LED-based Horticultural Lighting

Technology – Obstacles – Solutions - Chronology

Maury Wright, Editor, LEDs Magazine

Consider the General lighting Sector• Horticulture will evolve similarly

• LEDs in general illumination went from• Maybe in some specialty applications

• We can make this work broadly if we really try and compromiseto

• LEDs do things no other source has ever done

Rocky Start in General Illumination —2006

LEDs Project in Some Lighting Applications —2009

LED Retrofit Lamps Bring SSL Home — 2011

LED Revolution Accelerates, Challenges Remain — 2014

LED lighting in 2016• Better than legacy sources

• Beam control

• Customizable Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)

• Superior color quality

• All new applications• Human Centric Lighting (HCL)

• Tunable white and color

• Retail and museums lighting

• And yes – Horticultural specific designs

How Did LEDs Succeed?• Performance and efficiency

• Standards, metrics, and regulatory policy

• Application-specific designs

• Lighting manufacturers learned how to apply

• Lighting designers/specifiers learned about LEDs

LEDs and Lighting for Horticulture• Trails general lighting in maturity but tracks chronology

• Packaged LEDs designed for the application

• Standards evolving for accurate characterization

• Lighting manufacturers R&D efforts on horticulture

• Growers/specifiers understanding LED technology

Horticultural LEDs 2010 –Osram Opto

Horticultural LEDs 2016 –Cree

Horticultural LEDs 2016 –Lumileds

But What About Lighting Products?• Many have mimicked legacy form

• Reflector-based high-bay luminaires

• LED-based tubes for fluorescent fixtures

• Questionable quality in products from Asia

• LED integral luminaires fall short of HPS

• But LEDs are the only answer in many applications

A Case Study – Local Roots

Horticultural Luminaires 2016 – OsramZelion

Horticultural Luminaires 2016 – Philips Lighting

LEDs for Horticulture are Here

Questions?

mauryw@pennwell.com

LEDs for Plant Research and Controlled-Environment Agriculture

Cary A. Mitchell

Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture

Purdue University

Application of LEDs for plant lighting …

• … actually spun out of NASA-sponsored space life-support programs > 25 years ago.

• … was in response to the enormous energy requirements to grow food crops in space using traditional light sources.

• … was in effort to test for efficiency of selected narrow-band light sources vs. traditional broad-band sources.

• … was in attempt to overcome productivity problems with dense crop stands/leaf canopies.

Need an intracanopy lighting source…

•… that is not massive or space-consuming

•… that is cool enough for leaf contact

•… that provides adequate light level

•… that provides appropriate-wavelength light

LEDs a Solution to the Crop-Lighting Dilemma?• Solid state

• Low volume & mass

• Long lifespan: 5 x 104 h (electronics) to 105 h (diodes) if heat sinked / not overdriven

• Waveband selectable

• Operate at low-voltage DC

• Emitter surfaces relatively cool

• Potential for placement near plant tissues negates the inverse square law (I d-2)

The importance of actively heat sinking high-output LEDs

• Critical for performance and lifespan• Forced air for dense clusters of LEDs ≥ I watt

• Recirculate cooling water for very high output/densities

• Makes light-emitting surfaces “touchable”

• Permits intracanopy distribution of light• Overcomes mutual shading within foliar canopies

• Prevents premature senescence, abscission

• Enables higher photosynthetic productivity

LEDs in Plant Photobiology Research• Replace diffraction gratings

• Less need for broad-band sources, multiple filters• Cutoff filters, heat filters, safelights

• challenge to get LEDs with exact desired peak emissions• Bin selection, custom fabrication

• Will base of emission spectrum be as narrow as desired?• May be an issue with long irradiance times or high irradiance responses• Will cutoff filters have to be used with LEDs to determine contributions

of different photoreceptors?

How to leverage the unique properties of LEDs and novel lighting architectures enabled by those properties to achieve unprecedented energy savings for effective plant-growth lighting?

C.A. Mitchell: LED “Lightsicle” Concept, 1996

Intracanopy LEDs: 0.91 kW-h / g DW Overhead LEDs: 1.67 Kw-h / g DW

Leaf litter

Leaves under direct light

Shaded leaves

No supplemental lighting With supplemental lighting

e2 classic 2.0 energy monitor

Large-scale LED intracanopysupplemental lighting forgreenhouse high-wire crops

Peak λ of red and blue LEDs were 627 nm and 450 nm.

Each LED Tower has a data logger to recordkW-h of electricity consumed

Expt. 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

OH-HPS

ICL-LED

Expt. 2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

OH-HPS

ICL-LED

Expt. 4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

OH-HPS

ICL-LED

Expt. 3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

OH-HPS

ICL-LED winter-to-summer

summer-to-winter

Constant DLI of 9 mol·m-2·d-1

Reduction in daily energy consumption due to ICL-LED

*DAT= days after transplanting

16 days from planting seed

Hydroponic leaf lettuce

21-day-old hydroponic lettuce

Shelf spacing in vertical farmingtypically is 30-40cm apart

Light intensity isconstant throughout

the production cycle

CO2 needs to be injected and/or

warehouse actively ventilated.

Close-canopy (CC) LED lighting ≤ 10 cm above hydroponic lettuce crop

Power density = 160 Wm-2 for CC LED lighting vs.~ 2000 Wm-2 for HPS lamps

LAG PHASE: 7.1 kWh/g

Regression curveTreatment 1: 10% blue lightTreatment 2: 5% blue light

Electrical energy-use efficiency for plant dry biomass accumulatiom for targeted vs. non-targeted close-canopy LED lighting

Non-targeted lighting of an open-canopy lettuce stand Targeted lighting of an open-canopy lettuce stand

0.62 kW-h / g1.16 kW-h / g

Evolution of LEDs for plant lighting

• Luminous efficacy of LEDs continues to improve- blue LEDS >50% efficient at nominal drive current

- red LEDS 50-58% efficient

• Cost of manufacturing LEDs is decreasing

• No hazardous materials (Fl and HID lamps contain mercury)

• Potential for advances in light distribution-system architecture, luminaires, shade avoidance, close placementto plant tissues

Need for additional LED wavelengths?

• UV-B, UV-A: Waiting for LED improvements

• FR: available but still improving

• Green: available-for visualization plus penetrates deeply into foliar canopies

• White: cool, medium, warm-efficiency coming up

★ LEDs causing rediscovery of white light?

What potential commercial customers of plant-Lighting technology should do:

• Wait for technical proof of concept• By plant scientists• By industry field research• By their own on-site testing

• Economic analyses• Breakeven analysis• Profitability

• Life cycle assessment

• Guidelines and standards development• Best practices• Industry guidelines

Acknowledgements

• Sharon Knight • Bob Morrow

• Tracy Ohler • Jeff Emmerich

• Jonathan Frantz • Mike Bourget

• Gioia Massa • Bruce Bugbee

• Lucie Poulet • SCRILED academic team

• Celina Gomez • NASA Life Sciences

• NIFA SCRI Program

Thank you!Questions?

cmitchel@purdue.edu

Dr. Cary A. MitchellDepartment of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture

Purdue University625 Agriculture Mall Drive

West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2010 USA(765) 494-1347

Extra Slides

• Light Emitting Diode (first practical red LED invented in 1962)

• No filament, illuminated solely by movement of electrons in a semiconductor material

• Electrons cross junction recombine with electron holes, release energy as photons (electroluminescence)

• Color determined by the energy gap of semiconductor (based on semiconductor chemical composition)

What is an LED?

Some effects of blue light on plant metabolism/physiology/development

• Regulates phototropism

• Regulates leaf expansion

• Regulates stem elongation

• Regulates stomatal aperture

• Regulates secondary metabolism

Photons wasted early

Photons excludedupon canopy closure

Mutual shading leads to premature senescence/abscission

AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTION

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHT

JOSH GEROVAC, HORTICULTURE LIGHTING SPECIALIST, FLUENCE BIOENGINEERING

FA C T O R S T O C O N S I D E R

T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S

O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E

L I G H T F U N D A M E N TA L S

GAMMA RAYS X-RAYS ULTRAVIOLET INFRARED RADIO WAVES

.0001nm - .01nm .01nm – 10nm 10nm – 400nm 700nm - .01cm .01cm – 100m

VISIBLE LIGHT

400nm----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------700nm

WAVE + PARTICLE (PHOTON)

P H O T O B I O LO G Y 1 0 1

PHOTOMORPHOGENESISLIGHT-CONTROLLED PROCESSES THAT REGULATE PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND

STRUCTURE

QUALITY

PHOTOSYNTHESISSERIES OF LIGHT & DARK REACTIONS THAT OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLASTS USING LIGHT ENERGY

(PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX) TO GENERATE CARBOHYDRATES FROM CO2 AND H20.

PHOTOPERIODISMPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO RELATIVE LENGTHS OF LIGHT AND DARK PERIODS

FLOWER/FRUIT MANIPULATION

H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6

O C T O B E R R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E

P L A N T S U S E PA R

H U M A N S U S E LU M E N S

K E Y M E T R I C S

THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT EMITTED BY A LIGHT SOURCE. MEASURED IN: NUMBER OF PHOTONS PER SECOND (mmol/s)

M E A S U R I N GP P F

K E Y M E T R I C S

THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT REACHING YOUR CANOPY. MEASURED IN: NUMBER OF PHOTONS PER METER SQUARED PER SECOND (mmol/m2/s)

SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA

K E Y M E T R I C S

THE AVERAGE, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AMOUNT OF PPFD. MEASURED WITH: A PAR MAP

PA R M A P

K E Y M E T R I C S

THE PROPORTIONS OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS. MEASURED WITH: A SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION GRAPH

S P E C T R A L D I S T R I B U T I O N G R A P H S

K E Y M E T R I C S

HOW ENERGY EFFICIENT A LIGHT FIXTURE IS AT CONVERTING ELECTRONS INTO PHOTONS. MEASURED IN:

MICROMOLES PER JOULE (mmol/J)

K E Y M E T R I C S

HOW MUCH SPACE DOES YOUR LIGHTING SYSTEM REQUIRE? MEASURED IN: INCHES, CENTIMETERS, MILLIMETERS, ETC.

V E R T I C A L FA R M I N G

1.2”

SHENANDOAH GROWERS, VIRGINIA

MEDMEN, CALIFORNIA

HEROES OF THE FARM, OREGON

G R E E N H O U S E S U P P L E M E N TA L L I G H T I N G

SHENANDOAH GROWERS, VIRGINIA

LIFE GARDENS,WASHINGTON

I N C R E A S I N G A N T H O C YA N I N C O N C E N T R AT I O N

HALLNÄS, SWEDEN

LIGHT QUALITY AND QUANTITY FROM SOLE-SOURCE LED INFLUENCES GROWTH AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF BRASSICA MICROGREENS

JOSH GEROVAC, JOSH CRAVER AND ROBERTO LOPEZDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Plant Material• 25 g of Brassica oleracea (L.) var. gongylodes (kohlrabi)• 15 g of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (mustard) • 15 g of Brassica rapa (L.) spp. nipposinica (mizuna)

Substrate• Polyethylene terephthalate fiber pad hydroponic tray

Environment • 21/17 °C day/night (16 h/8 h) • 50/60% day/night relative humidity • 500 ppm CO2

M AT E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

Light treatments

• LED modules with light qualities of consisting of (%):

– 88:12 (red:blue)

– 84:5:11 (red:far-red:blue)

– 73:16:11 (red:green:blue)

• DLI of 6 mol/m2/d (PPFD ≈105 µmol/m2/s)

M AT E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

Red:Green:Blue (%) 73:16:11

Red:Far-Red:Blue (%) 84:5:11

Red:Blue (%) 88:12

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

DR:W (%) 73:16:11 (R:G:B) DR:B (%) 88:12 (R:B) DR:B:FR (%) 84:11:5 (R:B:FR)

Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)Wavelength (nm)

105 µmol·m-2

210 µmol·m-2

315 µmol·m-2

‘Garnet Giant’ Mustard

Red:Blue (%) 88:12

6 12 18

Daily Light Integral (mol∙m–2∙d–1)

bab a ab ab ab b ab ab

Daily Light Integral (mol/m2/d)

6 12 18

Daily Light Integral (mol/m2/d)

6 12 18

Red:Blue (%) 88:12

O T H E R FA C T O R S T O C O N S I D E R :

• FIXTURE COST

• ENERGY SAVINGS

• HVAC SAVINGS

• CROP CYCLES / YEAR

• UTILITY REBATES

• PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE

• PROJECTED QUALITY INCREASE

• INCREASED AVERAGE REVENUE

THANK YOU!

josh@fluencebioengineering.com

Testing Horticultural Lighting Products

Metrics, Methods, and Considerations

Agenda• Introduction

• Metrics

• Test Methods

• Standards

• Program Interest

WHO IS UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES?

• Safety Testing since 1894

• Lighting, Performance, and Efficiency Testing since 2009

⁻ ENERGY STAR®

⁻ DesignLights® Consortium

⁻ SSL & FTC Lighting Facts

⁻ U.S. DOE Compliance

⁻ California Energy Commission

⁻ Horticulture

WORLDWIDE LOCATIONS

Who is Austin A. Gelder?• Support UL awareness and involvement in:

• Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) • American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)• Efficiency Programs (ENERGY STAR, DLC)• Lighting Regulations and Compliance (DOE, CEC)

• Past work:

• Lamp & Ballast Manufacturer• Product Manager• Technical Manager• Laboratory Manager

• Consulting• Consultant to EPA’s ENERGY STAR program for 4 years• Performed several analysis for Natural Resources Canada

Metrics• Metrics are the language of

measurement

• Common metrics are valuable to have comparable testing• It’s hard to have a

conversation when we aren’t speaking the same language

Metrics• Familiar metrics are all

geared towards the human eye response• Lumens, Candela, Lux, CCT,

• Human eye response is focused in the green and yellow areas, drops off for red and blue

IES Handbook 10th Edition

Metrics• There is a problem with these terms…

• Plants do not have eyes!• Well, not ones to see with.

• What DO plants need?

Metrics• Plants absorb radiation

through photosynthesis• And other mechanisms

• Photosynthetic radiation absorbs strongly in the deep blue and red spectrums• But not only in these

spectrums

• Question: • Is it a lighting product if it isn’t

used to see by? IES Handbook 10th Edition

Metrics:• ASABE Progressing on a document for consistent metrics:

• Currently known as X640: Quantities and Units of Electromagnetic Radiation for Plants (Photosynthetic Organisms)• Includes definitions

• Includes metrics, quantities and units for radiation measurements and photon measurements

• Still needs to go through several votes, and address comments before it is finalized

Metrics:• Notable Metrics :

• Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) – Already a common metric, considers radiation that is used for photosynthesis, from 400 to 700 nm, in Watts

• Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) – PAR photon rate per unit area on a surface

• Plant Biologically Active Radiation (PBR)– Expands range of interest beyond photosynthesis to UV and IR spectrums (280 to 800 nm) to address non-photosynthetic photoreceptors in plants, in Watts

• Plant Biologically-Active Photon Flux Density (BPFD) – Like PPFD, but for PBR

Metrics:• Notable Metrics

• Daily Light Integral – PPFD integrated over a 24 hour period, influenced by operating time

• Far-Red range – light in the 700 nm to 800 nm range

• UV range – light in the 100 nm to 400 nm range• Realistically, UV-C is largely filtered out from sunlight by the atmosphere, so the general

area of interest is 280 nm to 400 nm

Test Methods: Familiar Methods and Their Uses• IES LM-79-08 – Photometric Test Method for LED products

• Obtains spectral power distribution, electrical characteristics and light output• But metrics are focused on the human eye and limited in temperature and humidity

• References Type C Goniophotometers for intensity distribution• May not be as accurate for short distance luminaires (near field)

• Other IES Methods have similar challenges• LM-82, LM-84, etc.

• IES LM-80-15 – Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance• Revised method addresses non-photometric flux, useful for estimating light

output degradation

Test Methods: Familiar Methods and Their Uses• IES TM-21

• Degradation principles are similar… for white LEDs.• Is there applicability to direct color LEDs such as blues, or different semiconductors such

as Red?

• LM-80 not as common for direct color LEDs, not always at temperature and humidity that Horticultural Lighting will experience

• Does not address any shift in spectrum

• Similar issues exist for the TM-28 projection

• Direct colors are being considered in many revisions…• But are not in most current versions

Test Methods:• Summary: Problem is test methods

are designed with the human eye in mind• As we mentioned before, plants don’t

have eyes.

Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• ASABE is working on a Horticulture specific test method

• Draft currently known as X642

• Focus is on LED lighting • LEDs (Packages, Arrays, Modules)

• LED lamps

• LED Radiation Devices (formerly known as luminaires)

• Product focused, does not deal with field measurements

Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• X642 approach is to reference / utilize existing test methods

• LM-79, LM-80, LM-84, LM-85

• TM-21, TM-28

• Measures Initial Radiant and Photon Flux and Intensity• Includes spectral measurement

• Measures Long Term performance changes• Output and spectral

• Recommendation is high humidity (99%)

Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• X642 Includes instrumentation recommendations

• Spectroradiometer

• Quantum Sensor

• Recommends 5nm resolution for most applications

• Includes Conversions and formulas

• Includes Reporting Recommendations

• Status: Progressing, nearing first votes

Test Methods: Additional ConsiderationsHorticultural lighting has features not often found in general lighting:

• Active Cooling:• Ducting and piping to manage the heat of a luminaire can be difficult to work

around photometric equipment

• Color Shifting:• A fixture that shifts color according to a plant’s lifecycle may be a great thing,

but what points are measured?

• High Heat and Humidity:• Accurate representation of the situation the product is likely to operate in,

but does not play kindly with photometric measurement equipment

Test MethodsSummary:

• Current lighting test methods are not sufficient for horticultural lighting

• Testing may be challenging for some types of fixtures

• Like photometrics, more test methods may be needed for different scenarios

Standards• Current standards on lighting for agricultural lighting are limited:

• EP344.4 – Lighting Systems for Agricultural Facilities• Focused on performance of people and tasks, not plant growth

• Proposal in China to develop standards

• ASABE in early stages of standards development• How to consider efficiency and efficacy

StandardsSafety:

• Historically plant lighting has been evaluated like other lights• But the conditions of horticultural lighting are intense

• UL establishing a safety certification category for Horticultural Luminaires• Will use Collaborative Standards Development and work with industry to develop

appropriate requirements

• Many safety questions:• Photobiological hazards – UV and Blue Light

• Moisture considerations

• Mounting and moving lighting

StandardsSummary:

• Few standards currently exist

• Attention from new LED products driving development

• Will see more standards coming up in the future• Test methods are often precursors the standards

Program and Legislative InterestPrograms… Utilities… Etc…

• Regulation: DOE and California• Lamps are most often legislated

• Exemptions in place for most sources for plant lighting

• Ballast legislation may impact new Metal Halide and Linear Fluorescent fixtures

• EPA’s ENERGY STAR• Investigated, no action has been taken

• Unlikely to pursue, as lighting has been focused on residential

Program and Legislative InterestPrograms… Utilities… Etc…

• DesignLights Consortium• Expressed interest in 2015 DLC Meeting, but no mention in 2016

• DLC is involved in the ASABE effort

• Action likely when standards and test methods completed

• Electrical Utilities• Sharp increase in energy use in certain states

• Individual utilities may issue custom rebates before DLC• Example: Xcel Energy incentivized a program in Colorado this summer

Overall Summary:• Metrics are being solidified to make sure everyone is speaking the

same language

• Current Test Methods need adjustment to measure horticultural lighting with the appropriate metrics

• Standards are few and far between, but will come to bring performance, consistency and better safety

• Programs and Utilities are interested… but may need metrics, test methods, and standards before widespread adoption

Thank you!!Questions, comments, complaints?

Austin A. Gelder

Austin.Gelder@ul.com

770-419-9249 Office

The New World of Spectral

ControlMeasurable Value for Your Customers

● Founded in 2006

● Headquarters in Göteborg, Sweden

● Research based product

development

Increased

Quality and

Product

Manipulation

Increased

Harvest RatesReduced

Energy Costs

Inducing Red

Foliage in

Lettuce at the

End of

Production

Effects of

Spectral

Control on

Faster

Biomass

Production

Daily Light

Integral (DLI)

Monitoring &

Adaptive

Output

Collection and

Analysis

Opportunities

Monitoring

and Precision

Agriculture

Amerikanisher

BraunerGalliano

Increased

Quality and

Product

Manipulation

Increased

Energy Costs

Inducing Red

Foliage in

Lettuce at the

End of

Production

Effects of

Spectral

Control on

Faster

Biomass

Production

Daily Light

Integral (DLI)

Monitoring &

Adaptive

Output

Collection and

Analysis

Opportunities

Monitoring

and Precision

Agriculture

“Supplemental FR has shown to boost

photosynthetic rates beyond what

could be expected for an equal input

of PAR photons.”

Dr. Youbin Zheng & Dave Llewellyn

“We were getting roughly a week less

in our flowering time, because we

were able to mimic the sun more

naturally and speed up the whole

process.”

Kevin Biernacki

Increased

Quality and

Product

Manipulation

Increased

Energy Costs

Inducing Red

Foliage in

Lettuce at the

End of

Production

Effects of

Spectral

Control on

Faster

Biomass

Production

Daily Light

Integral (DLI)

Monitoring &

Adaptive

Output

Collection and

Analysis

Opportunities

Monitoring

and Precision

Agriculture

DLI Control

Increased

Quality and

Product

Manipulation

Increased

Energy Costs

Inducing Red

Foliage in

Lettuce at the

End of

Production

Effects of

Spectral

Control on

Faster

Biomass

Production

Daily Light

Integral (DLI)

Monitoring &

Adaptive

Output

Collection and

Analysis

Opportunities

Monitoring

and Precision

Agriculture

Our vision is to create a

complete system including

biofeedback where the plants

are in essence controlling the

light system. This is based on

decades of research in plant

fluorescence and biofeedback

and protected by our patent

portfolio.

Thank you!

Karin DankisProduct Manager

Heliospectra ABkarin.dankis@heliospectra.com

+4670 66 90 03

www.heliospectra.com

ROBERT COLANGELO,

FOUNDING FARMER/CEO

GREEN SENSE FARMS

Stations

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Nationally Syndicated 37 Stations Coast to Coast

Podcast available

Sustainable Innovations

SUST S360: The Art of Sustainability

Green Sense Farm is the leader in indoor vertical farming and implements sustainable farming practices

XPRIZE I Prize Sustainability. What Do You Prize? www.xprize.org

Artist, Stephanie Crowley, Chrysalis Studios Inc.

Water, energy, transportation are inextricably linked to food production. New farming methods will be needed to feed a growing global population that use less water, energy and land.

Consumers are demanding fresh, locally grown, high quality produce, free of chemicals.

Retailers have recognized this trend and seek local growers that can provide produce, year-round, regardless of climate and weather conditions.

There is a shortage of growers who can produce a consistent, predictable, year-round supply of fresh vegetables, pesticide, herbicide and GMO free in a small footprint.

◦ Buyers

◦ Grocery stores, produce companies, restaurants, institutional users, food processors

◦ Growers

◦ Commercial growers, small farms/freight farms, research facilities, hobbyists

◦ Vendors & Consultants

◦ Equipment, LED lights, fertilizers, substrate, packaging…

◦ Publications, Associations & Academia

The Emerging IVF Market: The Beginning of the Beginning!

Types of Indoor Vertical FarmersLife Style Change

Grower Oriented

Business Oriented

Multidisciplinary Team◦ Strong Business Skills

◦ Strong Finance and Capital markets

◦ Strong Horticultural and Growing Experience

◦ Produce Experience

◦ Marketing, Sales and Packaging

New Model: Farm technology by crop type!

Field Farming – wheat, corn, soybeans…

Greenhouses – tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers…

Indoor Vertical Farms – leafy greens, lettuces, herbs, plant protein…

Market Drivers

◦ Large, dense population centers

◦ Cold climates with short growing seasons

◦ Areas where food is transported long distances

◦ Resource constrained markets

“We didn’t create farming. We made farming better.”

To profitably and sustainably grow the best leafy greens in a controlled indoor environment.

Thomson Reuters report on feeding a global population www.9billionbowls.com

Current Food Distribution Model

10/17/2016 CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE

Days1 2 3 4 5 6

Green Sense Farms Disruptive Model

10/17/2016 CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE

Hours1 6 12 18 24

China Expansion PlansChina 1.4 Billion People

48 million people within 50 Miles of the Farm

iD Town Shenzhen, China

ChallengeFunding at Agricultural colleges is dominated by big agribusiness. A majority of the research and educational programs are targeted to big corn and cattle leaving little resource for alternative farming.

Alternative sustainable farming practices are emerging to grow fruits and vegetables in controlled indoor environments (greenhouse, hot houses, indoor vertical farms…).

They receive limited resources and there is a shortage of alternative farming research facilities and experienced teachers to train the new modern farmer.

With increasing costs of college more students either cannot afford to attend college, or graduate with crippling debt.

Enrollment at agricultural colleges is declining. Traditional farming is perceived to negatively impact the environment and generate jobs that are hard work, long hours and low pay.

there is a rising global population, with more mouths to feed and a shortage of job ready graduates to work in the agriculture and food service industry.

10/17/2016

Green Sense Farms-Ivy Tech CollegeFarm-Tech Hands on Training Center

“Earn to Learn” Program

Limiting factor to expansion is trained people

Consideration for buying LED lightsPrice ($/µ Mol/Joule)

◦ PAR

◦ Light spectrum

Ease of Installation◦ Hanging/Connecting/Wiring

Approval (UL, CE, CCC)◦ Waterproof

Warranty◦ Length

◦ Company creditworthiness

The FutureCo-location of IVF with Greenhouses and Field Farms

LED lights/Seeds

Superfoods/Juices

Biopharmaceuticals

Online Public Offering https://www.startengine.com/startup/green-sense-farms-llc

Thank You When You're Green, Your Grow!

Robert Colangelo, Founding Farmer/CEOGreen Sense Farms, LLC

6525 Daniel Burnham Dr., Suite BPortage, IN 46368

T 219.762.9990C 312 493-1470

Robert@greensensefarms.comwww.greensensefarms.com

• Steve Edwards, founder of PhytoLux Ltd

• UK LED Plant growth lighting company

• Established 2011

• 5 years research and development with commercial sales success in UK

• Over 70 UK sites using PhytoLux solution

• Established strong network of knowledge transfer between clients

• Primary product range designed for glasshouse supplementary top light replacement to HPS

• Signed a licensing agreement with Plessey Semiconductors Ltd in April 2016

Introduction

Technological Advantages are well known

Zero Maintenance

What can LED achieve?

Market Applications?

There is more to consider ….Capital Cost

Technical Solution

Environmental

Controls

Business Impact

Commercial

Viability

But it’s not just about light …..

Capital Cost

Technical Solution

Attis-7 HB600W HPS Attis-7 HR

Light does matter ….

600W HPS Attis-7 HB Attis-7 HR

Commercial turnip trial …

Balanced Crop

Nutrient

Environmental

Controls

Business Impact

Commercial

Viability

• UK Strawberry Trial

• Variety = Sonata

• Quantity Attis-7 Units = 1 per 55 ft²

• Light level =70 PPFD

• Spectrum = high red spectrum with extra far red bulbs for night break lighting.

• Day temp 59°f degrees, venting at 61°f degrees Night temp 45°f degrees, venting at 46°f

• Lighting period 12 hours per day

Commercial strawberry trial ….

£0.00

£1.00

£2.00

£3.00

£4.00

£5.00

£6.00

£7.00

10/6/2015 11/6/2015 12/6/2015 1/6/2016 2/6/2016

Yield kg

Control

Lit #1

Lit #2

Return per kg

Commercial strawberry trial ….

£0.00

£1.00

£2.00

£3.00

£4.00

£5.00

£6.00

£7.00

£0.00

£500.00

£1,000.00

£1,500.00

£2,000.00

£2,500.00

10/6/2015 11/6/2015 12/6/2015 1/6/2016 2/6/2016

Cumulative Net Return

Control

Lit #1

Lit #2

Return per kg

Commercial strawberry trial (100 m²) ….

Light is important for plant growth but its not just about light when considering an LED solution….

Capital Cost

Technical Solution

Environmental

Controls

Business Impact

Commercial

Viability

Conclusion

LEDs in Horticulture- The Current Reality

Presented by:

Eric Moody

- Market Potential

- History of LEDs in Horticulture

- Advantages of LEDs

- Disadvantages of LED

- Typical Applications

- What’s next?

AGENDA:

• Horticulture LED market is growing RAPIDLY.

• Almost $600 million in LED sales in 2015 worldwide

• Predicted to be almost $2 billion by 2020

• Seeing a rise of almost 30% YOY

• Commercial greenhouses will be the largest market

• Indoor and Vertical Farming will have the biggest gains

Innovation Timeline: Large-Scale Horticultural LED Applications

• 2008: LED Tissue culture mainly with red and blue LEDs(eff. 1.0 µmol/J)

• 2010: LED Research applications with red blue and farred LEDs(eff. 1.3 µmol/J)

• 2011: Introduction LED bar shape modules with standard light recipes(eff. 1.6 µmol/J)

• 2012: Introduction of light recipes with white LEDs added for Multi layer and research applications

• 2013: Introduction of LED Interlighting for high wire crops

• 2014: Introduction of LED Toplighting(eff. 2.1 µmol/J)

• 2016: Significant Improvements in Efficiencies(eff. Up to 2.7 µmol/J in Toplighting)

- Energy Savings

- Optical Design Freedom

- Spectral Tuning

- Heat Management

- Long Life, Low Maintenance

Advantages of LEDs in Horticultural Applications:

Spectral Tuning & Photosynthesis

RB (LB)

RB (MB)

RB (HB)

RW (LB)

RWFR (MB)

Full Spectrum

RBFR (MB)

RBFR (HBFR)

• High capital expenditure + other related incremental costs

• Lack of Quality Standards

• Optimal light recipes for specific crops & varietals still largely unproven

Disadvantages of LEDs in Horticultural Applications:

1000w HPS DE Fixture w/ 2100 umol output at $550 = $0.26/umol

215w LED Top Light w/ 550 umol output at $420 = $1.31/umol

LED Toplight is currently 4-5X cost of HPS

Cost of Ownership Comparison – LED vs. HPS:

Typical Applications

Growing without DAYLIGHT1. Tissue culture2. Seed germination3. Young plant production4. Vernilization of young plants5. Production of leafy and micro greens6. Research applications7. Bulbous plants

Growing with DAYLIGHT1. Lettuce, leafy and micro greens2. Young plant production3. Tree nurseries, rooting of cuttings4. Bulbous plants5. Cut flowers6. Potted plants7. High wire crops8. Influencing morphogenic plant development

(steering light)9. Football pitch lighting

Some of the oldest uses of LED in Horticulture:

- Vertical Farming- Propagation- Tissue Culture- Seed Germination

Replaces fluorescent, HPS and MH

Multi-Layer Applications

Advantages over traditional technologies:- Enables vertical production on a small footprint- Countless color spectral available- Low energy consumption

Hurdles:- Cost vs. traditional (but decreasing rapidly)- LED is very directional and covers small footprint

Multi-Layer Applications

• The future is now! Micro Greens, Vertical Harvests, etc. are currently using LEDs and the market is growing rapidly!

• Demand to localize produce has pushed this market forward.

• MultiLEDs are now available in low and high outputs making them ideal for anything from tissue culture to growing micro and leafy greens.

Multi-Layer: Current vs. Future

Traditional Horticultural Top Lighting Technologies:

1000w Agro HPS: 1850 umols = 1.85 umol/j

1000w DE HPS: 2100 umols = 2.1 umol/j

1000w MH: 1350 umols = 1.35 umol/j

Leading Horti LED Manufacutrers are now surpassing the 1.9 – 2.2 umol/j which was the benchmark just 2-3 yrs ago

Some are now hitting 2.5 (Phillips) – 2.7 (PL Light) umol/j

PL Light: 320 w @ 860umol output (2.688 umol/j)Philips: 215 w @ 550 umol output (2.558 umol/j)

Top Lighting Applications

Positives:

• Now more efficient than HPS

• Lifetime of fixtures

• Color Spectrum Choices

• Temperature (Can be closer to crop and doesn’t require the cooling like HPS)

Hurdles:

Cost, Cost, Cost

1000w HPS DE Fixture w/ 2100 umol output at $550 = $0.26/umol

LED Toplight is currently 4-5X cost of HPS

Current:

• In new construction with high power rates (CA, AK, HI, ME, MA, etc.)

• Where there is not enough total service amps on site

• Mix Spectrum – Using HPS/LED mix for enhanced spectrum

• Power Co. rebates/grants for LED

Future:

• Costs will continue to decline as efficiencies rise

• Cannabis legalization pushing the technology further due to such high light level crops and indoor grows

Top Lighting: Current vs. Future

• Can be placed close to canopy without burning leaves.

• Increased yield and quality for high-wire crops

• Hybrid System = flexibility and optimum lighting control throughout growing season.

Inter Lighting Applications

Current:

• High-wire crops like tomatoes & cucumbers

Future:

• Costs will continue to decline as efficiencies rise

• Potential adoption for indoor cultivation of cannabis plants

Inter Lighting: Current vs. Future

• Establish Industry Standards

• Define Optimal Light Recipes for optimal plant growth, fruit yield and quality for specific crops and varietals.

• Cost efficiencies to reduce capital costs

Where to Next for LEDs in Horticulture?

Questions?

Eric Moody

Lighting Solutions Specialist

T: 1.800.263.0213

C: 514.490.6421

eric@pllight.com

The Future of Horticultural LED Lighting

Melanie YeltonVP of Research and Development

LumiGrow, Inc.

• Influence plant characteristics, nutrition, and flavor

• Fight disease and create a sustainable alternative to PGRs

• Boost plant quality, yield, and benefit production

Commercial <-> Research

Partnerships

Pocock, T. 2015. Light-emitting Diodes and the Modulation of Specialty Crops: Light Sensing and Signaling Networks in Plants. HortScience September 50:9.

• PSN

• Pigments

• Phototropism

• Development

• Plant Growth

• Plant Protection

Plants Respond To Light, It’s In Their Genes!

400 – 520 NanometersHigh absorption by chlorophyll and

carotenoids, big influence on photosynthesis

610 – 750 NanometersHigh absorption by chlorophyll, big influence on

photosynthesis and photoperiodism, blocking may slow stretch

Approach to Research

Rose Trials

Other Floriculture Trials In Partnership with

• Longer Shelf Life

• Disease Prevention

• Benefits for Color

• Longer Production

• Benefits for Flowering

• Change in Morphology

Plants Grown Under LEDSpectrum Trials Experienced

Research Done In Partnership with

Research For Commercial Greens

• Changes in flavor profile (sweetness, peppery)

• Nutritional Benefits

• Richer Color (more commercial appeal)

Lettuce and Basil Grown Under LED Experienced

Research For Commercial Crops

Tomato Grafting Under LED• More compactness

• Greater uniformity

• Possible increase in root mass

• Possible reduction in healing time

• Increase of terpenes in some strains

• Effects on cannabinoids

• Increased CBD content

• Effects on aroma and flavor

Research For Cannabis

Cannabis Grown Under LED(as a result of production blue light treatment)

• Positive effects of blue light treatment

• Increase of terpenes in some strains

• Effects on cannabinoids

• Increased CBD content

• Effects on aroma and flavor

Research Summary

Cannabis Research

• More compactness

• Greater uniformity

• Possible increase in root mass

• Possible reduction in healing time

Tomato Grafting

• Changes in flavor profile (sweetness, peppery)

• Nutritional Benefits

• Richer Color (more commercial appeal)

Lettuce and Basil Research

• Longer Shelf Life

• Disease Prevention

• Benefits for Color

• More Compact

• Control Flowering

• Longer Production

Floriculture Research

Utilizing Technology for Dynamic Spectrum Research

The Future of Horticultural LED

Technology can be used to implement dynamic light regiments for optimal plant growth

Spectrum Control

Red Light

Engine driving plant growth

Blue Light

Steering wheel directing growth

Precision Agriculture in a Controlled Environment

The Future of Horticultural LED

Precision Agriculture will be applied to controlled agriculture for precision growth and production.

Technology will begin to integrate for a more holistic and easier-to-use solution

Controlled Agriculture Will Be Integrated

LEDs for Horticulture LightingDrake Stalions – Senior Marketing & Business Development Manager

Kurt Liepmann – SSL Applications Engineer

LEDs for Horticulture Lighting

1. Why? 2. How?

Why use LEDs?

Increased crop yields

Faster or controlled growth/flowering

• CONTROL, CONTROL, CONTROL!

• Wavelength

• Spectrum

• Flux

• Photoperiod

Lower Costs• Reduced Power Consumption

• Long Lifetime

Better Space Utilization• Form Factor

• Reduction in radiated heat

Photo courtesy of Urban Harvest

BENEFITS RESULTS

LEDs come in different wavelengths

Blue• Dominant Wavelength –

• Chlorophyll a & b short wavelength peaks

Red• Peak Wavelength – 660nm

• Chlorophyll a & b long wavelength peaks

• Phytochrome Pr

Far Red• Peak Wavelength – 730nm

• Phytochrome Pfr

Greenish-White• Can fill in the rest of the

spectrum

• Possible human centric uses

300 400 500 600 700 800Wavelength (nm)

*Relative values are for each LED only

Plant Response Curves

Tunable Spectrum• Traditional light sources (HPS, MH, Fluorescent) only offer static

spectrum solutions.

1000W HPS SPD T5HO – Fluorescent SPD

Tunable Spectrum• LEDs allow you to custom tune the

spectrum to suit the plant’s needs

Example:

450 730

Percent of Radiometric Power

Blue400-499nm

Green500-599nm

Red600-699nm

Far Red700-799nm

Condition #1 30% 0% 60% 10%

Condition #2 10% 20% 65% 5%

Condition #1 SPD Condition #2 SPD*Each LED addressed independently

Tailored spectra for human needs• Applications in harvest lights,

residential/hospitality lighting, and retail environments

• Mix greenish-white LEDs and red (660nm) LEDs to create high CRI white light while targeting key photosynthetic wavelengths

100% Greenish-white25% 660nm

3600k/ 80 CRI

Long Operating Life• A major parameter in calculating ROI when deciding what type of

light technology to purchase is lifetime or how often you need to replace or service the fixture.

Average Life (hrs)

High Pressure Sodium 10K-24K

L70B50 (hrs)(Tj=120C, If=500mA)

High Power LEDs 100K

Time to failure

Time to when flux is

≤ 70%

of initial value

Small Form Factor• LED’s small form factor provides

a fixture manufacturer a degree of design freedom that they didn’t have before. This enables:• Inter-lighting applications

• Vertical farming applications

• Use of secondary optics

• Unique population patterns Photo Courtesy of Netled Oy

Reduced Radiated Heat• 1000W HPS grow lamp vs a 400W LED grow lamp at equal distance

400W LED Light

Max LED Max HPS

Fixture 75°C 84°C

Floor 31°C 63°C

Diff 44°C 21°C

1000W HPS Light

Why? How?

Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures

System Optical Thermal Electrical

System

Photon Flux• Selecting the right LEDs requires not only understanding what

wavelengths/spectra is needed but also the intensity

• LEDs are measured in Luminous Flux (lm) or Radiant Power (mW), a conversion will be needed in order to calculate Photon Flux (PPF) in µmol/s

Optical Power

• W or J/s

Photon Flux

• µmol/s?

SPD S(λ) Photon Energy per Wavelength

(for PPF only)

Photon Flux Curve

Convert Optical Power to Photon Flux

photons

Divide by Avogadro's number (6.022x1023 photons = 1 mol) to convert to mol or μmol

LED Degradation• Blue LEDs (InGaN) and Red LEDs (AlInGaP) have different degradation

over lifetime characteristics

• LED manufactures can provide LM-80 data to help understand these lifetime characteristics

• Poor thermal management/electrical design can lead to uneven degradation• Altered SPD or Blue:Red ratio

• Change/reduction in crop yield

Optical

Optical Considerations:• Homogeneous lighting is critical for even crop growth

• LED spacing/mixing or use of primary/secondary optics may be critical depending on the application type

LED Characteristics• LEDs are directional light sources

and w/o primary optics are basically Lambertian emitters.• FWHM = 120deg

• Some LEDs on the market with primary optic (dome) can range from 80deg to 150deg beam angles

Optics• Using LEDs with primary optics

and/or adding secondary optics allows you to shape the beam pattern• Eliminates wasted photons in

areas void of plants (aisles/walkways/walls)

• Use of a secondary optic will result in loss of photon flux• Typ losses ~10-15%

Bare LED

LED w/ different secondary optic

Thermal

Thermal Considerations:• Unlike traditional lighting sources, LEDs don’t radiate heat, they

instead generate heat internally and it must be sufficiently extracted

• Proper thermal management is critical to meeting performance targets as well as achieving long lifetime

LED Characteristics Affected by TemperatureForward Voltage Relative Intensity Wavelength

*Different LEDs (wavelength/package/mfg) will have different characteristic curves

Thermal Management:• As a rule, the thermal

management of an LED system can be broken down into three system levels:

1. LED

2. PCB

3. Cooling System

Thermal Management: LED• At LED level, thermal management is

generally predefined by the component manufacturer and is determined by the design of the LED

• LED data sheets will list the junction-solder point thermal resistance Rth JS • C/W or K/W

• Knowledge of the heat path of the LED is important for the thermal design of the PCB and system.

Lead-Frame

Ceramic

Thermal Management: PCB• Once the heat from the LED housing

reaches the PCB, the PCB must ensure the transmission of heat from then on.

• Basic Considerations:• Amount of thermal power• LED pitch• PCB Substrate Material

• FR-4 vs MCPCB• What mechanisms are used to cool the

system?• How should the heat be transmitted to

the heat sinks if present?

Thermal Management: PCB Simulation

Effect of substrate typeEffect of copper pad size

16mm2 Pads4mm2 Pads FR-4 MCPCB

Thermal Management: Cooling System• The cooling system is generally the end of the heat path. From this point

the generated heat can only be dissipated via convection or radiation.

• Common Methods:• Passive – heatsink/metal housing• Active – heatsink + fan

• Thermal Interface Material (TIM) needed to enhance the thermal coupling between PCB and Heatsink• Grease• Pad

Electrical

Electrical Considerations:• Unlike traditional light sources, LEDs are current driven devices

• Voltage and thus power, are functions of the amount of current sourced• Blue LED ≈ 3V

• Red LED ≈ 2V

• Proper driving is critical to meeting performance targets and lifetime

LED Characteristics Affected by Drive CurrentForward Voltage Relative Intensity Dominant Wavelength

*Different LEDs (wavelength/package/mfg) will have different characteristic curves

Power Supplies• Converts AC line voltage to DC

voltage for LEDs

• May be constant current or constant voltage• Max output voltage must exceed LED

Vf• Constant voltage supplies will require

on-board electronics to regulate LED current

• Single channel vs multi-channel

• Controls inputs optional

In Summary

LEDs offer several benefits for horticulture lighting applications that can increase crop yields and lower energy costs

Several considerations must be taken into account when designing for LEDs to ensure proper performance and lifetime.

Thank You!

Looking Forward: Contemplating the Other Benefits

that LEDs Can Bring to HorticultureJaimin S. Patel, Ph.D. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

David Gadoury, Ph.D. Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Mark S. Rea, Ph.D. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

David Gadoury

Tyler McCann

Lance Cadle-Davidson

Lori Brock

Keith Cordero

Claus Holger

Jaimin Patel

Mark Rea

Mariana Figueiro

Natalia Peres

Arne Stensvand

Aruppillai Suthaparan

Funding

National Research Council of Norway

North American Strawberry Grower’s Association

USDA Crops at Risk Competitive Grants Program

USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative

USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative

Lighting for plants in the 20th century• Primary uses

• Growth: Fill in for daily light integral or extend daylight

• Flowering: Photoperiod control

• Technologies• Daylight

• HPS, MH and maybe fluorescent

• Degrees of freedom• Amount (wattage, raise or lower mounting height)

• On/off (photoperiod)

• Plus• Pesticides

Lighting for plants in the 20th century

• Technologies• Solid-state lighting

• LEDs, light-emitting diodes

• Greater control over• Spectrum

• ~365 nm to ~800 nm• Temporal

• Duration on/off • Frequency • Phase

• Amount • Dimming

• Spatial distribution• Uniformity

470 nm LEDs 660 nm LEDs

625 nm LEDs 470 nm + 660

nm LEDs

HPS LED

Lighting for plants in the 21st century

• Primary uses• Growth and flowering

at lower energy

• Greater nutrition, flavor, shape

Lighting for plants in the 21st century

Diseases challenge crop production and food security• Greenhouses and high tunnel systems are extremely

favorable for epidemics of powdery mildews and other common diseases

• Diseases destroy crops. Losses are focal, shocking, and often catastrophic to individual growers or operations.

Grape Powdery Mildew

Hop Powdery Mildew

Poinsettia Powdery Mildew

Strawberry Gray Mold

Cucumber Powdery Mildew

Potato Late Blight

Basil Downy Mildew

Dark Light

Control of plant diseases• Fungicides

Concern: - Develops fungicide resistance in pathogen

- Leaves pesticide residues in our crop produce

• Illumination of plants could be a potential alternativeNew technology

Benefits: 1. Healthy production without pesticide residues

2. Can induce plant growth in addition to disease control

Basil Downy Mildew

How plant pathogens are affected by light

Fungal Growth Stages

Light Factors

Presence/Absence of Light

ApplicationTime

Duration ofLights On

Diurnal Rhythms

LightSpectrum

LightAmount

Mixture ofLight Spectrum

Mycelia x xSporangiophores/

Conidiophores

Spores

SporeRelease

SporeGermination

Strawberry

Suthaparan et al, 2016. Plant Dis. 100: 1643-1650

UV-B suppresses strawberry powdery mildew

Fungal Growth Stages

Light Factors

Presence/Absence of

ApplicationTime

Diurnal Rhythms

LightSpectrum

LightAmount

Mixture ofLight

Spectrum

Mycelia x x xSporangiophores/

Conidiophores

Spores x x xSpore

Release

SporeGermination x x

Cucumber

How plant pathogens are affected by light

Red light controls cucumber powdery mildew

Adapted fromSuthaparan et al. 2014.

Plant Disease 98: 1349-1357

Disease development influenced by light conditions

Can knowledge of light effects change how we control plant diseases?S

Gadoury et al. 1998. Phytopathology 98: 902-909

This is now a part of disease management programs worldwide, saving millions of $ every year.

Plant pathogens influenced by light conditions

Growth Stages

Light Factors

Presence/Absence of Light

ApplicationTime

Diurnal Rhythms

LightSpectrum

LightAmount

Mixture ofLight Spectrum

Mycelia

Sporangiophores/Conidiophores x x x

Spores x x xSpore

Release

SporeGermination

Wavelength: 625 nm

Intensity: 12 µmol.m-2.s-1

Duration of red light: 12 h during night

Red light suppresses basil downy mildew

Dark Red-light exposed

100000

150000

200000

6 8 10

Days after inoculation

DarkRed light

6 8 10 12

Days after inoculation

DarkRed lights

Effect of light amount on sporulation of basil downy mildew pathogen

0 21 37 86

Light intensity (µmol.m-2.s-1)

• Plant diseases will be a part of the controlled environment

• Lighting can be an organic alternative to pesticides

• A consortium for research and development is the best model to capitalize on this opportunity

• We seek partnerships through development of a consortium to develop and exploit new knowledge and lighting technologies to suppress plant diseases and promote plant health

www.lrc.rpi.edu

LED-based Horticultural Lighting

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