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7/23/2019 Lesson 2-The Evaluation Process
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EVALUATION OF LEARNINGOUTCOMES
An Excerpt from the Q-Learn
Lesson 2: The EvaluationProess
!e"art#ent o$ E%uation&UREAU OF ELEMETAR' E!UCATION
2N!Floor &oni$aio &uil%in(!e"E% Co#"le)* Meralo Avenue
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Revised 2010
1+ the Learnin( Resoure Mana(e#ent an% !evelo"#ent S+ste#
LRM!S3*
!e"E% 4 !ivision o$ Ne(ros Oi%ental
un%er the Stren(thenin( the I#"le#entation o$ &asi E%uation
in Selete% Provines in the Visa+as STRIVE35
Setion 6 o$ Presi%ential !eree No5 76 "rovi%es:
8No o"+ri(ht shall su1sist in an+ -or/ o$ the
Govern#ent o$ the Re"u1li o$ the Phili""ines5 9o-ever*
"rior a""roval o$ the (overn#ent a(en+ or oe -herein
the -or/ is reate% shall 1e neessar+ $or e)"loitation o$
suh -or/ $or "ro;t5 R5A5 6>@@3 s"ei;es that shoolhea%s shall have the authorit+* aounta1ilit+ an%res"onsi1ilit+ $or i#"le#entin(* #onitorin( an% assessin( theshool urriulu# an% 1ein( aounta1le $or hi(her learnin(outo#es5 This la- e#"hasi0es the nee% $or a shool hea% tohave a thorou(h un%erstan%in( an% a%e,uate /no-le%(e o$the $un%a#ental one"ts an% "rini"les o$ assess#ent an%
evaluation to eetivel+ a""l+ these tools to #easure learnin(in shools5
This #o%ule is inten%e% to (ui%e +ou in +our tas/ o$ evaluatin(learnin( outo#es an% utili0in( results o$ evaluation toi#"rove shool "er$or#ane5
This #o%ule is %ivi%e% into t-o lessons:
Lesson 1 Eduational E!aluation and Assessment
In this lesson* +ou -ill 1e e)"ose% to the %istintions 1et-eenan% a#on( evaluation* assess#ent* an% #easure#entinlu%in( their t+"es an% "ur"oses5 Alternative assess#enttools an% "roess -ill also 1e %isusse%5
Lesson " The E!aluation #$oess
This lesson "resents the evaluation "roess that inlu%es the
$or#ulation o$ o1.etives* evaluation #etho%olo(+* tools* %ata(atherin(* anal+sis* inter"retation an% utili0ation o$ results5
This resoure -ill %isuss Lesson 2 o$ this #o%ule:
What are the objectives of this lesson ?
A$ter stu%+in( this lesson * +ou shoul% 1e a1le to:
%esri1e the "roess involve% in evaluationB
"lan ation ste"s in eetivel+ utili0in( assess#ent
results $or the i#"rove#ent o$ +our shoolsB an%
2
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a/no-le%(e the role an% i#"ortane o$ evaluation in
i#"rovin( learner "er$or#ane
Test %ou$ &no'led(e
9o- #uh %o +ou /no- a1out the to"is to 1e %isusse% in thislesson Ans-er the $ollo-in( ,uestions5
>5 Dh+ %o -e evaluate
25 Dhat are the ste"s in the evaluation "roess
9o- %i% +ou ;n% the "retest Ma/e ar#ations o$ +our ans-ers as+ou (o throu(h the ativities in this lesson 5
Lesson 2 The E!aluation #$oess
At this "oint* +ou alrea%+ have a lear i%ea o$ evaluation* itsnature an% so"e5 In this lesson* -e shall %eal -ith theevaluation "roess that involves $or#ulatin( o1.etives*i%enti$+in( an% %evelo"in( a""ro"riate assess#entinstru#ents=tools* their statistial anal+sis* %ata (atherin( an%"roessin(* an% utili0in( assess#ent results5
&e$ore -e "roee%* let us ta/e a loo/ at the o1.etives o$ thislesson5 At the en% o$ the lesson* +ou are su""ose% to:
i%enti$+ an% state assess#ent o1.etivesBi%enti$+ the %ierent an% a""ro"riate assess#ent#etho%olo(ies an% instru#ents=toolsB(ain insi(hts into ho- these instru#ents=tools are%evelo"e%B%esri1e ho- %ata (atherin(* anal+sis* an% inter"retation"roe%ures are %oneB an%
e)"lain ho- assess#ent results an 1e eetivel+utili0e%5
As a shool hea%* +ou #ust reali0e ho- to (o a1out theevaluation "roess5 It an 1e vie-e% as a +lial "roess#a%e u" o$ $our "hases:preparation, assessment, evaluationan% refection5 This "roess involves +our teaher as a%eision4#a/er throu(hout the $our "hases5 The $ollo-in("ara(ra"hs illustrate the %ierent "hases o$ the evaluation"roess -hih +our teaher -ill (o throu(h5
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!urin( the preparation phase!%eisions are #a%e to i%enti$+-hat is to 1e evaluate%* the t+"e o$ evaluation to 1e use% i5e5*$or#ative* su##ative* or %ia(nosti3* the riteria a(ainst -hihstu%ent learnin( outo#es -ill 1e .u%(e%* an% the #osta""ro"riate assess#ent tehni,ues -ith -hih to (atherin$or#ation on stu%ent "ro(ress5
In the assessment phase* the teaher i%enti;es in$or#ation4(atherin( strate(ies=tehni,ues* onstruts or seletsinstru#ents* a%#inisters the# to the stu%ents* an% olletsan% or(ani0es the in$or#ation on stu%ent learnin( "ro(ress5
The teaher ontinuousl+ #a/e %eisions in this "hase5 Thei%enti;ation an% eli#ination o$ 1ias e5(5* (en%er an% ulture1ias3 $ro# the assess#ent tehni,ues an% instru#ents* an%
%eter#inin( -here* -hen* an% ho- assess#ents -ill 1eon%ute% are e)a#"les o$ i#"ortant onsi%erations $or theteaher5
!urin( the eval"ation phase* the teaher inter"rets theassess#ent in$or#ation an% #a/es .u%(#ents a1out thestu%ent "ro(ress5 &ase% on the .u%(#ents or evaluation*teahers #a/e %eisions a1out stu%ents* "arents* an%a""ro"riate shool "ersonnel5
Then* in the re#ection phase! the teaher is (iven theo""ortunit+ to onsi%er the e)tent to -hih the "revious"hases in the evaluation "roess have 1een suess$ul5 In"artiular* the teaher evaluates the utilit+ an%a""ro"riateness o$ the assess#ent tehni,ues use%5 Suhreetion assists the teaher in #a/in( %eisions onernin(i#"rove#ents or #o%i;ations to su1se,uent teahin( an%evaluation5
Re#ect
9ave +ou e)"eriene (oin( throu(h the %ierent "hases o$ theevaluation "roess !o +ou a(ree that the evaluation "roessis +lial an% not se,uential Dh+$t"d%
The $ollo-in( %isussions %eals -ith the s"ei; ativities that#ust 1e un%erta/en in the %ierent "hases o$ the evaluation"roess5
#$e)a$ation #hase
7
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&orm"latin' (nstr"ctional )bjectives
Instrutional o1.etives "la+ a vital role in the teahin(4learnin( "roess5 Dhen "ro"erl+ state% the+ serve as (ui%es$or 1oth teahin( an% learnin(* o##uniate the intent o$ theinstrution to others* an% "rovi%e (ui%elines $or evaluatin("u"il learnin(5
A shools evaluation "ro(ra# shoul% 1e onerne% -ith theso"e an% ,ualit+ o$ the teahers instrutional o1.etives an%the e)tent to -hih these #eet the nee%s o$ the variouslearners an% the shool o##unit+ as a -hole5 9ene* allteahers in the shool* throu(h the lea%ershi" o$ the shool
#ana(er* shoul% "a+ "artiular attention to the $or#ulation o$the instrutional o1.etives in their %ail+ "lans to ensure theattain#ent o$ the shool (oals an% o1.etives5
Suh o1.etives inlu%e not onl+ #aster+ o$ su1.et #atter 1utalso (ro-th in their learners #ental* "h+sial* e#otionalhealth* alon( -ith the %evelo"#ent o$ neessar+ values an%attitu%es5
The Phili""ine Ele#entar+ Learnin( Co#"etenies PELC3
ontains (enerall+ al#ost all the %esire% o1.etives $or ourlearners %evelo"#ent5 Dhat #a+ 1e a%%e% are those on theaetive as"et5
These o1.etives in the PELC are state% in 1ehavioral ter#s5Dhat are 1ehavioral o1.etives
*eha!io$al ob+eti!es s"ei$+ in o1serva1le an% #easura1leter#s the e)"ete% out"ut "er$or#ane $ro# our learners5
These are "re$erre% over the non4 1ehavioral ones* 1eause
the latter e)"ress the intent o$ instrution in 1roa% (eneralter#s5
Ati!it, "-1
Drite three 1ehavioral o1.etives5 Hust hoose -hateverlearnin( area +ou li/e5 Drite these in +our .ournal5 Co#"arethe# -ith the sa#"les that $ollo-5
!o +our o1.etives ontain the three ele#ents o$ 1ehavioral
o1.etives These ele#ents are: >3 the e)"ete% learner1ehavior* 23 the on%ition -ithin the 1ehavior is to our* an%
@
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3 the ae"ta1le level or stan%ar% o$ the e)"ete% 1ehaviorHaroli#e/ Foster* Sr535
E)a#"le:In a science quiz containing 20 examples, learnerwill dierentiate between descriptions o p!sicaland cemical canges, wit "0 percent accurac!#$
In this e)a#"le* the e)"ete% learner 1ehavior is that 8learner-ill %ierentiate 1et-een %esri"tions o$ "h+sial an% he#ialhan(es
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Liste% 1elo- are sa#"les o$ o1.etives in the three %o#ains:On the Co(nitive !o#ain:
>5 Follo-in( a siene lesson* the learner -ill %e#onstratethat a urrent4arr+in( -ire ats as a #a(net5
25 A$ter rea%in( a ha"ter on -h+ Euro"ean settlers a#e tothe En(lish olonies* learners -ill reall $our o$ the ;ve#a.or reasons (iven5
&elo- is a hart that sho-s the o(nitive levels aor%in( to &loo#sTa)ono#+ o$ O1.etives an% su((este% 1ehavioral ter#s -hih an
1e use% in onstrutin( 1ehavioral o1.etives:
,looms .axonom% of Ed"cational )bjectives *o'nitive+omain /cillan! 2001 Level (ll"strative erbs&no'led(e/ %ecalling andremembering previousl! learnedmaterial, including speci&c acts,events, persons, dates, metods,
procedures, concepts, principles,and teories
Com)$ehension/ 'nderstandingand grasping te meaning osometing( includes translationrom one s!mbolic orm to anoter)e#g#, percent into ractions*,interpretation, prediction,inerences, restating, estimation,generalization, and oter usestat demonstrate understanding
A))liation+ 'se o abstractideas, rules, or generalizedmetods in novel, concretesituations
Anal,sis/ rea-ing down acommunication into constituent
parts or elements andunderstanding te relationsipamong dierent elements
.ames, matces, lists, recalls,selects, retells, states, de&nes,describes, labels, reproduces
/xplains, converts, interprets,paraprases, predicts, estimates,rearranges, reprases,summarizes
anges, demonstrates, modi&es,
produces, solves, constructs,applies, uses, sows
1istinguises, compares,subdivides, diagrams,dierentiates, relates, classi&es,categorizes
enerates, combines, constructs,
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S,nthesis+ 3rranging andcombining elements and partsinto novel patterns or structures
E!aluation/ 4udging te qualit!,wort, or value o sometingaccording to establising criteria)e#g#, determining te adequac! oevidence to support conclusion*
assembles, ormulates orecasts,pro5ects, propose, integrates
4usti&es, criticizes, decides,5udges, argues, concludes,supports, deends, evaluates,veri&es, con&rms
On the Ps+ho#otor !o#ain:
>5 !ra- vertial an% hori0ontal strai(ht lines a$ter a%e#onstration 1+ the teaher an% aor%in( to his=hers"ei;ations5
25 9o" an% s/i" easil+ an% naturall+ $ollo-in( a%e#onstration 1+ the teaher5
On the Aetive !o#ain:
>5 A$ter listenin( to the teaher rea% e)er"ts $ro# a 1oo/%ealin( -ith li$e on the $rontier* several learners -ill as/
to rea% the entire 1oo/ the#selves525 !urin( the -ee/ $ollo-in( the #usi lesson* the hil%ren
-ill e)"ress the %esire to "artii"ate in a si#ilar #usialativit+5
Fortunatel+* our teahers are so#e-hat $ree% $ro# $or#ulatin(the 1ehavioral o1.etives $or these %o#ains 1eause the%esri"tions o$ 1ehaviors that are e)"ete% $ro# the learnersare #ostl+ liste% in the Phili""ine Ele#entar+ Learnin(Co#"etenies PELC3 $or ever+ learnin( area an% (ra%e level in
the ele#entar+ shool urriulu#5
Ati!it, "-"
Go over +our teahers lesson "lans an% ta/e note o$ the t+"eso$ o1.etives the+ have in their lessons5 !o +our teahers alsoinlu%e aetive an% "s+ho#otor o1.etives in their lessons*-henever a""lia1le Ma/e sure the+ %o5
Remember
J
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The $ollo-in( are "oints to re#e#1er in $or#ulatin( o1.etives#a+ 1e use$ul as +ou "rovi%e tehnial assistane to +ourteahers:
>5 A (oo% instrutional o1.etive states learl+ -hat thelearners are su""ose% to learn5
25 As the teaher -rites aetive o1.etives* the+ shoul% tr+to thin/ ho- the+ -oul% evaluate -hether or not the+have 1een ahieve%5
5 Ps+ho#otor o1.etives shoul% 1e state% in a -a+ thatlearl+ $ouses on the learners a1ilit+ to %o so#ethin(5
Re#ect
Most teahers thin/ that it is %iult to "re"are 1ehavioralo1.etives $or aetive an%=or "s+ho#otor outo#es5 !o +oua(ree -ith the# Dh+ Dh+ not
$t"d%
A$ter $a#iliari0in( +oursel$ -ith the instrutional o1.etives+our teahers %eal -ith in their lessons* there is also the nee%to loo/ into the arra+ o$ assess#ent instru#ents=tools that are
shoul% 1e %evelo"e%=onstrute%5
Assessment #hase
(dentif%in' and +evelopin' Appropriate Assessment3roced"res4.echni5"es
To evaluate a 1roa% ran(e o$ learnin( o1.etives* a -i%e variet+ o$assess#ent tehni,ues an% "roe%ures #ust neessaril+ 1e use%5
There$ore* it is i#"ortant that the shool hea% 1e $a#iliar -ith the#to e)ten% tehnial assistane to his=her teahers5
The ;rst "art in this setion o$ the #o%ule %eals -ith so#ein$or#al assess#ent tehni,ues5 Eah e)a#"le -ill 1e $ollo-e%1+ su((estions=(ui%elines on ho- suh shoul% 1eonstrute%=%evelo"e%5
3roced"reAssessment of*o'nitive 6ain
Assessment ofAttit"de4al"e
*han'e
Assessment of$7ill
+evelopmentGrou" Thin(s to note Thin(s to note: Thin(s to note:
6
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!isussion
9o- -ell %o the
learners use thea""ro"riate
voa1ular+
Are the essential
one"tsun%erstoo%
Are the i#"ortant
one"ts nee%in($urther stu%+
Is the $atual
1ase a%e,uate $orthe i%eas 1ein(%isusse%
E)tent to
-hih thelearnerse)"ress li/eor %isli/e o$
a to"i Presene or
a1sene o$o##entssu((estin(rais#*se)is#* or"re.u%ie
E)tent o$
O"enness to
ne- i%eas Evi%ene o$
res"onsi1lesel$4evaluation
A1ilit+ to
e)"ressi%eas
A1ilit+ to use
stan%ar%s inevaluatin(-or/
Evi%ene o$1ein(in$or#e% onthe to"i
O1servation
!o the learners:
tal/ -ith
un%erstan%in(a1out the to"isun%er stu%+
ite e)a#"les o$
out4o$4shoola""liations o$i%eas stu%ie%
"ro"ose ne-
"lans o$ ation1ase% on the
in$or#ation(aine%
!o the Learners:
sho-
res"et $orthe i%easan% $eelin(so$ others
arr+ a $air
share o$ the-or/loa%
sho-
evi%ene o$res"onsi1le
ha1its o$-or/
!o the learners:
use relevant
s/illsin%e"en%entl+ -hen the+are nee%e%
have
a""arent%e;ieniesin s/ills
avoi% usin(
ertaini#"ortant
an% nee%e%s/ills
Che/list Use% to:
in%iate #aster+*
as on a "ass4$ail"er$or#ane5
reor% s"ei;
areas o$ stren(th
or -ea/ness inthe /no-le%(e o$
Use% to:
reor%
o1servationo$ s"ei;1ehaviors o$learnerssuh asattitu%esto-ar%
Use% to:
evaluate the
use o$s"ei; s/illssuh as(ivin( anoral re"ort*larit+ o$s"ea/in(* or
>?
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a su1.et5
re"ort learner
"ro(ress* as inre"ort ar%s5
lass#ates=authorit+=atten%in(shool35
use o$re$erenes35
Con$erenes
Use% to:
e)a#ine learners
orall+ -ho #a+not 1e a1le torea% or -rite5
%isover evi%ene
o$#isun%erstan%in(
5
lari$+ the /in%s
o$ assistanenee%e% 1+ thelearner5
%isover the
nature o$ thenee%e% orretive
-or/5
Use% to:
learn
s"ei;interest o$in%ivi%uallearnersli/es*%isli/es*"re$erre%
ativities*1oo/s*to"is* et53
Use% to:
%ia(nose
s"ei;"ro1le#s5
he/ the
"ro;ien+o$ s/ill useon an
in%ivi%ual1asi5
Ane%otalReor%s
Ite#s liste% un%erGrou" !isussion an%O1servation area""ro"riate here5
Ite#s liste% un%erGrou" !isussionan% O1servationare a""ro"riatehere5
Ite#s liste% un%erGrou" !isussionan% O1servationare a""ro"riatehere5
Dor/Sa#"les
Use% to:
note ,ualitative
%ierenes in alearners -or/
"ro%uts overti#e a -rittenre"ort* 1oo/let*#a"* or alassroo# test3
sho- a1ilit+ to
a""l+* anal+0e* orsu##ari0e i%eas5
Use% to:
note (reater
sensitivit+ toothers in
-ritten -or/an% art-or/5
note
inrease%onern $orneatness o$-or/Bonern $or"untualit+
ino#"letin(
Use% to:
note
,ualitative%ierenes
in"ro;ien+in the use o$s"ei;s/ills5
illustrate
learnersa1ilit+ tostruture
res"onses5
>>
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assi(ne%-or/5
note
ori(inalit+
an% reativea1ilities5
!iaries an%Lo(s
Use% to:
hel" the learners
reall -hat has1een learne%5
Use% to:
re#in% the
learners o$the (a"1et-eenintentionsan%
1ehavior5
Use% to:
sho-
i#"rove#ent in s/ill useover ti#e5
Teaher4#a%etests
Use% to:
evaluate
un%erstan%in( o$one"ts*(enerali0ations*tren%s* an%in$or#ationalontent throu(hthe use o$ suh
e)erises as the$ollo-in(:
#athin( auses
an% eets arran(in( events
in or%er orarran(in( ste"s ina se,uenes5
"rovi%in( reasons
or e)"lanations$or events5
su""l+in( a
(enerali0ation1ase% on (iven$ats5
Use% to:
;n% out
a1out li/es*%isli/es*interests*an%"re$erenes$or ativitiesthrou(h the
use o$ suhe)erise asthe$ollo-in(:
$ro# a list*
selet thethin(s +ouli/e 1est* li/eleast5
Che/ -hat+ou li/e to%o %urin(+our $reeti#e5
-rite en%s to
un;nishe%stories that%eal -ithe#otions*"re.u%ie*
an%%isri#inatio
Use% to:
he/ the
"ro;ien+o$ s/ill useor %ia(noses"ei;%iultiesthrou(h theuse o$
e)erisesuh as the$ollo-in(:
Loatin(
"laes on a#a"5
Ma/in( an
outline o$#aterial
rea%* or;nishin( a"artiall+o#"lete%outline5
Usin( an
in%e) to ;n%in$or#ation5
>2
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n5
(nformal Assessment .echni5"esSa#"les o$ so#e o$ these assess#ent tehni,ues $ollo-:
18 3rod"ct *hec7list 9annah an% Mihaels3:
Line 6raph *hec7listAura+ o$ !ata:
soure note%
%ata liste%
%ata he/e%
A""ro"riateness o$ Sales:
hori0ontal sale vertial sale
For#at an% A""earane: line %ra-n neatl+
title% "rinte% learl+
soure o$ %ata (iven
28 Ratin' $cale
PARTICIPATES IN GROUP !ISCUSSIONS ON CONTROVERSIALISSUES
>5 Initiates I%eas:
Al-a+s -aits Oasionall+ Al-a+s rea%+$orothers to oers i%eas to oer i%easoer i%eas
Co##ent:
25 Partii"ates in %isussions:
uiet* %oesnt Oasionall+ S"ea/soutontri1ute ontri1utes
$reel+
Co##ent:
>
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5 'ou #a+ inlu%e sales $or other ite#s suh as:o##ents are
"ertinent to to"i* oers %ata to su""ort "osition*su""orts i%eas
o$ others53
ec-list an% rating scales are hel"$ul (ui%es to o1servin(learners "er$or#ane %urin( ativities an% also in thee)a#ination o$ "ro%uts=out"uts the+ have #a%e5 These arealso use$ul in learners sel$4evaluation5
In a cec-list,a 1lan/ s"ae is "rovi%e% $or si#"l+ he/in( o
eah 1ehavior or harateristi -hen suh is %e#onstrate%5
%ating scales#a+ 1e in the $or# sho-n a1ove or so#eti#esnu#erals are "rovi%e% e5(5* >*2** et53 to "rovi%e the teaherthe 1ehavior* "ro%ut or harateristi* or a1out the e)tent or$re,uen+ that eah ite# ours or is "resent5
98 Anecdotal Records
Na#e: Teresa Planas Plae: Classroo# !ate: Nov5 >
Incident+ I alle% on Teresa to ans-er ,uestions -hih I -asertain she oul% ans-er5 She .ust loo/e% %o-n an% #u#1le%so#ethin( a1out not /no-in( the ans-er5 I later $oun% out thatshe %i% /no- the ans-er5 She solve% t-o #ath "ro1le#sorretl+5 Dhen I as/e% her "rivatel+* she (ave #e the ri(htans-ers to other si#ilar "ro1le#s5
Interpretation+ Teresa is ne- to the lass an% %oes not see#
sure o$ hersel$5 I nee% to have a "rivate on$erene -ith an%(et her involve% in s#all (rou" -or/5
Ane%otal reor%s are use$ul in (atherin( in$or#ation $ro#o1servation o$ in%ivi%ual learners5 A %esri"tion o$ the learners1ehavior has to 1e reor%e%5 Suh $atual %esri"tion shoul%inlu%e "ositive an%=or ne(ative 1ehavior5 These reor%s are-ritten on se"arate ar%s or sheets5
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The $ollo-in( (ui%elines in -ritin( ane%otal reor%s are use$ulto +our teahers* as -ell as to +ou as +ou assist the# in"re"arin( these:
>5 !ei%e in a%vane -hat to o1serveB he/ o1.etives $or thelearner to 1e o1serve%5
25 Reor% s"ei; 1ehavior or ation as soon as "ossi1le a$terthe o1servation5
5 Reor% several s"ei; ane%otes over a "erio% o$ ti#e to(et %ata on han(e=s* i$ there are an+5
75 Drite $atual %esri"tive in$or#ation a1out a sin(le s"ei;ini%ent5
@5 Drite the inter"retation an% su((este% ne)t ste"s in ase"arate setion5
:8 Q"estionnaires
;)W +) *E A*.((.(E$
9o- %o +ou $eel a1out +our ativities in Siene Enirle +ourans-er5
a5 I $eel $ree to #a/e su((estions $or e)"eri#ents5
Al-a+s So#eti#es !e"en%s Sel%o# Never
15 I li/e to -or/ in s#all (rou"s on "ro.ets5
Ver+ #uh uite a 1it So#e A little Not atall
5 I (et a lot o$ (oo% i%eas $ro# siene lessons5
Stron(l+ A(ree A(ree Un%ei%e% !isa(ree
Stron(l+ !isa(ree
%5 Et5
W;(*; .)3(*$ +)
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>5 Livin( on a $ar#
25 Livin( in other lan%s
5 9o- "ioneers live%
75 Inventors an% inventions
@5 S"ae i(hts
5 9o- to #a/e thin(s
5 List other to"is +ou li/e to rea% a1out5
uestionnaires are %esi(ne% to surve+ learners (eneralinterests an% attitu%es5 In$or#ation (enerate% $ro# the# anhel" the teaher "lan ativities* to"i* in%ivi%ual assi(n#ents*
et5 relate% to their learners interests5
Re#ect
Reall -ho a#on( +our teahers are usin( these toolsa""ro"riatel+ an% orretl+ Ma+1e +ou an hel" the#5
Read
For the #eanti#e* rea% on $or the $or#al assess#entinstru#ents=tools5
&ormal Assessment .echni5"es18 "ltiple-*hoice (tems8These are* 1+ $ar* the #ost
-i%el+ use% ite# t+"e5 The+ are a""ro"riate $or#easurin( an e)e"tionall+ -i%e arra+ o$ #ental"roesses an% an 1e eetivel+ use% -ith varie% su1.et#atter5
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T-o #a.or "arts o$ a #ulti"le4hoie ite#: the steman% theoptions8
Thestemis the "art -here the ,uestion is as/e% or the tas/is set5 The )ptions others all these coices oralternatives3 #a+ 1e three or #ore5 One o$ these* the 7e%response! is the ri(ht ans-er5 The others are alle%distracters! deco%s or foils8 These tr+ to ena1le alllearners to ;n% the 1est or ri(ht ans-ers5
Manner o$ "hrasin( so#e #ulti"le4hoie ite#s:
as questions* -here the ste# is a o#"lete ,uestion
en%in( -ith a ,uestion #ar/5
as incomplete sentences5 Eah o"tion is a -a+ too#"lete the sentene5
There$ore* eah o"tion #ust not 1e a"itali0e% an% #usten% -ith a "erio%5
So#e test %evelo"ers %esi(nate o"tions usin( nu#erals*a"ital letters or lo-er4ase letters5 An+ st+le is ae"ta1leBho-ever* there shoul% 1e onsisten+ in ter#s o$ st+le inthe -hole test5
Read
6ome uidelines in onstructing 7ultiple oice 8est ItemsOrion%o an% Antonio3
a5 The #ain ste# o$ the test ite# #a+ 1e onstrute% in,uestion
$ro#* o#"letion $or# or %iretion or#5
/xample+uestion For#
Dhih is the sa#e as one hun%re% sevent+4;ve
a5 515 %5
Co#"letion For#
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One hun%re% is the sa#e as
a5 515 %5
!iretion For#
A%%: J @
a5 515 %5
15 The #ain ste# shoul% 1e lear5 Avoi% a-/-ar% ste#s5
/xample+An A-/-ar% Ste#: 8I$ there are 6 hairs in the lassroo# an%> hil%ren in the lass* the lassroo# la/s ho- #an+hairsJ
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a5 15 5 an% 2=
I#"rove% Ite#:
9o- #an+ >? entavos are in one "eso
a5 15 J 5 >?
e5 Eah ,uestion shoul% have onl+ one ans-er* not several"ossi1le
ans-ers5
Va(ue Ite#:
Dhat are the %ierenes 1et-een inverte1rates an%verte1rates There are #an+ %ierenes 1et-een the#:aor%in( to struture* et53
I#"rove% Ite#:
Ani#als -ith 1a/1ones are verte1rates5
Dhih ani#als is an inverte1rates5
a5 %o( 5 li0ar%15 sna/e %5 o/roah
Re#ect
9ave +our teahers 1een usin( #ulti"le4hoie tests !o the+$ollo- the (ui%elines Dhih ones -ere not $ollo-e% Dhat %o+ou inten% to %o a1out this
$t"d%
Let us #ove on to the ne)t ite# t+"e* the 3lternate9response
tests#
28 Alternate-Response .est (tems8These ite#s e5(5*8rue9:alse or ;es9.o3 are ,uite o##on a#on( teahers1eause the+ are easil+ "re"are%5
Sa#"le:
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!iretions: Drite T i$ the state#ent is true5 Drite F i$ its not true5
>5 All ;sh live in -ater25 Pen(uins live in the %esert55 So#e 1ir%s 1uil% their nests on the
(roun%5
9o-ever* +ou #ust have learne% that the+ test onl+ lo-4level thin/in( s/illsB hene* these shoul% 1e use% s"arin(l+5
I$ there is reall+ a nee% to %o so* +our teahers have to 1ea-are o$ so#e i#"ortant (ui%elines li/e the $ollo-in(:
So#e Gui%elines in Construtin( Alternative4Res"onse Ite#sa3 Avoi% s"ei; %eter#iners e5(5* 8all
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$t"d%
uidelines in onstructing ompletion Itemsa3 Avoi% in%e;nite state#ents5
E)a#"le:
Poor: An%res &oni$aio -as 1orn in 5I#"rove%: An%res &oni$aio -as 1orn in the +ear 5
13 O#it /e+ -or%s an% "hrases* rather than trivial %etails5
E)a#"le:
Poor: Hose Ri0al -as 1orn on Hune * >J>5I#"rove%: Hose Ri0al -as 1orn on 5
3 Ma/e the 1lan/s o$ uni$or# len(th5%3 Avoi% (ra##atial lues to the orret ans-er5e3 The re,uire% res"onse shoul% 1e a sin(le -or% or a 1rie$
"hrase5
$3 Pre"are a sorin( /e+ that ontains all ae"ta1leans-ers5
(3 Allo- one "oint $or eah orretl+ ;lle% 1lan/5
Re#ect
Reall -ho a#on( +our teahers al-a+s use o#"letion ite#s5!o the+ #eet the (ui%elines +ou have .ust stu%ie% Ta/e noteo$ those -ho nee% assistane5
Read
Another /in% o$ test is the 7atcing t!pe5 Rea% on to 1e a1le tohel" +our teahers orretl+ %esi(n #ore eetive ones5
:8 atchin' .est (tems8These are use$ul in assessin(learners a1ilit+ to assoiate ele#ents* i%enti$+ relationshi"s*
an% i%enti$+ "airs that (o to(ether5 These test ite#s our in
2>
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luster o#"ose% o$ a list o$ premises* a list o$ responses*an%direction $or matcing the t-o5
A -i%e variet+ o$ "re#ise4res"onse o#1inations an 1e use%as the 1asi $or #athin( test ite#s: dates and events( termsand de&nations( writers and quotations( quantities andormula, etc#A5
!iretions: Math the ativities -ith their seasons 1+ %ra-in( aline 1et-een the ones that (o to(ether5
a3 rain+ arolin(13 su##er (oin( to the 1eah
3 Christ#as usin( rainoat
&5A !iretion: Math the $ollo-in( "re;)es -ith their
#eanin(s 1+ "lain( the a""ro"riate letter $ro# olu#n ,1esi%e the ter# in olu#n A8Eah hoie #a+ 1e use% one*#ore than one* or not at all5
A &
>5 1i4 a3 a(ain
25 %is4 13 a"art 5 "re4 3 1e$ore
75 re4 %3 not @5 un e3 t-o
$3 three(3 a-a+ $ro#
Rules 0o$ Const$utin( Mathin( Test Itemsa3 Choose ho#o(enous "re#ises an% res"onses $or an+
#athin( luster513 Ma/e the lists o$ "re#ises an% res"onses relativel+ short53 Provi%e %iretions that learl+ e)"lain the inten%e% 1asis
$or #athin(5%3 Arran(in( res"onses or "re#ises or 1oth in al"ha1etial
or%er* usuall+ "revents (ivea-a+ lues that an our inite# -ritin(5
e3 It the res"onses are nu#erial ,uantities* arran(e the#in or%er $ro# lo- to hi(h5
$3 Use the lon(er "hrases as "re#ises* the shorter ones as
res"onses5
22
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Re#ect
!o +ou thin/ +our teaher -ill ;n% %iult+ onstrutin(#athin( test ite#s Let us not5 No- that +ou have 1een
e)"ose% to the relevant (ui%elines* +ou -ill 1e a1le to hel"those -ho ;n% %iult+5 'our shool41ase% in4servie trainin(s5
@8 Essa% .est (tems8 Essa+ ite#s are use$ul in assessin(hi(her4level o1.etives that involve suh "roesses asanal+0in(* s+nthesi0in(* "re%itin(* an% evaluatin(5Learners o#"etene in e)"ressin( an% or(ani0in( events*interrelatin( auses an% eets* an% other hi(h4levelo(nitive o"erations an 1e a""raise%5
$t"d%
Variations on the essa+ ,uestion inlu%e ta/e4ho#e tests*usin( a o#"osition suh as a "oe# or .ournal artile3 as asti#ulus $or an evaluation essa+* a 1oo/ revie-* or a ter# "a"er5So#e sa#"les are sho-n 1elo-5
Sa#"le A5 !iretions: E)"lain in one "a(e the ste"s +ou -oul% ta/e to
%e#onstrate to the lass t-o "rini"les o$ eletro#a(netiin%ution5 Inlu%e the a""aratus that -ill 1e re,uire% an% note ho- it-ill 1e use%5 !iretions: Co#"are an% ontrast t-o "ro"osals $oreli#ination o$
-ater "ollution5 Inlu%e ste"s to 1e ta/en* ost* an% ti#ere,uire% Ne)t* selet the "ro"osal +ou "re$er an% list the reasons $or
+our hoie5
To assist +our teahers in "re"arin( eetive essa+ test ite#s*the+ shoul% onsi%er the $ollo-in(:
eneral onsiderations in =reparing ood /ssa! 8estsa3 Give a%e,uate ti#e an% thou(ht to the "re"aration o$
essa+ ,uestions5
13 The ,uestion shoul% 1e -ritten so that it -ill eliit thet+"e o$ 1ehavior +ou -ant to #easure5
2
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3 !ei%e in a%vane -hat $ators -ill 1e onsi%ere% inevaluatin( an essa+ res"onse5
%3 A%a"t the len(th o$ the res"onses an% the o#"le)it+ o$the ,uestions an% ans-er to the #aturit+ o$ the learner5
e3 Pre"are a sorin( /e+5 Ru1ris -ill 1e ver+ use$ul5
3ctivit! 2#>
!isuss -ith +our teahers -hen an% ho- o$ten the+ use essa+tests in testin( their learners5 Soliit their reations as to the%iulties #et an% ho- ans-ers are sore%5
Ta/e note o$ these in +our .ournal5
8 3erformance .ests8 In #an+ situations* teahers are #oreintereste% in a learners a1ilit+ to %e#onstrate his=her s/illto ans-er -ritten ,uestions5 For #an+ t+"es o$ "er$or#anetas/s* the learner atuall+perorms-ith /no-le%(e* ratherthan #erel+ reallin( or reo(ni0in( it5
E)a#"les: (ivin( an e)te#"oraneous s"eeh* on%utin( anintervie-* "aintin( a sene in -aterolor* t+"in( 7? -or%s "er#inute* se-in( an a"ron* settin( the ta1le* et5 In eah o$these e)a#"les* the learner #ust %e#onstrate his=her a1ilit+
1+ atual "er$or#aneB hene* the la1el 8"er$or#ane test55 #ulti"le4hoie tests25 alternative res"onse5 o#"letion75 #athin(@5 essa+5 "er$or#ane5 ru1ris
!5 &rie+ ans-er the $ollo-in( in +our .ournal:
>5 Dh+ %o -e evaluate25 Dhat are the ste"s involve% in the evaluation "roess5 Dhat #a+ 1e inlu%e% in their learners "ort$olios
75 9o- an +our teahers re"ort their learners "ro(ressto "arents usin( "ort$olios
@5 9o- -oul% +ou %esri1e the evaluation "roess an%its "hases
9ave +ou ans-ere% all the ,uestions Che/ +our ans-ersa(ainst he3nswer @e! on the "a(es that $ollo-5 !o not -orr+ i$+ou #a%e so#e #ista/esB Hust (o over that lesson or setion+ou thin/ +ou have to #aster5
AnsBer e%
uestions to Ans-er
J
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>5 Dh+ %o -e evaluate
To /no- a1out eah "u"il in or%er to %iret "ro(ress
an% in or%er to "lae her=hi# in "ro"er (rou"in(s-ithin the lass so that %esira1le soial (ro-th an
1e #a%e5 To (ather aurate in$or#ation "ertainin( to the
total ahieve#ent o$ "u"ils in shool in or%er tohel" in the inter"retation o$ shool ahieve#ent tothe shool "u1lis5
To (ather in$or#ation a1out "u"ils "er$or#ane as
1asis $or %eision #a/in( on the i#"rove#ent o$the teahin(4learnin( "roess5
To #onitor "u"ils "ro(ress
To #easure the en% result o$ instrution
25 Dhat are the ste"s in the evaluation "roess
For#ulation o$ o1.etives
I%enti;ation o$ #etho%olo(+ an% tools=instru#ents
Anal+sis o$ %ata
Inter"retation o$ %ata
Utili0ation o$ results
What ;ave
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@5 Alternative assess#ent is use% to %enote an alternativeto stan%ar% assess#ent tehni,ues or tra%itional $or# o$assess#ent5 Authenti assess#ent has to %o -ithassess#ent ativities that are entere% aroun%so#ethin( #eanin($ul to the hil%5
&5 !esri1e the $ollo-in(:>5 Multi"le4Choie test onsists o$ a ste# an% alternatives or
o"tions5 It an #easure a variet+ o$ learnin( outo#esan% is a""lia1le to al#ost all su1.et #atter ontent5
25 Port$olio is a olletion o$ in$or#ation or sa#"les o$stu%ent -or/ in one or #ore areas to (ive a 1roa%er vie-o$ his ahieve#ent5
5 Ru1ris are sorin( (ui%es use% to evaluate a stu%ents
"er$or#ane 1ase% on the su# o$ a $ull ran(e o$ riteriarather than a sin(le nu#erial sore575 Per$or#ane assess#ent uses a "ro1le# or ,uestion that
re,uires stu%ent to onstrut res"onses* %evisestrate(ies* or(ani0e %ata* an% .usti$+ ans-ers5
C5 Gui%elines in Construtin( the $ollo-in(:>5 Multi"le4hoie Tests
The #ain ste# o$ the test ite# #a+ 1e onstrute% in
,uestion $or#* o#"letion $or# or %iretion $or#5
The #ain ste# shoul% 1e lear5 Avoi% a-/-ar% ste#s5 uestions that ta" onl+ rote learnin( an% #e#or+
shoul% 1e avoi%e%5
uestions shoul% ta" onl+ one a1ilit+5
Eah ,uestion shoul% have onl+ one ans-er* not
several "ossi1le ans-ers5
25 Alternative Res"onse
Avoi% s"ei; %eter#iners e5(5* 8all
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5 Co#"letion
Avoi% in%e;nite state#ents5
O#it /e+ -or%s an% "hrase* rather than trivial %etails5
Ma/e the 1lan/s o$ uni$or# len(th5
Avoi% (ra##atial lues to the orret ans-er5 The re,uire% res"onse shoul% 1e a sin(le -or% or a
1rie$ "hrase5
Pre"are a sorin( /e+ that ontains all ae"ta1le
ans-ers5
Allo- one "oint $or eah orretl+ ;lle% 1lan/5
75 Mathin(
Choose ho#o(enous "re#ises an% res"onses $or an+
#athin( luster5 Ma/e the lists o$ "re#ises an% res"onses relativel+
short5
Provi%e %iretions that learl+ e)"lain the inten%e%
1asis $or #athin(5
Arran(in( res"onses or "re#ises or 1oth in
al"ha1etial or%er* usuall+ "revents (ivea-a+ luesthat an our in ite# -ritin(5
I$ the res"onses are nu#erial ,uantities* arran(e
the# in or%er $ro# lo- to hi(h5
Use the lon(er "hrases as "re#ises* the shorter onesas res"onses5
@5 Essa+
Give a%e,uate ti#e an% thou(ht to the "re"aration o$
essa+ ,uestions5
The ,uestion shoul% 1e -ritten so that it -ill eliit the
t+"e o$ 1ehavior +ou -ant to #easure5
!ei%e in a%vane -hat $ators -ill 1e onsi%ere% in
evaluatin( an% essa+ res"onse5 A%a"t the len(th o$ the res"onses an% the o#"le)it+
o$ the ,uestions an% ans-er to the #aturit+ o$ thelearner5
Pre"are a sorin( /e+5 Ru1ris -ill 1e ver+ use$ul
5 Per$or#ane
Dhen "re"arin( "er$or#ane ite#s* 1asiall+ onl+ one
#a.or (ui%eline shoul% 1e $ollo-e% &ro-n3: The tas/
#ust 1e struture% so that the learners /no- e)atl+-hat the+ are to %o an% un%er -hat on%itions5
7>
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!5 Ans-er to the uestions5
>5 Dh+ %o -e evaluate
To /no- a1out eah "u"il in or%er to %iret "ro(ressan% in or%er to "lae her=hi# in "ro"er (rou"in(s-ithin the lass so that %esira1le soial (ro-th an1e #a%e5
To (ather aurate in$or#ation "ertainin( to the
total ahieve#ent o$ "u"ils in shool in or%er tohel" in the inter"retation o$ shool ahieve#ent tothe shool "u1lis5
To (ather in$or#ation a1out "u"ils "er$or#ane as
1asis $or %eision #a/in( on the i#"rove#ent o$
the teahin(4learnin( "roess5 To #onitor "u"ils "ro(ress
To #easure the en% result o$ instrution
25 Dhat are the ste"s in the evaluation "roess
For#ulation o$ o1.etives
I%enti;ation o$ #etho%olo(+ an% tools=instru#ents
Gatherin( o$ %ata
Anal+sis o$ %ata
Inter"retation o$ %ata Utili0ation o$ results
5 Dhat are inlu%e% in the learners "ort$olio Re$er to "a(e6
75 9o- an +our teahers re"ort their learners "ro(ress to"arents usin( "ort$olios Re$er to "a(e 7@
@5 9o- -oul% +ou %esri1e the evaluation "roess an% its"hases Re$er to "a(es >4>7
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