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8/3/2019 Lecture #1 - Mechanical Drawing Introduction
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ME231 Lecture Topics
Overview of prerequisite course
ISO Projections, standards, orthogonal and auxiliary projections
Screws, keys, pins, rivets and other types of connections
Sectioning
Dimensional Tolerences and ISO Fits Midterm Exams
Surface Quality
Geometric Tolerances Gears, Bearings, Steel Structures, Piping, Electrical and
Welding Symbols
General Review
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Technical Drawing Review
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Perspective projection Linear perspective
One-point perspective Two-point perspective Three-point perspective Zero-point perspective
Curvilinear perspective
Reverse perspective
Types of Projection
Parallel projection Orthographic projection
Multiviews Plan, or floor plan
Section Elevation Auxiliary
Axonometric projection (i.e. pictorials) Isometric projection Dimetric projection
Trimetric projection Oblique projection
Cavalier projection Cabinet projection
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Perspective and Parallel
Projections
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Parallel vs. Perspective Projection
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One Point Perspective Projection
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Two Point Perspective Projection
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Three Point Perspective Projection
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Dimetric and Trimetric
Parallel Projections
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Dimetric,
Trimetricand Isometric
Parallel Projections
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Oblique Projections
Drawn in arbitrary angle
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Cavalier Projection
Depth is unscaled
Usually drawn at 30
or 45
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Cabinet Projection
Depth is scaled
to (or to 2/3
wrt the angle)
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Orthographic Projection Types
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
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Orthographic Projection Types
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Auxilary Projection
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Auxilary Projection
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Auxilary Projection
Removed Relations
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Technical Drawing Review
A technical drawing must be brief, clean and
aesthetic, providing only the necessary and
sufficient information.Redundant information shall not be allowed
(such like repeating dimensions)
Only required number of projections shall beincluded (or as much as sufficient)
Steel plates may be defined by thickness=..mm
Symmetrical parts may be defined with one half only
Shafts may be shortened or defined by multi-sections
Bolts & Nuts and similar standard machine parts maybe symbolically identified, etc
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Standard Line Types, Scales and
Representations must be used.Standard Scales :
50 20 10 5 2 1 1/2 1/5 1/10
1/20 1/50 1/100
1/200 1/500 1/1000
1/2,000 1/5,000 1/10,000
Projection types must be paid high attention
(ISO-A = 3rdAngle / ISO-E = 1stAngle)
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Linetypes and Lineweights
0.5 mm
0.2 mm
0.35 mm
0.2 mm
0.2 mm
0.5 mm
0.5 mm
0.2 mm
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L
inetyp
esan
dLine
weigh
ts
Det
ailed
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L
inetypesw
ithEx
amples
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Dimensioning Includes :
Dimensions (Linear, Aligned, Radial, Angular, etc.)
Tolerances (Perpendicularity, Flatness, Concentricity, etc.)
Surface Quality Symbols (Surface Tolerancing,Welding, Hardening, etc.)
Done For :1) Manufacturing (CNC or worker terminology)
2) Functioning (Assembly & Mechanism)
3) Control (Quality Control)
Dimensioning must be done very clean and perceptible,allowing no confusion over values, references and mainbody of drawing.
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Reminders :
A dimension is never written upside down
All co-oriented dimensions must face same side
Line Types must be strictly utilized !
Dim lines shall preferably do not intersect eachother, or the dim values, or the drawing itself
When axis of symmetry is used, the symmetric
dimensions are not repeated
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Basic Dimensioning Errors
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Reminders
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Examples of Mechanical Drawing
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How many views are necessary?
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Answer 1 ?
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Answer 2 ?
Thickness = 0.500
Advices on Technical Drawing
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Advices on Technical Drawing
1.All CAPS!2.All Decimals3.Select a front view that best describes the part4.Remove hidden lines unless absolutely necessary to describe the shape of the object5.Consider datumsand dimensioning scheme based on
1.Feature relationship
2.Manufacturability and inspection3.Reduce math for machinist
6.Do not duplicate dimensions, use reference dims if necessary to duplicate7.Do not dimension to hidden lines8.Place dims between views if possible
9.No dims on body of part. Offset .38inch from object outline10.Place all dims for same feature in one view if possible11.Dim lines cannot cross dim lines12.Dim lines should not cross extension lines13.Extension lines can cross extension lines14.Use center marks in view(s) only where feature is dimensioned15.Use centerlines and center marks in views only if feature is being dimensioned or
referenced otherwise omit.16.When multiples of the same feature exists in a view, dimension only one of the features
and lablethe dim as NumberXDIM meaning that the feature exists in thatviewNumbertimes. For example, 4X .250implies that in the view, there exists 4 likedimensions for the dimensioned feature
17.Minimize use of centerlines between holes etc, they add little value and clutter theobject being drawn.
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Calipers (Kumpaslar)
Mi (Mik l )
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Micrometers (Mikrometreler)
M f i Hi
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Manufacturing History
~1850 - Interchangable Parts- Drawing Conventions / Tolerances / Modern
Machine Development
~1900 - Standardized Work (Working Cond.,Tools, Equip,Technical Proceedings, Administrative Proceedings, Workplace, Motion Sequencing,Materials, Quality Reqs)
- Time Study
- Worker / Management Dichotomy
- Process Charts
- Motion Study
~1917 - Assembly Lines- Flow Lines (Async, Sync, Cont.)
- Manufacturing Strategy
M f t i Hi t
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Manufacturing History
~1945 - SPC (Statistical Process Control)- TQM (Total Quality Management)
~1950 - 1990- Just-In-Time System
- TPS (Toyota Production System)- Stockless Production
- World Class Manufacturing
~1995 - Lean Manufacturing
M f t i Hi t
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Manufacturing History
The 7 Wastes (TIMWOOD)
1. Transportation2. Inventory
3. Motion
4. Waiting *5. Over-processing *
6. Over-production
7. Defects *
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Solid Modelling Major Types of Modelling
Customer Modelling Requirement Modelling
Analytic Modelling
Geometric Modelling
Functional Modelling
ProductModel
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Parametric Solid Modeling (PSM) Is a must for designing a new product or
improving one Done uzing expertized software like;
CATIA, UNIGRAPHICS, PROENGINEER,I-DEAS, INVENTOR, SOLIDWORKS etc.
Allows further analysis of models, as of
Thermal, Flow, Kinematic or Dynamicaspects.
Recommended