KIND OF SENTENCES IS GHARE JHEY-GHA
For Example :
mi-hets chy-laghare jhey-gha do-ghi yorey?What do people go to the Stupa for? or Why do people go to the Stupa?
1.
2.
3.
YAG-LA is used for non-motion verbs.For example :
nga nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-p yi.I bought this pen to write with.
nga nyth -yag-la gap mey.I dont like watching TV.
ng sma-its lngkh-la ty-yag-la bheycjy jhey-na dig-ghi rey-py?Is it okay to use these coins to give to beggars?
THE QUESTION WORD THAT IS USED FOR THIS KIND OF SENTENCES IS GHARE JHEY-YAG-LA
For Example :
khyyrang namgy ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?What do you usually enjoy doing? Present form of the verb is used for both the in nitive structures.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
54/89
126
127
DRILLS
verb + ghar verb + yag-la
khyyrang chy-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p yi?
What did you go to the Stupa for? /Why did you go to the Stupa?
khyyrang ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?
What you [usually] like/love to do?
nga nyobch gyag-yag-la gap yy, jheytzng nga thm-la nyobch gyag-gha do-ghi yi.
khng heb lg-yag-la gap yorey, jheytzng khng pzy khng-la heb lg-gha ch-p rey.
I like shopping, so I will go shopping.
He/she likes reading books, therefore he/she went to the library to read books.
1.
2.
nga
khng
nyima
ngats
awa
khngts
nga-nyy
chy
akhng
jhakhng
thm
gp
ngkhng
khng-ghi nang
khla a
nyobch gyag
heb lg
leyk jhey
tzmo tz
kych sy
lgny
gap yy
gap yorey
yag-lala kra gyag
khlag a
jha hng
nyobch gyag
lma je
ng
hkt ng
ch-pa yi
ch-pa rey
gha I
he/she
Nyima
we
Dawa
they
we two
Stupa
restaurant
tea shop
market
monastery
bank
his/her home
eat food
do shopping
read book
work
play
talk
watch movies
like, love
like/likes, love/loves
to tocircumambulate
eat food
drink tea
do shopping
visit guru
withdraw money
party
went
went
tonga
khng
nyima
nga-ts
awa
khng-ts
nga-nyy
I
he/she
Nyima
we
Dawa
they
we two
128 Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
55/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
129
Translate the following
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
jhey-gha jhey-yag-la
kych sy
hkt ng
lgny
pzy khnglma
ngkhng
jhakhng
kra gyag
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
khyyrang chy-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p yi?
khng ghare jhey-yag-la gap yorey?
khyyrang ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?
nga heb lg-yag-la gap yy.
khyyrang bhy-la ghare jhey-ghar ch-p yin?
khngts lgny -yag-la gap-yo rey-py?
momo its a-yag-la nyy-p rey-py?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nyghu-i yighe dhi __________ ny-ghi yi.
khyyrang yighe dhi __________ gap yy-py.
khng ghare jhey-__________ ch-p rey?
nga-la lgly nyo __________ ng go-ky ug.
sngnyi nga thm-la lgly nyo __________ do-ghi yi.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
1210
1211
Fill in the blanks with yag-la or gha
EXERCISE
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
56/89
khng-ghiy ey ng-sng.
13 khng-ghiy ey ng-sng-gey?DID YOU SEE HIM/HER SINGING SONGS?
ngndo
131
bhyhey
hahunggela-kyy
ghare-ghare ji ey
jheynakyk
kyk ngkyk hkt
khsy
khyyrangtsylp-ug.
lp-ug-ghey?lp-miug
lp-ag.mang chwa
mingatsy
ngey
ngo masy panyp gyapnyp gyap-yy
rey-ag!apdh gyap
ey ngey ng-kh
ik-sng-gey?
-sngey ng-yorey
hkthkt ng-hang!
tsngma
Tibetan song
still, even moreby the teacher
what...?
English songs
in that case,
birthday
to celebrate a birthday
birthday party
some
by you (plural)... has come.
has ... come?
... has not come
... has come.
most of them
people, person
by us
by me
stranger to shoot movies
... have shot movies (P+)
it is ...! (discovering a fact)
to dance
to sing a song
singer
see/check (H.)
(witnessed past +?)
(witnessed past +)
must have sung
party
to party
please show!
all
vocabulary 132
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
nnifer:
hamo:
jenehphr la, khs khyyrang ghap ch-p yi?
khs nga gela-ky nang-la ch-p yi. khs khng-ghi kyk
rey-ag. nga khng-ghi nang-la khng-ghi kyk ng-gha ch-p yi.
ley. lbthg tsngma lp-ug-ghey?
tsngma lp-miug. yiney mang chwa lp-ug.
hahung mi ngo mas pa-yang khsy lp-ag.
khyyrangtsy kyk hkt-la ghare-ghare jhey-p yi?
ngatsy bhyey-hang ji ey mangp ng-p yi.
ley. ni khyyrangts gela-kyy ey ng sng-gey?
ng-sng. khng-ghiy bhyey mangp ng-sng. hahung apdh-yang
gyab-song. ma la, ik-hang! ngey nyp khsy
gyab-yy. khng ngma ey ng-kh rey-ag!
ley. jheyna, ey yagp ng-yorey. cjg -hang!
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
57/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
Witnessed Past
Non-witnessed or Discovering a Past Action
Commonly Discovered Past
Speaker-Powered Existential Past
13
13
13
13
3
4
5
6
-SNG : This auxiliary is used with a past verb when the action is happened or done in the presense of the speaker.For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
khng-ghiy * ey ng-sng.He/she sang songs . (Lit. I saw/heard him sing songs.)
khng-ghiy ey ng-masng.He/she didnt sing songs. (Lit. I didnt see/hear him/her sing.)
khng-ghiy ey ng-sng-gey?Did he/she sing songs? (Lit. Did you see/hear him/her sing songs?)
khng-ghiy ey ng-masng-gey?Didnt he/she sing songs? (Lit. Didnt you see/hear him/her sing songs?)
-UG/AG : This auxiliary verb is used with the past form of a verb when the action happened in the absence ofthe speaker, or the speaker discovers the action has nished / is completed.For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
hkt-la mi mangp lp-ag/ug!Many people have come to the party.
hkt-la mi mangp lp-miug.Not many people have come to the party.
hkt-la mi mangp lp-ug-ghey?Have many people come to the party?
hkt-la mi mangp lp-miug-ghey?
Havent many people come to the party?
- YOREY : This auxiliary verb is used with a past form of a verb when the action happened in the absence of thespeaker and the speaker is aware of it and has got used to it.For example :
1. hkt-la mi mangp lp-yorey.Many people must have come to the party [as usual / as it generally happens].
- YY : This auxiliary verb is used with a past form of a verb when the result of the action is seen or felt by others atthe time it happened. The action must be affected or done by the speaker himself.For example :
1. ngey* momo y-yy.I have made momos.
Note : The auxiliary verb is not used when the result of the action cannot be experienced by others.
ngey* momo ey-yy. (This isincorrect ) Instead one should say: ngey* momo ey -p yi. I ate or I have eaten momos.* In our previous lessons, we have seen khng-ghi which means his/her, but i n this lesson we see khng-ghiy which meansby him/her. Please check the difference in the spelling of the two words. In Tibetan spelling, when the sa letter is added to theGenitive particle, it chages into the Agentive particle.See also: ngey / ngatsy / khyyrang-ghiy / khyyrangtsy / khngtsy. The agentive particles are used to show whothe agent is, and thereby avoid confusion.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
58/89
137
138
DRILLS
Action building
+ -
Agent building
khng-ghiy momo sy-sng-gey?
Did he/she make momos? (Did you see him/her make momos?)
khyyrang-ghiy momo y-yy-py?
Have you made momos?
ngey khyyrang-ghiy kyk-la g-p cjg nyy-yy.
khs nyimey awa-la gp cjg nyy-ag. khng-ghiy gp-he awa-la harang oky ty-sng.
I have bought you some gifts for your birthday. Please have a look! What do you think of them?
Yesterday, Nyima bought some gifts for Dawa! He gave Dawa the gifts this morning.
1.
2.
khng-ghiy momo
ch
nangjong
lg
lg
huglg
kygz
y
k
jhey
sy
pr
ty
sy
-sngHe/she(by him/her)
momos
water
homework
light
light
clothes
lie
made
boiled
did
switched off
switched on
washed
told
(IPW)ngey
khng-ghiy
nyimey
mey
ngatsy
khngtsy
mach la-kyy
I (by me)
he/she (by him/her)
Nyima (by Nyima)
mom (by mom)
we (by us)
they (by them)
the cook (by the cook)
139
momo y -yy
-ug
-ag
-yorey
momos made have/had
has/had/have
has/had/have
has/have/had
-mey
-miug
-yo marey
have/had not
has/had/have not
_________
has/had/have not
-masng(IPNW)
+ -
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
59/89
rror of Lhasa Spoken Language
1310
EXERCISE
Translate the following sentences into Tibetan. (you can write in phonetic)
Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!
jhey-yy jhey-ug
jhey-ag
jhey-yorey
jhey-sng
namgy
gp
ty
khng-ghiy
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jennifer has put a beautiful chupa on!
Has Jennifer bought a gift for her teacher?
I have not been to her home.She went to the market to do the shopping. (I saw it)
He must have gone to the monastery. (as usual)
Have you done your homework?
Hasnt he eaten those momos?
She hasnt bought that computer!
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
1311
1312
Fill in the blanks with the suitable past auxiliary verbs matching the second column.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
khng-ghiy khyyrang-la gp-cjg nyy-__________.
khng-ghiy nga-la lgly nyy-__________?
hering nyighung khla-la mach la-kyy momo y-__________.
khs gela-ky kyk hkt-la jenehphr lp- __________?
khng lp ug, yiney khng-ghi ma lp- __________.
khng chng-la gap yorey. khng-ghiy chng ng- __________.
jenehphr-ghyiy lngkh-cjg-la rokp mangp jhey- __________.
nga nang-la lp- __________.
ngey gonghag khla-la y- __________.
namgy nge ks akh-he awa marey. khng-ghiy ng ks ey- __________ .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Past witnessed j + (IPNH)
Past witnessed +? (IPNH)
Discovering past + (IPNH)
Discovering past +? (IPNH)
Discovering past - (IPNH)
Logical past + (IPH)
Narrating past + (IPNH)
Existential past + (P)
Existential past - (P)
Logical past - (IPH)
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
60/89
gen oje la nyg-ghi yorey.
14 khng bhy-la do-nyong yo rey-py?HAS HE/SHE EVER BEEN TO TIBET?
ngndo
141
-:chy
cjgcjg jheyna
haha
gap edhakghadey
ghe chpghe
gho-yag-ghyi kr-la
gongp u jhung
lp
leyelo jeymalbjong nng
nngnnghag midugngats khsy
-nyong mey-nyong yy-py?
nang
phy
smth majheyey
sm
gghkcjg nng
hkcjg nng-gho!
(Imperative mark)eat, drink (to have)some, once, something, onemaybenowat this timevery happyhowimportantanythingto hear [news]about (someone/something)to take leave (from someonereceived, got, had, was (EP)came, arrived
okaynext year to study (H.)to do (H)no problem, I am okaysome of ushave never -have you ever -?well then, so thenyes, okay I willhomeland
dont worry!atemedicine (H.)to watch, to look, to visitexactly, exact, right amountto take caretake care!
vocabulary 142
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
dents:
Dorje:
ley! khyyrangts nga-la -gha lp-p yi-py?
layi gela. khyyrang ghadey ug?
nga nnghag midug. hkje ch.
khyyrang ghare nng-ghi yy?
ga phy-ghi p its-la cjg -ghi yy.
khyyrangts bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?
do-nyong mey. cjg jheyna, ngats khsy lo jeyma do-ghi yi.
gg rey. ni, jenehphr-ghyi kr-la cjg gho-yag ug-ghey?
ha ghe hgho-masng. gela khyyrang sm chy-p yi-py?
ey-p yi. khyyrangts lbjong yagp nng-:. ghe chp rey.
leye genla. yiney gela, khyyrang kuk-la hkcjg-nng-rok nng.
ng. nga nnghag mey. khyyrangts smth majhey-:.
leye. ha ngats gongp u-ghi yi. gela hkcjg nng-gho!
leye. na php-:. nga gap edhak jhung. hkje ch !
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
61/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
Experiential Past-nyong143
A) VERB (Present form) + NYONG : To have done/experienced the action in the past. (Lit. experience in doing ) The Copula Family yy ( ), ug ( ) and yorey ( ) are used for this structure.1) The Personal Copula yy ( ) means speaker-based / speaker-powered/chosen actions; habitual or non-habitual as usual, ( depending on the situation or context ): The 1st person (singular or plural) gets this copula for thestatements, and the 2nd person (singular or plural) gets the Interrogative forms of this copula.For example :
1.
2.
nga bhy-la do-nyong yy.ngats bhy-la do-nyong mey .
khyyrang bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?khyyrangts bhy-la do-nyong mey-py ?
I have been to Tibet.
We have never been to Tibet.
Have you ever been to Tibet?
Havent you ever been to Tibet?
2) The Impersonal Copula yorey ( ) which is used for habitual actions by others (but not the speaker) orwhen the action is common/general or logical to the speaker; As usual, (depending on the situation or context ): The3rd person (singular or plural) gets this copulas forms.For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
khng chng hng- nyong yorey .
khngts chng hng- nyong yo marey .
nyima chng hng-nyong yo rey-py ?khng-yang chng hng- nyong yo marey-py ?
He/she has drunk chang [in the past].
They have never drunk chang.
Has Nyima ever drunk chang?
Has he/she also drunk chang?
3) The Impersonal Copula ug ( ) is used for Non-habitual actions from other than the speaker, or whenthe action is discovered by the speaker and affects himself or others. And as usual, (depending on the situation or
context ): The 3rd person (singular or plural) gets this copulas forms.For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
khng leyk-i jhey-nyong ug.khngts leyk-i jhey-nyong miug.khng leyk-i jhey-nyong ug-ghey ?khng leyk-i jhey-nyong miug-ghey?
He/she has done the work [before]!
They have never done the work!
Has he/she ever done the work?
Hasnt he/she ever done the work?
B) VERB + NYONG : To have done or exprienced the action in the past. Without using copulas, this structure is called Egophoric which is used only with the 1st person (singular or plu-ral) in the statement forms and 2nd person (singular or plural) in the interrogative forms depending on the context.
And the verb comes in the past forms.For example :
1.
2.
3.
4.
khyyrang bhy-la ch nyong-gey ?ga bhy-la chma-nyong.
khyyrangts bhy-la ch ma-nyong-gey ?ngats bhy-la hngcjg ch nyong .
Have you ever been to Tibet?
I have never been to TIbet.
Havent you ever been to Tibet?
We have been to Tibet once.
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
62/89
144
145
DRILLS
Have you ever - ? Have you ever - ? (Egophoric)
khyyrang bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?
Have you ever been to Tibet?
khyyrang bhy-la ch nyong-gey?Have you ever been to Tibet?
nga yk tzney hng-nyong mey. khyyrang-ghiy hng-nyong yy-py?
nga bhy-la ch-manyong. yiney, gey garok bhy-la hngma khsy do-nyong yorey. khyyrang ch nyong-gey?
I have never [ever] seen a yak. Have you?
I have never been to Tibet, but my girl/boy friend has been to Tibet several times. Have you?
1.
2.
nga
khng
bhy-la do
tzmp a
pg a
lhmo-la kych sy
pch-i lg
nangchy lbjong jhey
momo o
I
he/she
going to Tibet
eating tzampa
eating pak
talking to Lhamo
reading this pecha
studying Buddhism
cooking momos
nga
ngats
I
we
146
-nyongexperience in
yy
yorey
have
has
mey
yo marey
have not
has not
bhy-la ch
tzmp ey
pg ey
lhmo-la kych sy
pch-i lg
nangchy lbjong jhey
momo y
gone to Tibet
eaten tzampa
eaten pak
talked to Lhamo
read this pecha
studied Buddhism
cooked momos
nyonghave
manyonghavent (never in the past)
+ - + -
Phrase building
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
63/89
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
64/89
15
khyyrang bhyky jang-ney gy ring-ly ch-sng?HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN SINCE YOU STARTED LEARNING TIBETAN?
ngndo
151
[hang/ghi] nymhubheylawaey
dkhngghahy
ghap ghap -ghyi thy-lagy ring-ly
jangkhy
muhy-ney
nangchynang-la-neynyy
seuk
-tzm
with, together withNepal
monthstay, live, sitguest housewhen?no way!nearbyhow long?learn[ed]to know (H.)continuously
Dharmainsincetwoto knowstay, sit, live (H.)around, about, just
vocabulary 153
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
khyyrang bhey-la ghahy php-p yi?
nga bheyl-la lp-ney awa nyy-tzm ch-sng.
khyyrang ghap uk-ky yy?
nga dkhng-ig-la ey yy.
dkhng-he ghap yorey?
dkhng-he chy-ghyi thy-la yorey.
ley. ni, bhey-la ghare nng-gha php-p yi?
nga bhey-la nangchy lbjong jhey-gha lp-p yi.
khyyrang bhyky yagp khy-ghyi ug.
khyyrang bhyky ghahy jangp yin?
nga bhyky jang-ney awa nyy-tzm ch-sng.
hata-yang muhy-ney dhokmo-ig-hang nymhu jang-ghi yy.
nley. ngyny, awa nyy nang-la p yagp se-ag!
ghap ghap.
ts kgyeyThe eight auspicious signs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
152
8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro
65/89
rror of Lhasa spoken language
GRAMMAR
Since
The Post-positions
-ney
-la -tsl
15
15
4
5
The past form of the VERB + NEY followed by time: For example :
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
khyyrang bhyky jang-ney gy ring-ly ch-sng?How long it has been since you started learing Tibetan?
nga bhyky jang-ney awa nyy-tzm chn-sng.It has been about two months since I started learning Tibetan.
In the above sentences the verb chin at the end refers to the time passed or gone by.So, in the 1st example, it asks, gyun rin-loy chin-song , which means: How long has it (the time) been....And in the 2nd example, it answers, dawa nyiy-tzam chin-song which means: It (the time) has been around two months.
Some more examples :
kh
Recommended