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LED-based Horticultural Lighting
Technology – Obstacles – Solutions - Chronology
Maury Wright, Editor, LEDs Magazine
Consider the General lighting Sector• Horticulture will evolve similarly
• LEDs in general illumination went from• Maybe in some specialty applications
to
• We can make this work broadly if we really try and compromiseto
• LEDs do things no other source has ever done
Rocky Start in General Illumination —2006
LEDs Project in Some Lighting Applications —2009
LED Retrofit Lamps Bring SSL Home — 2011
LED Revolution Accelerates, Challenges Remain — 2014
LED lighting in 2016• Better than legacy sources
• Beam control
• Customizable Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)
• Superior color quality
• All new applications• Human Centric Lighting (HCL)
• Tunable white and color
• Retail and museums lighting
• And yes – Horticultural specific designs
How Did LEDs Succeed?• Performance and efficiency
• Standards, metrics, and regulatory policy
• Application-specific designs
• Lighting manufacturers learned how to apply
• Lighting designers/specifiers learned about LEDs
LEDs and Lighting for Horticulture• Trails general lighting in maturity but tracks chronology
• Packaged LEDs designed for the application
• Standards evolving for accurate characterization
• Lighting manufacturers R&D efforts on horticulture
• Growers/specifiers understanding LED technology
Horticultural LEDs 2010 –Osram Opto
Horticultural LEDs 2016 –Cree
Horticultural LEDs 2016 –Lumileds
But What About Lighting Products?• Many have mimicked legacy form
• Reflector-based high-bay luminaires
• LED-based tubes for fluorescent fixtures
• Questionable quality in products from Asia
• LED integral luminaires fall short of HPS
• But LEDs are the only answer in many applications
A Case Study – Local Roots
Horticultural Luminaires 2016 – OsramZelion
Horticultural Luminaires 2016 – Philips Lighting
LEDs for Plant Research and Controlled-Environment Agriculture
Cary A. Mitchell
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
Purdue University
Application of LEDs for plant lighting …
• … actually spun out of NASA-sponsored space life-support programs > 25 years ago.
• … was in response to the enormous energy requirements to grow food crops in space using traditional light sources.
• … was in effort to test for efficiency of selected narrow-band light sources vs. traditional broad-band sources.
• … was in attempt to overcome productivity problems with dense crop stands/leaf canopies.
Need an intracanopy lighting source…
•… that is not massive or space-consuming
•… that is cool enough for leaf contact
•… that provides adequate light level
•… that provides appropriate-wavelength light
LEDs a Solution to the Crop-Lighting Dilemma?• Solid state
• Low volume & mass
• Long lifespan: 5 x 104 h (electronics) to 105 h (diodes) if heat sinked / not overdriven
• Waveband selectable
• Operate at low-voltage DC
• Emitter surfaces relatively cool
• Potential for placement near plant tissues negates the inverse square law (I d-2)
The importance of actively heat sinking high-output LEDs
• Critical for performance and lifespan• Forced air for dense clusters of LEDs ≥ I watt
• Recirculate cooling water for very high output/densities
• Makes light-emitting surfaces “touchable”
• Permits intracanopy distribution of light• Overcomes mutual shading within foliar canopies
• Prevents premature senescence, abscission
• Enables higher photosynthetic productivity
LEDs in Plant Photobiology Research• Replace diffraction gratings
• Less need for broad-band sources, multiple filters• Cutoff filters, heat filters, safelights
• challenge to get LEDs with exact desired peak emissions• Bin selection, custom fabrication
• Will base of emission spectrum be as narrow as desired?• May be an issue with long irradiance times or high irradiance responses• Will cutoff filters have to be used with LEDs to determine contributions
of different photoreceptors?
How to leverage the unique properties of LEDs and novel lighting architectures enabled by those properties to achieve unprecedented energy savings for effective plant-growth lighting?
C.A. Mitchell: LED “Lightsicle” Concept, 1996
Intracanopy LEDs: 0.91 kW-h / g DW Overhead LEDs: 1.67 Kw-h / g DW
Leaf litter
Leaves under direct light
Shaded leaves
No supplemental lighting With supplemental lighting
e2 classic 2.0 energy monitor
Large-scale LED intracanopysupplemental lighting forgreenhouse high-wire crops
Peak λ of red and blue LEDs were 627 nm and 450 nm.
Each LED Tower has a data logger to recordkW-h of electricity consumed
Expt. 1
DAT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
En
erg
y c
on
su
me
d (
kW
h/d
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
OH-HPS
ICL-LED
Expt. 2
DAT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
En
erg
y c
on
su
me
d (
kW
h/d
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
OH-HPS
ICL-LED
Expt. 4
DAT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
En
erg
y c
on
su
me
d (
kW
h/d
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
OH-HPS
ICL-LED
Expt. 3
DAT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
En
erg
y c
on
su
me
d (
kW
h/d
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
OH-HPS
ICL-LED winter-to-summer
summer-to-winter
Constant DLI of 9 mol·m-2·d-1
Reduction in daily energy consumption due to ICL-LED
*DAT= days after transplanting
16 days from planting seed
Hydroponic leaf lettuce
21-day-old hydroponic lettuce
Shelf spacing in vertical farmingtypically is 30-40cm apart
Light intensity isconstant throughout
the production cycle
CO2 needs to be injected and/or
warehouse actively ventilated.
Close-canopy (CC) LED lighting ≤ 10 cm above hydroponic lettuce crop
Power density = 160 Wm-2 for CC LED lighting vs.~ 2000 Wm-2 for HPS lamps
≤
LAG PHASE: 7.1 kWh/g
Regression curveTreatment 1: 10% blue lightTreatment 2: 5% blue light
Electrical energy-use efficiency for plant dry biomass accumulatiom for targeted vs. non-targeted close-canopy LED lighting
Non-targeted lighting of an open-canopy lettuce stand Targeted lighting of an open-canopy lettuce stand
0.62 kW-h / g1.16 kW-h / g
BB
Evolution of LEDs for plant lighting
• Luminous efficacy of LEDs continues to improve- blue LEDS >50% efficient at nominal drive current
- red LEDS 50-58% efficient
• Cost of manufacturing LEDs is decreasing
• No hazardous materials (Fl and HID lamps contain mercury)
• Potential for advances in light distribution-system architecture, luminaires, shade avoidance, close placementto plant tissues
Need for additional LED wavelengths?
• UV-B, UV-A: Waiting for LED improvements
• FR: available but still improving
• Green: available-for visualization plus penetrates deeply into foliar canopies
• White: cool, medium, warm-efficiency coming up
★ LEDs causing rediscovery of white light?
What potential commercial customers of plant-Lighting technology should do:
• Wait for technical proof of concept• By plant scientists• By industry field research• By their own on-site testing
• Economic analyses• Breakeven analysis• Profitability
• Life cycle assessment
• Guidelines and standards development• Best practices• Industry guidelines
Acknowledgements
• Sharon Knight • Bob Morrow
• Tracy Ohler • Jeff Emmerich
• Jonathan Frantz • Mike Bourget
• Gioia Massa • Bruce Bugbee
• Lucie Poulet • SCRILED academic team
• Celina Gomez • NASA Life Sciences
• NIFA SCRI Program
Thank you!Questions?
Dr. Cary A. MitchellDepartment of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
Purdue University625 Agriculture Mall Drive
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2010 USA(765) 494-1347
Extra Slides
• Light Emitting Diode (first practical red LED invented in 1962)
• No filament, illuminated solely by movement of electrons in a semiconductor material
• Electrons cross junction recombine with electron holes, release energy as photons (electroluminescence)
• Color determined by the energy gap of semiconductor (based on semiconductor chemical composition)
What is an LED?
Some effects of blue light on plant metabolism/physiology/development
• Regulates phototropism
• Regulates leaf expansion
• Regulates stem elongation
• Regulates stomatal aperture
• Regulates secondary metabolism
Photons wasted early
Photons excludedupon canopy closure
Mutual shading leads to premature senescence/abscission
AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTION
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHT
JOSH GEROVAC, HORTICULTURE LIGHTING SPECIALIST, FLUENCE BIOENGINEERING
FA C T O R S T O C O N S I D E R
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
L I G H T F U N D A M E N TA L S
GAMMA RAYS X-RAYS ULTRAVIOLET INFRARED RADIO WAVES
.0001nm - .01nm .01nm – 10nm 10nm – 400nm 700nm - .01cm .01cm – 100m
VISIBLE LIGHT
400nm----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------700nm
WAVE + PARTICLE (PHOTON)
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
P H O T O B I O LO G Y 1 0 1
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISLIGHT-CONTROLLED PROCESSES THAT REGULATE PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND
STRUCTURE
QUALITY
PHOTOSYNTHESISSERIES OF LIGHT & DARK REACTIONS THAT OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLASTS USING LIGHT ENERGY
(PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX) TO GENERATE CARBOHYDRATES FROM CO2 AND H20.
YIELD
PHOTOPERIODISMPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO RELATIVE LENGTHS OF LIGHT AND DARK PERIODS
FLOWER/FRUIT MANIPULATION
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
O C T O B E R R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
P L A N T S U S E PA R
H U M A N S U S E LU M E N S
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT EMITTED BY A LIGHT SOURCE. MEASURED IN: NUMBER OF PHOTONS PER SECOND (mmol/s)
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
M E A S U R I N GP P F
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT REACHING YOUR CANOPY. MEASURED IN: NUMBER OF PHOTONS PER METER SQUARED PER SECOND (mmol/m2/s)
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
THE AVERAGE, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AMOUNT OF PPFD. MEASURED WITH: A PAR MAP
PA R M A P
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | SIZE | PROXIMITY
THE PROPORTIONS OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS. MEASURED WITH: A SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
S P E C T R A L D I S T R I B U T I O N G R A P H S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
HOW ENERGY EFFICIENT A LIGHT FIXTURE IS AT CONVERTING ELECTRONS INTO PHOTONS. MEASURED IN:
MICROMOLES PER JOULE (mmol/J)
K E Y M E T R I C S
T O A C H I E V E C U L T I V A T I O N A N D F I N A N C I A L G O A L S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
PPF | PPFD | UNIFORMITY | SPECTRUM | EFFICIENCY | FORM FACTOR
HOW MUCH SPACE DOES YOUR LIGHTING SYSTEM REQUIRE? MEASURED IN: INCHES, CENTIMETERS, MILLIMETERS, ETC.
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
V E R T I C A L FA R M I N G
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
1.2”
5”
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, VIRGINIA
MEDMEN, CALIFORNIA
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
MEDMEN, CALIFORNIA
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
HEROES OF THE FARM, OREGON
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
HEROES OF THE FARM, OREGON
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
G R E E N H O U S E S U P P L E M E N TA L L I G H T I N G
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, WEST VIRGINIA
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, VIRGINIA
SHENANDOAH GROWERS, VIRGINIA
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
LIFE GARDENS,WASHINGTON
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
I N C R E A S I N G A N T H O C YA N I N C O N C E N T R AT I O N
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
HALLNÄS, SWEDEN
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
HALLNÄS, SWEDEN
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
LIGHT QUALITY AND QUANTITY FROM SOLE-SOURCE LED INFLUENCES GROWTH AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF BRASSICA MICROGREENS
JOSH GEROVAC, JOSH CRAVER AND ROBERTO LOPEZDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
Plant Material• 25 g of Brassica oleracea (L.) var. gongylodes (kohlrabi)• 15 g of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (mustard) • 15 g of Brassica rapa (L.) spp. nipposinica (mizuna)
Substrate• Polyethylene terephthalate fiber pad hydroponic tray
Environment • 21/17 °C day/night (16 h/8 h) • 50/60% day/night relative humidity • 500 ppm CO2
M AT E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
Light treatments
• LED modules with light qualities of consisting of (%):
– 88:12 (red:blue)
– 84:5:11 (red:far-red:blue)
– 73:16:11 (red:green:blue)
• DLI of 6 mol/m2/d (PPFD ≈105 µmol/m2/s)
• DLI of 12 mol/m2/d (PPFD ≈210 µmol/m2/s)
• DLI of 18 mol/m2/d (PPFD ≈315 µmol/m2/s)
M AT E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
Red:Green:Blue (%) 73:16:11
Red:Far-Red:Blue (%) 84:5:11
Red:Blue (%) 88:12
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Lig
ht
inte
ns
ity (
µm
ol·
m-2
·s-1
·nm
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
4
6
8
10
2
4
6
8
10
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
DR:W (%) 73:16:11 (R:G:B) DR:B (%) 88:12 (R:B) DR:B:FR (%) 84:11:5 (R:B:FR)
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)Wavelength (nm)
105 µmol·m-2
·s-1
105 µmol·m-2
·s-1
105 µmol·m-2
·s-1
210 µmol·m-2
·s-1
210 µmol·m-2
·s-1
210 µmol·m-2
·s-1
315 µmol·m-2
·s-1
315 µmol·m-2
·s-1
315 µmol·m-2
·s-1
‘Garnet Giant’ Mustard
Red:Blue (%) 88:12
Red:Far-Red:Blue (%) 84:5:11
Red:Green:Blue (%) 73:16:11
6 12 18
Daily Light Integral (mol∙m–2∙d–1)
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
To
tal p
he
no
lic
s (
mg
/g)
0
10
20
30
To
tal a
nth
oc
ya
nin
s (
mg
/g)
0.5
1.0
1.5
R:G:B
R:B
RFR:B
d dd
c cbc
c
a ab
bab a ab ab ab b ab ab
Daily Light Integral (mol/m2/d)
6 12 18
Daily Light Integral (mol/m2/d)
6 12 18
Red:Green:Blue (%) 73:16:11
Red:Far-Red:Blue (%) 84:5:11
Red:Blue (%) 88:12
O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
O T H E R FA C T O R S T O C O N S I D E R :
• FIXTURE COST
• ENERGY SAVINGS
• HVAC SAVINGS
• CROP CYCLES / YEAR
• UTILITY REBATES
• PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE
• PROJECTED QUALITY INCREASE
• INCREASED AVERAGE REVENUE
H O R T I C U L T U R E L I G H T I N G C O N F E R E N C E O C T O B E R 1 2 2 0 1 6
THANK YOU!
Testing Horticultural Lighting Products
Metrics, Methods, and Considerations
Agenda• Introduction
• Metrics
• Test Methods
• Standards
• Program Interest
WHO IS UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES?
• Safety Testing since 1894
• Lighting, Performance, and Efficiency Testing since 2009
⁻ ENERGY STAR®
⁻ DesignLights® Consortium
⁻ SSL & FTC Lighting Facts
⁻ U.S. DOE Compliance
⁻ California Energy Commission
⁻ Horticulture
WORLDWIDE LOCATIONS
Who is Austin A. Gelder?• Support UL awareness and involvement in:
• Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) • American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)• Efficiency Programs (ENERGY STAR, DLC)• Lighting Regulations and Compliance (DOE, CEC)
• Past work:
• Lamp & Ballast Manufacturer• Product Manager• Technical Manager• Laboratory Manager
• Consulting• Consultant to EPA’s ENERGY STAR program for 4 years• Performed several analysis for Natural Resources Canada
Metrics• Metrics are the language of
measurement
• Common metrics are valuable to have comparable testing• It’s hard to have a
conversation when we aren’t speaking the same language
Metrics• Familiar metrics are all
geared towards the human eye response• Lumens, Candela, Lux, CCT,
CRI
• Human eye response is focused in the green and yellow areas, drops off for red and blue
IES Handbook 10th Edition
Metrics• There is a problem with these terms…
• Plants do not have eyes!• Well, not ones to see with.
• What DO plants need?
Metrics• Plants absorb radiation
through photosynthesis• And other mechanisms
• Photosynthetic radiation absorbs strongly in the deep blue and red spectrums• But not only in these
spectrums
• Question: • Is it a lighting product if it isn’t
used to see by? IES Handbook 10th Edition
Metrics:• ASABE Progressing on a document for consistent metrics:
• Currently known as X640: Quantities and Units of Electromagnetic Radiation for Plants (Photosynthetic Organisms)• Includes definitions
• Includes metrics, quantities and units for radiation measurements and photon measurements
• Still needs to go through several votes, and address comments before it is finalized
Metrics:• Notable Metrics :
• Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) – Already a common metric, considers radiation that is used for photosynthesis, from 400 to 700 nm, in Watts
• Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) – PAR photon rate per unit area on a surface
• Plant Biologically Active Radiation (PBR)– Expands range of interest beyond photosynthesis to UV and IR spectrums (280 to 800 nm) to address non-photosynthetic photoreceptors in plants, in Watts
• Plant Biologically-Active Photon Flux Density (BPFD) – Like PPFD, but for PBR
Metrics:• Notable Metrics
• Daily Light Integral – PPFD integrated over a 24 hour period, influenced by operating time
• Far-Red range – light in the 700 nm to 800 nm range
• UV range – light in the 100 nm to 400 nm range• Realistically, UV-C is largely filtered out from sunlight by the atmosphere, so the general
area of interest is 280 nm to 400 nm
Test Methods: Familiar Methods and Their Uses• IES LM-79-08 – Photometric Test Method for LED products
• Obtains spectral power distribution, electrical characteristics and light output• But metrics are focused on the human eye and limited in temperature and humidity
• References Type C Goniophotometers for intensity distribution• May not be as accurate for short distance luminaires (near field)
• Other IES Methods have similar challenges• LM-82, LM-84, etc.
• IES LM-80-15 – Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance• Revised method addresses non-photometric flux, useful for estimating light
output degradation
Test Methods: Familiar Methods and Their Uses• IES TM-21
• Degradation principles are similar… for white LEDs.• Is there applicability to direct color LEDs such as blues, or different semiconductors such
as Red?
• LM-80 not as common for direct color LEDs, not always at temperature and humidity that Horticultural Lighting will experience
• Does not address any shift in spectrum
• Similar issues exist for the TM-28 projection
• Direct colors are being considered in many revisions…• But are not in most current versions
Test Methods:• Summary: Problem is test methods
are designed with the human eye in mind• As we mentioned before, plants don’t
have eyes.
Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• ASABE is working on a Horticulture specific test method
• Draft currently known as X642
• Focus is on LED lighting • LEDs (Packages, Arrays, Modules)
• LED lamps
• LED Radiation Devices (formerly known as luminaires)
• Product focused, does not deal with field measurements
Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• X642 approach is to reference / utilize existing test methods
• LM-79, LM-80, LM-84, LM-85
• TM-21, TM-28
• Measures Initial Radiant and Photon Flux and Intensity• Includes spectral measurement
• Measures Long Term performance changes• Output and spectral
• Recommendation is high humidity (99%)
Test Methods: Horticultural Lighting Specific• X642 Includes instrumentation recommendations
• Spectroradiometer
• Quantum Sensor
• Recommends 5nm resolution for most applications
• Includes Conversions and formulas
• Includes Reporting Recommendations
• Status: Progressing, nearing first votes
Test Methods: Additional ConsiderationsHorticultural lighting has features not often found in general lighting:
• Active Cooling:• Ducting and piping to manage the heat of a luminaire can be difficult to work
around photometric equipment
• Color Shifting:• A fixture that shifts color according to a plant’s lifecycle may be a great thing,
but what points are measured?
• High Heat and Humidity:• Accurate representation of the situation the product is likely to operate in,
but does not play kindly with photometric measurement equipment
Test MethodsSummary:
• Current lighting test methods are not sufficient for horticultural lighting
• Testing may be challenging for some types of fixtures
• Like photometrics, more test methods may be needed for different scenarios
Standards• Current standards on lighting for agricultural lighting are limited:
• EP344.4 – Lighting Systems for Agricultural Facilities• Focused on performance of people and tasks, not plant growth
• Proposal in China to develop standards
• ASABE in early stages of standards development• How to consider efficiency and efficacy
StandardsSafety:
• Historically plant lighting has been evaluated like other lights• But the conditions of horticultural lighting are intense
• UL establishing a safety certification category for Horticultural Luminaires• Will use Collaborative Standards Development and work with industry to develop
appropriate requirements
• Many safety questions:• Photobiological hazards – UV and Blue Light
• Moisture considerations
• Mounting and moving lighting
StandardsSummary:
• Few standards currently exist
• Attention from new LED products driving development
• Will see more standards coming up in the future• Test methods are often precursors the standards
Program and Legislative InterestPrograms… Utilities… Etc…
• Regulation: DOE and California• Lamps are most often legislated
• Exemptions in place for most sources for plant lighting
• Ballast legislation may impact new Metal Halide and Linear Fluorescent fixtures
• EPA’s ENERGY STAR• Investigated, no action has been taken
• Unlikely to pursue, as lighting has been focused on residential
Program and Legislative InterestPrograms… Utilities… Etc…
• DesignLights Consortium• Expressed interest in 2015 DLC Meeting, but no mention in 2016
• DLC is involved in the ASABE effort
• Action likely when standards and test methods completed
• Electrical Utilities• Sharp increase in energy use in certain states
• Individual utilities may issue custom rebates before DLC• Example: Xcel Energy incentivized a program in Colorado this summer
Overall Summary:• Metrics are being solidified to make sure everyone is speaking the
same language
• Current Test Methods need adjustment to measure horticultural lighting with the appropriate metrics
• Standards are few and far between, but will come to bring performance, consistency and better safety
• Programs and Utilities are interested… but may need metrics, test methods, and standards before widespread adoption
Thank you!!Questions, comments, complaints?
Austin A. Gelder
770-419-9249 Office
The New World of Spectral
ControlMeasurable Value for Your Customers
● Founded in 2006
● Headquarters in Göteborg, Sweden
● Research based product
development
Increased
Quality and
Product
Manipulation
Increased
Harvest RatesReduced
Energy Costs
Inducing Red
Foliage in
Lettuce at the
End of
Production
Effects of
Spectral
Control on
Faster
Biomass
Production
Daily Light
Integral (DLI)
Monitoring &
Adaptive
Output
Data
Collection and
Analysis
Opportunities
Monitoring
and Precision
Agriculture
Amerikanisher
BraunerGalliano
Increased
Quality and
Product
Manipulation
Increased
Harvest RatesReduced
Energy Costs
Inducing Red
Foliage in
Lettuce at the
End of
Production
Effects of
Spectral
Control on
Faster
Biomass
Production
Daily Light
Integral (DLI)
Monitoring &
Adaptive
Output
Data
Collection and
Analysis
Opportunities
Monitoring
and Precision
Agriculture
“Supplemental FR has shown to boost
photosynthetic rates beyond what
could be expected for an equal input
of PAR photons.”
Dr. Youbin Zheng & Dave Llewellyn
“We were getting roughly a week less
in our flowering time, because we
were able to mimic the sun more
naturally and speed up the whole
process.”
Kevin Biernacki
Increased
Quality and
Product
Manipulation
Increased
Harvest RatesReduced
Energy Costs
Inducing Red
Foliage in
Lettuce at the
End of
Production
Effects of
Spectral
Control on
Faster
Biomass
Production
Daily Light
Integral (DLI)
Monitoring &
Adaptive
Output
Data
Collection and
Analysis
Opportunities
Monitoring
and Precision
Agriculture
DLI Control
Increased
Quality and
Product
Manipulation
Increased
Harvest RatesReduced
Energy Costs
Inducing Red
Foliage in
Lettuce at the
End of
Production
Effects of
Spectral
Control on
Faster
Biomass
Production
Daily Light
Integral (DLI)
Monitoring &
Adaptive
Output
Data
Collection and
Analysis
Opportunities
Monitoring
and Precision
Agriculture
Our vision is to create a
complete system including
biofeedback where the plants
are in essence controlling the
light system. This is based on
decades of research in plant
fluorescence and biofeedback
and protected by our patent
portfolio.
Thank you!
Karin DankisProduct Manager
Heliospectra [email protected]
+4670 66 90 03
www.heliospectra.com
ROBERT COLANGELO,
FOUNDING FARMER/CEO
GREEN SENSE FARMS
Stations
NPR 89.1 FM Merrillville, IN
WBBM 780 AM, Chicago, IL
WBBM 105.9 FM, Chicago, IL
WRCK 107.3 FM, Utica, NY
NY WUSP 95.5 FM, Utica, NY
KZLA- 98.3 FM, Riverdale, CA
WHPP -106.3 FM, Columbia City, IN
WJFX - 107.9 FM, Fort Wayne, IN
KQSP- 1530 AM, Minneapolis, MN
WKTA - 1330 AM, Evanston, IL
WEEF - 1430 AM, Evanston, IL
Disney Radio Channel StationsRadio Disney Atlanta – WDWD (AM) 590
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Radio Disney St. Louis – WSDZ (AM) 1260
Radio Disney Tampa - WWMI (AM) 1380
Nationally Syndicated 37 Stations Coast to Coast
Podcast available
Sustainable Innovations
SUST S360: The Art of Sustainability
Green Sense Farm is the leader in indoor vertical farming and implements sustainable farming practices
XPRIZE I Prize Sustainability. What Do You Prize? www.xprize.org
Artist, Stephanie Crowley, Chrysalis Studios Inc.
Water, energy, transportation are inextricably linked to food production. New farming methods will be needed to feed a growing global population that use less water, energy and land.
Consumers are demanding fresh, locally grown, high quality produce, free of chemicals.
Retailers have recognized this trend and seek local growers that can provide produce, year-round, regardless of climate and weather conditions.
There is a shortage of growers who can produce a consistent, predictable, year-round supply of fresh vegetables, pesticide, herbicide and GMO free in a small footprint.
◦ Buyers
◦ Grocery stores, produce companies, restaurants, institutional users, food processors
◦ Growers
◦ Commercial growers, small farms/freight farms, research facilities, hobbyists
◦ Vendors & Consultants
◦ Equipment, LED lights, fertilizers, substrate, packaging…
◦ Publications, Associations & Academia
The Emerging IVF Market: The Beginning of the Beginning!
Types of Indoor Vertical FarmersLife Style Change
Grower Oriented
Business Oriented
Multidisciplinary Team◦ Strong Business Skills
◦ Strong Finance and Capital markets
◦ Strong Horticultural and Growing Experience
◦ Produce Experience
◦ Marketing, Sales and Packaging
New Model: Farm technology by crop type!
Field Farming – wheat, corn, soybeans…
Greenhouses – tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers…
Indoor Vertical Farms – leafy greens, lettuces, herbs, plant protein…
Market Drivers
◦ Large, dense population centers
◦ Cold climates with short growing seasons
◦ Areas where food is transported long distances
◦ Resource constrained markets
“We didn’t create farming. We made farming better.”
To profitably and sustainably grow the best leafy greens in a controlled indoor environment.
Thomson Reuters report on feeding a global population www.9billionbowls.com
Current Food Distribution Model
10/17/2016 CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
Days1 2 3 4 5 6
Farm
Table
Green Sense Farms Disruptive Model
10/17/2016 CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
Hours1 6 12 18 24
Farm
Table
China Expansion PlansChina 1.4 Billion People
48 million people within 50 Miles of the Farm
iD Town Shenzhen, China
ChallengeFunding at Agricultural colleges is dominated by big agribusiness. A majority of the research and educational programs are targeted to big corn and cattle leaving little resource for alternative farming.
Alternative sustainable farming practices are emerging to grow fruits and vegetables in controlled indoor environments (greenhouse, hot houses, indoor vertical farms…).
They receive limited resources and there is a shortage of alternative farming research facilities and experienced teachers to train the new modern farmer.
With increasing costs of college more students either cannot afford to attend college, or graduate with crippling debt.
Enrollment at agricultural colleges is declining. Traditional farming is perceived to negatively impact the environment and generate jobs that are hard work, long hours and low pay.
there is a rising global population, with more mouths to feed and a shortage of job ready graduates to work in the agriculture and food service industry.
10/17/2016
Green Sense Farms-Ivy Tech CollegeFarm-Tech Hands on Training Center
“Earn to Learn” Program
Limiting factor to expansion is trained people
Consideration for buying LED lightsPrice ($/µ Mol/Joule)
◦ PAR
◦ Light spectrum
Ease of Installation◦ Hanging/Connecting/Wiring
Approval (UL, CE, CCC)◦ Waterproof
Warranty◦ Length
◦ Company creditworthiness
The FutureCo-location of IVF with Greenhouses and Field Farms
LED lights/Seeds
Superfoods/Juices
Biopharmaceuticals
Online Public Offering https://www.startengine.com/startup/green-sense-farms-llc
Thank You When You're Green, Your Grow!
Robert Colangelo, Founding Farmer/CEOGreen Sense Farms, LLC
6525 Daniel Burnham Dr., Suite BPortage, IN 46368
T 219.762.9990C 312 493-1470
• Steve Edwards, founder of PhytoLux Ltd
• UK LED Plant growth lighting company
• Established 2011
• 5 years research and development with commercial sales success in UK
• Over 70 UK sites using PhytoLux solution
• Established strong network of knowledge transfer between clients
• Primary product range designed for glasshouse supplementary top light replacement to HPS
• Signed a licensing agreement with Plessey Semiconductors Ltd in April 2016
Introduction
Technological Advantages are well known
Zero Maintenance
What can LED achieve?
Market Applications?
There is more to consider ….Capital Cost
Technical Solution
Environmental
Controls
Business Impact
Commercial
Viability
But it’s not just about light …..
Capital Cost
Technical Solution
Attis-7 HB600W HPS Attis-7 HR
Light does matter ….
600W HPS Attis-7 HB Attis-7 HR
Commercial turnip trial …
Balanced Crop
CO2
Nutrient
Light
Temp
Water
Environmental
Controls
Business Impact
Commercial
Viability
• UK Strawberry Trial
• Variety = Sonata
• Quantity Attis-7 Units = 1 per 55 ft²
• Light level =70 PPFD
• Spectrum = high red spectrum with extra far red bulbs for night break lighting.
• Day temp 59°f degrees, venting at 61°f degrees Night temp 45°f degrees, venting at 46°f
• Lighting period 12 hours per day
Commercial strawberry trial ….
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£1.00
£2.00
£3.00
£4.00
£5.00
£6.00
£7.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10/6/2015 11/6/2015 12/6/2015 1/6/2016 2/6/2016
Yield kg
Control
Lit #1
Lit #2
Return per kg
Commercial strawberry trial ….
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£1,000.00
£1,500.00
£2,000.00
£2,500.00
10/6/2015 11/6/2015 12/6/2015 1/6/2016 2/6/2016
Cumulative Net Return
Control
Lit #1
Lit #2
Return per kg
+22%
+60%
Commercial strawberry trial (100 m²) ….
Light is important for plant growth but its not just about light when considering an LED solution….
Capital Cost
Technical Solution
Environmental
Controls
Business Impact
Commercial
Viability
Conclusion
LEDs in Horticulture- The Current Reality
Presented by:
Eric Moody
- Market Potential
- History of LEDs in Horticulture
- Advantages of LEDs
- Disadvantages of LED
- Typical Applications
- What’s next?
AGENDA:
• Horticulture LED market is growing RAPIDLY.
• Almost $600 million in LED sales in 2015 worldwide
• Predicted to be almost $2 billion by 2020
• Seeing a rise of almost 30% YOY
• Commercial greenhouses will be the largest market
• Indoor and Vertical Farming will have the biggest gains
Innovation Timeline: Large-Scale Horticultural LED Applications
• 2008: LED Tissue culture mainly with red and blue LEDs(eff. 1.0 µmol/J)
• 2010: LED Research applications with red blue and farred LEDs(eff. 1.3 µmol/J)
• 2011: Introduction LED bar shape modules with standard light recipes(eff. 1.6 µmol/J)
• 2012: Introduction of light recipes with white LEDs added for Multi layer and research applications
• 2013: Introduction of LED Interlighting for high wire crops
• 2014: Introduction of LED Toplighting(eff. 2.1 µmol/J)
• 2016: Significant Improvements in Efficiencies(eff. Up to 2.7 µmol/J in Toplighting)
- Energy Savings
- Optical Design Freedom
- Spectral Tuning
- Heat Management
- Long Life, Low Maintenance
Advantages of LEDs in Horticultural Applications:
Spectral Tuning & Photosynthesis
RB (LB)
RB (MB)
RB (HB)
RW (LB)
RWFR (MB)
Full Spectrum
RBFR (MB)
RBFR (HBFR)
• High capital expenditure + other related incremental costs
• Lack of Quality Standards
• Optimal light recipes for specific crops & varietals still largely unproven
Disadvantages of LEDs in Horticultural Applications:
1000w HPS DE Fixture w/ 2100 umol output at $550 = $0.26/umol
215w LED Top Light w/ 550 umol output at $420 = $1.31/umol
320w LED Top Light w/ 860 umol output at $950 = $1.10/umol
LED Toplight is currently 4-5X cost of HPS
Cost of Ownership Comparison – LED vs. HPS:
Typical Applications
Growing without DAYLIGHT1. Tissue culture2. Seed germination3. Young plant production4. Vernilization of young plants5. Production of leafy and micro greens6. Research applications7. Bulbous plants
Growing with DAYLIGHT1. Lettuce, leafy and micro greens2. Young plant production3. Tree nurseries, rooting of cuttings4. Bulbous plants5. Cut flowers6. Potted plants7. High wire crops8. Influencing morphogenic plant development
(steering light)9. Football pitch lighting
Some of the oldest uses of LED in Horticulture:
- Vertical Farming- Propagation- Tissue Culture- Seed Germination
Replaces fluorescent, HPS and MH
Multi-Layer Applications
Advantages over traditional technologies:- Enables vertical production on a small footprint- Countless color spectral available- Low energy consumption
Hurdles:- Cost vs. traditional (but decreasing rapidly)- LED is very directional and covers small footprint
Multi-Layer Applications
• The future is now! Micro Greens, Vertical Harvests, etc. are currently using LEDs and the market is growing rapidly!
• Demand to localize produce has pushed this market forward.
• MultiLEDs are now available in low and high outputs making them ideal for anything from tissue culture to growing micro and leafy greens.
Multi-Layer: Current vs. Future
Traditional Horticultural Top Lighting Technologies:
1000w Agro HPS: 1850 umols = 1.85 umol/j
1000w DE HPS: 2100 umols = 2.1 umol/j
1000w MH: 1350 umols = 1.35 umol/j
Leading Horti LED Manufacutrers are now surpassing the 1.9 – 2.2 umol/j which was the benchmark just 2-3 yrs ago
Some are now hitting 2.5 (Phillips) – 2.7 (PL Light) umol/j
PL Light: 320 w @ 860umol output (2.688 umol/j)Philips: 215 w @ 550 umol output (2.558 umol/j)
Top Lighting Applications
Positives:
• Now more efficient than HPS
• Lifetime of fixtures
• Color Spectrum Choices
• Temperature (Can be closer to crop and doesn’t require the cooling like HPS)
Top Lighting Applications
Hurdles:
Cost, Cost, Cost
1000w HPS DE Fixture w/ 2100 umol output at $550 = $0.26/umol
320w LED Top Light w/ 860 umol output at $950 = $1.10/umol
LED Toplight is currently 4-5X cost of HPS
Top Lighting Applications
Current:
• In new construction with high power rates (CA, AK, HI, ME, MA, etc.)
• Where there is not enough total service amps on site
• Mix Spectrum – Using HPS/LED mix for enhanced spectrum
• Power Co. rebates/grants for LED
Future:
• Costs will continue to decline as efficiencies rise
• Cannabis legalization pushing the technology further due to such high light level crops and indoor grows
Top Lighting: Current vs. Future
• Can be placed close to canopy without burning leaves.
• Increased yield and quality for high-wire crops
• Hybrid System = flexibility and optimum lighting control throughout growing season.
Inter Lighting Applications
Current:
• High-wire crops like tomatoes & cucumbers
Future:
• Costs will continue to decline as efficiencies rise
• Potential adoption for indoor cultivation of cannabis plants
Inter Lighting: Current vs. Future
• Establish Industry Standards
• Define Optimal Light Recipes for optimal plant growth, fruit yield and quality for specific crops and varietals.
• Cost efficiencies to reduce capital costs
Where to Next for LEDs in Horticulture?
Questions?
Eric Moody
Lighting Solutions Specialist
T: 1.800.263.0213
C: 514.490.6421
The Future of Horticultural LED Lighting
Melanie YeltonVP of Research and Development
LumiGrow, Inc.
• Influence plant characteristics, nutrition, and flavor
• Fight disease and create a sustainable alternative to PGRs
• Boost plant quality, yield, and benefit production
Commercial <-> Research
Partnerships
VS
Pocock, T. 2015. Light-emitting Diodes and the Modulation of Specialty Crops: Light Sensing and Signaling Networks in Plants. HortScience September 50:9.
• PSN
• Pigments
• Phototropism
• Development
• Plant Growth
• Plant Protection
Plants Respond To Light, It’s In Their Genes!
400 – 520 NanometersHigh absorption by chlorophyll and
carotenoids, big influence on photosynthesis
610 – 750 NanometersHigh absorption by chlorophyll, big influence on
photosynthesis and photoperiodism, blocking may slow stretch
Approach to Research
Approach to Research
Rose Trials
Other Floriculture Trials In Partnership with
• Longer Shelf Life
• Disease Prevention
• Benefits for Color
• Longer Production
• Benefits for Flowering
• Change in Morphology
Plants Grown Under LEDSpectrum Trials Experienced
Research Done In Partnership with
Research For Commercial Greens
Research Done In Partnership with
• Changes in flavor profile (sweetness, peppery)
• Nutritional Benefits
• Richer Color (more commercial appeal)
Lettuce and Basil Grown Under LED Experienced
Research For Commercial Crops
Tomato Grafting Under LED• More compactness
• Greater uniformity
• Possible increase in root mass
• Possible reduction in healing time
Research Done In Partnership with
• Increase of terpenes in some strains
• Effects on cannabinoids
• Increased CBD content
• Effects on aroma and flavor
Research For Cannabis
Cannabis Grown Under LED(as a result of production blue light treatment)
• Positive effects of blue light treatment
• Increase of terpenes in some strains
• Effects on cannabinoids
• Increased CBD content
• Effects on aroma and flavor
Research Summary
Cannabis Research
• More compactness
• Greater uniformity
• Possible increase in root mass
• Possible reduction in healing time
Tomato Grafting
• Changes in flavor profile (sweetness, peppery)
• Nutritional Benefits
• Richer Color (more commercial appeal)
Lettuce and Basil Research
• Longer Shelf Life
• Disease Prevention
• Benefits for Color
• More Compact
• Control Flowering
• Longer Production
Floriculture Research
Utilizing Technology for Dynamic Spectrum Research
The Future of Horticultural LED
Technology can be used to implement dynamic light regiments for optimal plant growth
Spectrum Control
Red Light
Engine driving plant growth
Blue Light
Steering wheel directing growth
Precision Agriculture in a Controlled Environment
The Future of Horticultural LED
Precision Agriculture will be applied to controlled agriculture for precision growth and production.
Technology will begin to integrate for a more holistic and easier-to-use solution
Controlled Agriculture Will Be Integrated
LEDs for Horticulture LightingDrake Stalions – Senior Marketing & Business Development Manager
Kurt Liepmann – SSL Applications Engineer
LEDs for Horticulture Lighting
1. Why? 2. How?
LEDs for Horticulture Lighting
1. Why? 2. How?
Why use LEDs?
Increased crop yields
Faster or controlled growth/flowering
• CONTROL, CONTROL, CONTROL!
• Wavelength
• Spectrum
• Flux
• Photoperiod
Lower Costs• Reduced Power Consumption
• Long Lifetime
Better Space Utilization• Form Factor
• Reduction in radiated heat
Photo courtesy of Urban Harvest
BENEFITS RESULTS
LEDs come in different wavelengths
Blue• Dominant Wavelength –
450nm
• Chlorophyll a & b short wavelength peaks
Red• Peak Wavelength – 660nm
• Chlorophyll a & b long wavelength peaks
• Phytochrome Pr
Far Red• Peak Wavelength – 730nm
• Phytochrome Pfr
Greenish-White• Can fill in the rest of the
spectrum
• Possible human centric uses
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
300 400 500 600 700 800Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
e V
alu
e*
*Relative values are for each LED only
Plant Response Curves
Tunable Spectrum• Traditional light sources (HPS, MH, Fluorescent) only offer static
spectrum solutions.
1000W HPS SPD T5HO – Fluorescent SPD
Tunable Spectrum• LEDs allow you to custom tune the
spectrum to suit the plant’s needs
Example:
660 W
450 730
Percent of Radiometric Power
Blue400-499nm
Green500-599nm
Red600-699nm
Far Red700-799nm
Condition #1 30% 0% 60% 10%
Condition #2 10% 20% 65% 5%
Condition #1 SPD Condition #2 SPD*Each LED addressed independently
Tailored spectra for human needs• Applications in harvest lights,
residential/hospitality lighting, and retail environments
• Mix greenish-white LEDs and red (660nm) LEDs to create high CRI white light while targeting key photosynthetic wavelengths
100% Greenish-white25% 660nm
55% Greenish-white45% 660nm
25% Greenish-white75% 660nm
3600k/ 80 CRI
Long Operating Life• A major parameter in calculating ROI when deciding what type of
light technology to purchase is lifetime or how often you need to replace or service the fixture.
Average Life (hrs)
High Pressure Sodium 10K-24K
L70B50 (hrs)(Tj=120C, If=500mA)
High Power LEDs 100K
Time to failure
Time to when flux is
≤ 70%
of initial value
Small Form Factor• LED’s small form factor provides
a fixture manufacturer a degree of design freedom that they didn’t have before. This enables:• Inter-lighting applications
• Vertical farming applications
• Use of secondary optics
• Unique population patterns Photo Courtesy of Netled Oy
Reduced Radiated Heat• 1000W HPS grow lamp vs a 400W LED grow lamp at equal distance
400W LED Light
Max LED Max HPS
Fixture 75°C 84°C
Floor 31°C 63°C
Diff 44°C 21°C
1000W HPS Light
LEDs for Horticulture Lighting
Why? How?
Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures
System Optical Thermal Electrical
Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures
System
Photon Flux• Selecting the right LEDs requires not only understanding what
wavelengths/spectra is needed but also the intensity
• LEDs are measured in Luminous Flux (lm) or Radiant Power (mW), a conversion will be needed in order to calculate Photon Flux (PPF) in µmol/s
Optical Power
• W or J/s
Photon Flux
• µmol/s?
SPD S(λ) Photon Energy per Wavelength
PAR
(for PPF only)
Photon Flux Curve
Convert Optical Power to Photon Flux
hcE
=
#
2
1
hc
dS
s
photons
Divide by Avogadro's number (6.022x1023 photons = 1 mol) to convert to mol or μmol
LED Degradation• Blue LEDs (InGaN) and Red LEDs (AlInGaP) have different degradation
over lifetime characteristics
• LED manufactures can provide LM-80 data to help understand these lifetime characteristics
• Poor thermal management/electrical design can lead to uneven degradation• Altered SPD or Blue:Red ratio
• Change/reduction in crop yield
Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures
Optical
Optical Considerations:• Homogeneous lighting is critical for even crop growth
• LED spacing/mixing or use of primary/secondary optics may be critical depending on the application type
LED Characteristics• LEDs are directional light sources
and w/o primary optics are basically Lambertian emitters.• FWHM = 120deg
• Some LEDs on the market with primary optic (dome) can range from 80deg to 150deg beam angles
Optics• Using LEDs with primary optics
and/or adding secondary optics allows you to shape the beam pattern• Eliminates wasted photons in
areas void of plants (aisles/walkways/walls)
• Use of a secondary optic will result in loss of photon flux• Typ losses ~10-15%
Bare LED
LED w/ different secondary optic
Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures
Thermal
Thermal Considerations:• Unlike traditional lighting sources, LEDs don’t radiate heat, they
instead generate heat internally and it must be sufficiently extracted
• Proper thermal management is critical to meeting performance targets as well as achieving long lifetime
LED Characteristics Affected by TemperatureForward Voltage Relative Intensity Wavelength
*Different LEDs (wavelength/package/mfg) will have different characteristic curves
Thermal Management:• As a rule, the thermal
management of an LED system can be broken down into three system levels:
1. LED
2. PCB
3. Cooling System
Thermal Management: LED• At LED level, thermal management is
generally predefined by the component manufacturer and is determined by the design of the LED
• LED data sheets will list the junction-solder point thermal resistance Rth JS • C/W or K/W
• Knowledge of the heat path of the LED is important for the thermal design of the PCB and system.
Lead-Frame
Ceramic
Thermal Management: PCB• Once the heat from the LED housing
reaches the PCB, the PCB must ensure the transmission of heat from then on.
• Basic Considerations:• Amount of thermal power• LED pitch• PCB Substrate Material
• FR-4 vs MCPCB• What mechanisms are used to cool the
system?• How should the heat be transmitted to
the heat sinks if present?
Thermal Management: PCB Simulation
Effect of substrate typeEffect of copper pad size
16mm2 Pads4mm2 Pads FR-4 MCPCB
Thermal Management: Cooling System• The cooling system is generally the end of the heat path. From this point
the generated heat can only be dissipated via convection or radiation.
• Common Methods:• Passive – heatsink/metal housing• Active – heatsink + fan
• Thermal Interface Material (TIM) needed to enhance the thermal coupling between PCB and Heatsink• Grease• Pad
Considerations for Designing LEDs into Horticulture Fixtures
Electrical
Electrical Considerations:• Unlike traditional light sources, LEDs are current driven devices
• Voltage and thus power, are functions of the amount of current sourced• Blue LED ≈ 3V
• Red LED ≈ 2V
• Proper driving is critical to meeting performance targets and lifetime
LED Characteristics Affected by Drive CurrentForward Voltage Relative Intensity Dominant Wavelength
*Different LEDs (wavelength/package/mfg) will have different characteristic curves
Power Supplies• Converts AC line voltage to DC
voltage for LEDs
• May be constant current or constant voltage• Max output voltage must exceed LED
Vf• Constant voltage supplies will require
on-board electronics to regulate LED current
• Single channel vs multi-channel
• Controls inputs optional
In Summary
LEDs offer several benefits for horticulture lighting applications that can increase crop yields and lower energy costs
Several considerations must be taken into account when designing for LEDs to ensure proper performance and lifetime.
Thank You!
Looking Forward: Contemplating the Other Benefits
that LEDs Can Bring to HorticultureJaimin S. Patel, Ph.D. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
David Gadoury, Ph.D. Cornell University, Geneva, NY
Mark S. Rea, Ph.D. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
David Gadoury
Tyler McCann
Lance Cadle-Davidson
Lori Brock
Keith Cordero
Claus Holger
Jaimin Patel
Mark Rea
Mariana Figueiro
Natalia Peres
Arne Stensvand
Aruppillai Suthaparan
Funding
National Research Council of Norway
North American Strawberry Grower’s Association
USDA Crops at Risk Competitive Grants Program
USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative
USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative
Lighting for plants in the 20th century• Primary uses
• Growth: Fill in for daily light integral or extend daylight
• Flowering: Photoperiod control
3
• Technologies• Daylight
• HPS, MH and maybe fluorescent
• Degrees of freedom• Amount (wattage, raise or lower mounting height)
• On/off (photoperiod)
• Plus• Pesticides
4
Lighting for plants in the 20th century
• Technologies• Solid-state lighting
• LEDs, light-emitting diodes
• Greater control over• Spectrum
• ~365 nm to ~800 nm• Temporal
• Duration on/off • Frequency • Phase
• Amount • Dimming
• Spatial distribution• Uniformity
5
470 nm LEDs 660 nm LEDs
625 nm LEDs 470 nm + 660
nm LEDs
HPS LED
Lighting for plants in the 21st century
• Primary uses• Growth and flowering
at lower energy
• Greater nutrition, flavor, shape
6
Lighting for plants in the 21st century
Diseases challenge crop production and food security• Greenhouses and high tunnel systems are extremely
favorable for epidemics of powdery mildews and other common diseases
• Diseases destroy crops. Losses are focal, shocking, and often catastrophic to individual growers or operations.
Grape Powdery Mildew
Hop Powdery Mildew
Poinsettia Powdery Mildew
Strawberry Gray Mold
Cucumber Powdery Mildew
Potato Late Blight
Basil Downy Mildew
Dark Light
Control of plant diseases• Fungicides
Concern: - Develops fungicide resistance in pathogen
- Leaves pesticide residues in our crop produce
• Illumination of plants could be a potential alternativeNew technology
Benefits: 1. Healthy production without pesticide residues
2. Can induce plant growth in addition to disease control
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Basil Downy Mildew
How plant pathogens are affected by light
9
Pow
der
y M
ildew
Fungal Growth Stages
Light Factors
Presence/Absence of Light
ApplicationTime
Duration ofLights On
Diurnal Rhythms
LightSpectrum
LightAmount
Mixture ofLight Spectrum
Mycelia x xSporangiophores/
Conidiophores
Spores
SporeRelease
SporeGermination
Strawberry
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Suthaparan et al, 2016. Plant Dis. 100: 1643-1650
UV-B suppresses strawberry powdery mildew
11
Pow
der
y M
ildew
Fungal Growth Stages
Light Factors
Presence/Absence of
Light
ApplicationTime
Duration ofLights On
Diurnal Rhythms
LightSpectrum
LightAmount
Mixture ofLight
Spectrum
Mycelia x x xSporangiophores/
Conidiophores
Spores x x xSpore
Release
SporeGermination x x
Cucumber
How plant pathogens are affected by light
Red light controls cucumber powdery mildew
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Adapted fromSuthaparan et al. 2014.
Plant Disease 98: 1349-1357
Disease development influenced by light conditions
Pow
der
y M
ildew
Disease development influenced by light conditions
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Pow
der
y M
ildew
Do
wn
y M
ildew
Can knowledge of light effects change how we control plant diseases?S
po
res
rele
ased
(%
)
Gadoury et al. 1998. Phytopathology 98: 902-909
This is now a part of disease management programs worldwide, saving millions of $ every year.
Plant pathogens influenced by light conditions
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Do
wn
y M
ildew
Growth Stages
Light Factors
Presence/Absence of Light
ApplicationTime
Duration ofLights On
Diurnal Rhythms
LightSpectrum
LightAmount
Mixture ofLight Spectrum
Mycelia
Sporangiophores/Conidiophores x x x
Spores x x xSpore
Release
SporeGermination
Basil
Wavelength: 625 nm
Intensity: 12 µmol.m-2.s-1
Duration of red light: 12 h during night
Red light suppresses basil downy mildew
Red light suppresses basil downy mildew
Dark Red-light exposed
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
6 8 10
Spo
ran
gia
cou
nt/
ml
Days after inoculation
DarkRed light
0
20
40
60
80
6 8 10 12
Dis
eas
e s
eve
rity
(%
)
Days after inoculation
DarkRed lights
Effect of light amount on sporulation of basil downy mildew pathogen
19
0 21 37 86
Light intensity (µmol.m-2.s-1)
• Plant diseases will be a part of the controlled environment
• Lighting can be an organic alternative to pesticides
• A consortium for research and development is the best model to capitalize on this opportunity
• We seek partnerships through development of a consortium to develop and exploit new knowledge and lighting technologies to suppress plant diseases and promote plant health
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www.lrc.rpi.edu