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Lecture 1: Introduction
AVIATION HISTORY
29-March-2010By Ms.Zuliana Ismail
Lesson Timeline AVH 1103 – Aviation History (Sem 3 March – Mei,
2010)
30 Credit hours per semesterClass Timetable: Monday 10.45- 13.00 a.m
Thursday 11.00 - 13.00 a.m
Class duration: 4hrs 15 minutes/per week Semester Timeline
Week 1-3: Lecture Week 4: Mid term test & public Speaking
Week 5-7: Lecture Week 8: Study Week Week 9: Final Exam
Results
Mid Term Test: 10%Public Speaking: 10%Assignment: 20%Final Exam: 60%Total: 100%
Standard Grading Scale for University/College
Mark Grade Grade Points
(80–100) A 4.00
(75-79) A- 3.67
(70-74) B+ 3.33
(65-69) B 3.00
(60-64) B- 2.67
(55-59) C+ 2.33
(50-54) C 2.00
(45-49) C- 1.67
(40-44) D 1.00
(0-39) F 0.00
GPA Calculation
Credit Hours Grade Grade Points
3 B (3.00) 9.00
3 B (3.00) 9.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00
References
Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through email)
Books AMC Text Book Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC
Library) Internet:Suggested Websites:http://www.century-of-flight.net/
http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/
7
INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION
What is Aviation ??
What is Aviation ??
By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers
to any vehicle capable of flight.
Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air
Aircraft can either be lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air.
Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships
Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.
Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)
Any craft which sustain their weight by displacing an equal weight of air. For example, balloons and airships. Their structure when filled with a sufficient
volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.
Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.
Heavier-Than-Air(HTA)
Relating to an aircraft heavier than the air it displaces.
An airplane is a heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by an engine and uses fixed wings to generate lift.
So, every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane!
Gliders are aircraft that are not airplanes. (glider, no engine)
The Space Shuttle is definitely an aircraft, but it is not an airplane. It does not carry engines for propulsion.
Helicopters are also aircraft that are not airplanes because their aerodynamic surfaces are not fixed - they rotate.
12
Aircraft vs. Airplane
Introduction
For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting
imagined how it must be to take to the air.
That dream and imagination is now reality.
In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth-covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international
airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?
Chapter 1The Early Attempts to Fly
First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.
Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully
Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. 17th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft
Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist First recorded scientific study of aeronautics Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical
flight Drew sketches and plans to construct flying
machines
First Attempts, 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect, painter…. In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of birds ..and then drawings
of flying machines with flapping wings. Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the
“Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.
Critical Thinking
However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T
FLY LIKE A BIRD ??
God’s Will
If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.
Human can’t fly like a bird because…..
Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight.
Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air.
Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.
Second Attempts at Flight
By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.
Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments
The first successful human flight1783: Montgolfier Brothers
Inventors of the first practical balloon
1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise
1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes
November 1783: first human flight.
However, balloon lack of directional control
Critical Thinking
HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??
Hot-Air Balloon
A hot-air balloon has 3 important parts:
the envelope the burner the gondola
How hot air balloon can rise into the sky
Air in the balloon is heated by gas burner to over 100°C.
As being heated, hot air in the balloon become less dense (lighter) than air surrounding the balloon.
Since the up thrust is larger than the weight of fabric, burner, crew and basket. Hence the balloon start rising.
When the height increases, density of air decreases. Thus the up thrust will decrease.
When up thrust equal to hot air balloon weight, hot air balloon will float in the atmosphere
http://science.howstuffworks.com/hot-air-balloon1.htm
Glider Flight
1800- 1896: Men try to invent GLIDER…
Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.
George Cayley’s First Successful Airplane (1804)
Had body, tail and wing Understood that lift results from pressure difference
across wing surfaces Had the idea to warp wings for roll control Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at
that time
Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)
Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights Control depended upon movements of his body.
To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.
Died in a glider accident in 1896
The Powered Flight1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine Grew up in the age of steam. They had
witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.
He designed his own steam engine for airplane.
After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.
1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a
steam powered model plane. First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his
plane to crash
Chapter 2 The First Man to Fly
1896-1903
31
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
(1899 - 1902) – Research on how things fly. literature search to find out the state of
aeronautical knowledge at their time read about the works of Cayley, and
Langley, and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal
studied the problems which had been encountered by previous flyers and they talked about possible solutions to the problems
32
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
(1901 - 1902) – Tested Theories 1901 - built a wind tunnel and developed
model-testing techniques including a balance accurately determine the lift and drag
They tested over two hundred different wings and airfoil models to improve the performance of their gliders.
Today, NASA engineers at Ames, Langley, and Glenn Research Centers use sophisticated models and wind tunnels to study a variety of problems associated with modern aircraft design
33
(1900 - 1902) – Developed the first flight control systems ideas for control were tested on a series
of unpowered between 1900 and 1902 – Kites to obtain aerodynamic performance
flying object had to be controlled about all three primary axes; roll, pitch, and yaw
Their aircraft were built with movable surfaces on the wing, elevator, and rudder
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
34
(1903 - 1920's) - Developed Propulsion Systems first to fly a self-propelled, heavier than
air machine The thin, high speed propellers which
they designed were based on wind tunnel tests and were unlike any other propellers being used at that time
Between 1903 and 1913 the engine power increased from 12 horsepower to nearly 75 horsepower
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
35
(December 17, 1903) - The First Flight
(1904 - 1907) - Flight Development continued to perfect their machine with a
series of aircraft built between 1903 and 1905. flight testing from Kitty Hawk to their home town of Dayton, Ohio
new, more powerful aircraft, they were able to stay aloft for up to a half hour, to fly figure eights, and to even take passengers up for a ride
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
Wright Bro. Solved 3 Problems
How to obtain Lift
How to Control
How to generate Thrust
Roll Around Longitudinal Axis
Pitch Around the Lateral Axis
Yaw Around the vertical Axis
1900: Test the Lift force
1901: Built the Hangar to store the aircraft
1901: Make 50 Glides, but unsatisfied Performance
1901: Wing design proved to be faulty
1901: Built a Wind TunnelTest 200 shape of airfoil
1902: Solve the control problem………
Move from 1902 Glider to the 1903 powered aircraft. Add a engine.
Breakthrough
December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the world's first successful powered, free, controlled, sustained flights in a heavier-than-air craft. Their first flight went 120 feet (37 meters) and lasted only about 12 seconds.
17th December 1903, finally successful
Heavier-Than-Air Definition
After 1903…….
The brother write to the war department to try and obtain a contract for a “practical flying machine” but are turned down.
They decide to halt flying operations until they get a contract and the patent rights.
They won’t be seen in the air again until 1907 but they continue to work on increasing the power of their engines.
1908…formed the Wright Company Finally in 1908 the War Department
signed a contract for a Wright Flyer, provided it could meet certain tests.
A month later a plan was instituted for the formation of a Wright company in France.
After the successful development of the first airplane, the Wright Brothers continued to be involved in aerospace technology.
Orville was one of the original members of the National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) which is the parent organization of the current NASA.
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