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urban design
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URBAN DESIGN IV
Lecture 2: Introduction to Urban Design
Lawrence Ogunsanya
lawrencesanya@yahoo.com
ogunsanya@ukzn.ac.za
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mailto:lawrencesanya@yahoo.commailto:ogunsanya@ukzn.ac.zaINTRODUCTION: Definition
Definition of Urban Design:
that part of town planning or architecture that determines the order and form of the city with special emphasis on aesthetics (Frederick Gutheim, 1963).
the complex inter-relationship between all the elements of the built and unbuilt space in towns and cities (Creed & Roberts, 1998)
(SA Urban Design Charter what differentiates place from space?
The complex relationships between all the elements of built and unbuilt space
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Definition of Urban Design:
Combination of tailored processes and creative responses aimed at enhancing the general appeal and functioning of urban areas (ibid)
cities by people for people
The process of giving physical design direction to urban growth, conservation, and change
The architecture of public space
INTRODUCTION: Definition
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Interdisciplinary nature of urban design
Urban Design integrates the processes and expertise of many related disciplines including art, architecture, landscaping, the social sciences, economics, planning, engineering, law and transport.
Notwithstanding, successful designs are actually determined by the public at-large rather than academia!. Below: Urban design works originating from engineering, architectural studies, and landscape science
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/My Documents/CDK/Lectures/Urban design/0069.jpgUrban Planning - Urban Design - Architecture Axis
The relationship is historical: In the 1960s, planning and architecture were split (Gosling & maitland, 1984:7)
Planning concentrated on land use patterns and socio-economic issues (macro)
Architecture concentrated on the design of buildings (micro)
There emerged a responsibility gap where design of public space was concerned
Urban design came in to bridge this gap, Urban design is generally considered neither a profession nor a discipline.
What is the difference between an urban designer and
urban/town planner, or between an urban designer
and an architect?
An urban planner was some one who was primarily
concerned with the allocation of resources according to
projections of future need.
Planners tend to regard land use as a distribution of
resources problem, parcelling out land, for zoning
purposes, without much knowledge of its three-
dimensional characteristics, or the nature of the building
that may be placed on it in the future.
The result is that most zoning ordinances and official land
use plans produce stereotyped and unimaginative
buildings.
Urban Planning - Urban Design - Architecture Axis
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Urban Planning - Urban Design - Architecture Axis
Urban Planning - Urban Design - Architecture Axis
Architect, on the other hand, designs buildings. A good
architect will do all he can to relate the building he is
designing to its surroundings, but he has no control
over what happens off the property he has been hired
to considered.
Some one is needed to design the city, not just the
buildings. Therefore, there was a need for someone
who could be called an urban designer."
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The basis for a framework defining urban design can
be grouped under six main headings:
1. Historic preservation and urban conservation
2. Design for pedestrians
3. Vitality and variety of use
4. The cultural environment
5. Environmental context
6. Architectural values
Urban design: Grouped Definition
Why is Urban Design Needed?
physical needs of citizens; safety, security and protection; an environment free of pollution, noise, accidents, and crime;
a conducive social environment ..a sense of community; an appropriate image and prestige; creativity and self-expression in neighbourhoods; aesthetically pleasantness as a place of culture and a work of art.
disadvantages: containment of size & population; the obligation to travel; social stratification.
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Rationale for Urban Design Any part of the city has a form and the assemblage of such parts generates a unique urban form and structure Any part of a city is designable, and so is the assemblage of these parts to form streets, squares, urban fabric, munuments, skylines e.t.c
Even the incremental town forms evolve on the basis of commonly understood and accepted
Today, many non-local forces are shaping the city; thus rules and patterns need to be introduced in the form of development and design frameworks founded on a
e.t.c so as to safeguard its identity.
Criteria for Urban Design: What may dictate an urban design undertaking?
Appeal
Function
Quality of urban areas; (ambience)
Community well-being: Vitality; safety;
Environmental stress: (human activity, pollution, natural disasters) Identity: (heritage, community, movement) Diversity: (multiplicity, integration,variety) Legibility: (recognition, iconize, landmark) Meaning/communication: (signage, information) Development: (growth, urbanization, infrastructure) Regeneration: (Renewal, upgrades, transformation) Constraints: (crime, chaos, sprawl, conflict)
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Role of urban design
1. Description: character of place
2. Imagination/Clarification
The use of imagery/iconic
design, different materials
and fabrics for different
circulation areas, use of
pedestrian/street furniture,
and signage.
3. Negotiation: among conflicting interests; space contestation
4. Visualization: scenarios-building; simulation; foresight
5. Correction/ reconstruction: defects/malfunctions; destruction (hazards: fires, earthquakes, flooding, tsunamis, hurricanes,
erosion,/landslides, glaciers e.t.c
6. Mitigation: e.g disaster preparedness, crime prevention
Recommended