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AHMAD FAUZI ISMAIL, PhD., FASc., CEng., FIChemE.
Zulhairun Abdul Karim, PhD
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC) [HICoE]
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
3rd International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Industrial Application (ICETIA 2016), 6-8 Dec., 2016, Surakarta, Indonesia
Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. Membrane Technology
3. Nanomaterials for Water and Wastewater Treatment
4. Nano-enabled Membrane: Performance Evaluation
5. Industry Adoption: Challenges and Perspectives
6. Concluding Remarks
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Global Water
Crisis:
H2O QUICK
FACTS Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global
Do you know that…
• Water scarcity will be one of the defining features of the 21st century.
• The U.N. predicts that by 2025 two thirds of the world's population will suffer water shortages.
• Compared to today, five times as much land is likely to be under “extreme drought” by 2050.
• By 2050, 1 in 5 developing countries will face water shortages.
Sources: United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2015
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Do you know that…
Sources: United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2015
Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global Infographic by: CNN
Water-stress Regions-A Worsening Scenario
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Sources: World Economic Forum, 2015
Factors Leading to Water Crisis
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Climate and Geography Poor Water Infrastructure
and Sanitary Water Pollutions
Engineering Solutions:
Wastewater Treatment
Desalination
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How Membrane Works…
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Membrane
Wastewater/ seawater
Treated water/ potable water
How Membrane Works…
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Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes
Pressure Driven Membrane Processes
Multidisciplinary in Membrane Technology
Fundamental sciences studies involving: Material selection Dope formulation
Manufacturing Processes involving:
Membrane fabrication System/Equipment design
Material Science studies: Membrane characterization
Membrane properties fine-tuning
Separation Processes involving: Molecular transport mechanism
Mass transport control
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Membrane and Membrane Modules
Membrane element: Flat sheet & Hollow fiber
Membrane module: Membrane integrated unit
Membrane System: Consist of membrane
modules, tubings, pumps, valves and etc
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Synthesis Material
Characterization
Membrane Fabrication
Module Preparation
System Design and
Testing
Field Test & commerciali
zation
Methodology in Membrane Science and Technology
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The Next Big Thing: Engineered Nanomaterials
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• Nanomaterials are typically defined as materials smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension.
• At this scale, materials often possess novel size-dependent properties different from their large counterparts.
• Water and wastewater treatment utilize the scalable size-dependent properties of nanomaterials which relate to: • High specific surface area and sorption capacity
• High selectivity and reactivity
• Fast transport
• Antimicrobial
Classes of Nanomaterials
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a) Clusters (0D)
Examples: TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2,
SiO2, ZnO, Ag
b) Nanotubes/rods (1D)
Examples: SWCNTs, MWCNTs,
titania nanotube, boron
nitride nanotubes
c) Films/ exfoliated (2D)
Examples: grahene, graphene
oxide, clay silicate,
boron nitride nanosheet
Examples: zeolite, metal
organic framework
d) Polycrystal (3D)
How Does Nanotechnology Help?
• Recent advances in nanotechnology offer leapfrogging opportunities to develop next-generation water supply systems.
• The highly efficient, modular, and multifunctional processes enabled by nanotechnology-provide high performance, affordable and sustainable solutions.
• Less reliance on large infrastructures.
• New treatment capabilities that allow economic utilization of unconventional water sources to expand the water supply.
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Membrane Enhanced with Emerging Nanomaterials
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BREAKTHROUGH: Development of Nano-enabled Membranes
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1960-1990 2005 2010 2015 2020
Nan
o-e
nab
led
Mem
bra
ne
De
velo
pm
en
t
2007- First TFN
(PSf/Zeolite) RO
membrane
1963- First
asymmetric cellulose
acetate membrane
2011- Commercial TFN RO module by NanoH2O
1965- First concept of
interfacial polymerization
for TFC
2004- Aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube membranes
2007- Aquaporin assisted
membranes
2012- First TFN FO membrane
2012- Nanopores graphene
PES/Fe–Mn binary oxide UF Membrane for Arsenic Adsorption
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D. Ocin´ski et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 294 (2016) 210–221
Water treatment residuals containing iron and manganese oxides for
arsenic removal from water – Characterizat ion of physicochemical
propert ies and adsorpt ion studies
Daniel Ocinski a,⇑ , Irena Jacukow icz-Sobala a, Piotr Mazur b, Jerzy Raczyk c, El _zbieta Kociołek-Balawejder a
a Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics, ul. Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Polandb Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maxa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Polandc Department of Physical Geography, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
h i g h l i g h t s
Residuals from water deironing and
demanganization were used as
arsenic adsorbent.
Waste material exhibited high
sorption capacity of 132 mg As(III)/g
and 77 mg As(V)/g.
External diffusion of As(V) was rate-
determining step of its adsorption.
Rate-limit ing step of As(III) removal
was its oxidation prior to its
adsorption.
MnO2 content in waste material
enabled efficient As(III) removal in
acidic condit ions.
g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 4 January 2016
Received in revised form 23 February 2016
Accepted 24 February 2016
Available online 3 March 2016
Keywords:
Arsenic adsorpt ion
Inorganic w astes
Iron oxides
Manganese oxides
Reduct ive dissolut ion
a b s t r a c t
Water treatment residuals (WTRs), generated as a by-product during the deironing and demanganization
process of infi ltrat ion water, were characterized and examined as arsenate and arsenite sorbent. The raw
material consisted mainly of iron and manganese oxides with the ratio of Fe:Mn of 5:1. The adsorbent
was also characterized by BET surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM EDS microscopy
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that WTRs had a high surface area
(120 m2 g 1) and were mainly amorphous, w ith small fractions of crystalline quartz and feroxyhyte.
The maximum sorpt ion capacit ies determined by means of the Langmuir isotherm equation w ere
132 mg As(III) g 1 and 77 mg As(V) g 1. The higher arsenite uptake may be attributed to the creation
of new adsorption sites at the solid surface as a result of As(III) oxidation. The XPSconfirmed that arsenite
was oxidized prior to adsorption, which was accompanied by release of Mn2+ cations followed by their
adsorption on the sorbent surface. The effectiveness of arsenate removal decreased w ith the increase
of pH, w ith a noticeable drop above pHpzc of the sorbent, whereas arsenite adsorption was almost con-
stant at acidic and neutral pH. A slight decrease was observed only above pH = 10 due to repulsion
between the negatively charged surface of the sorbent and dissociated arsenites. The kinetic studies
revealed that arsenate adsorption on WTRs was mainly controlled by external and intrapart icle diffusion,
whereas in the case of arsenites the two-step mechanism of the process influenced the rate of As(III)
adsorption to a greater degree. The possibility of regeneration of the spent sorbent was also confirmed.
Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.02.111
1385-8947/Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 71 3680276.
E-mail address: [email protected] roc.pl (D. Ocinski).
Chemical Engineering Journal 294 (2016) 210–221
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemical Engineering Journal
j o u r n a l h o m ep ag e: w w w .e l se v i er .co m / l o cat e /ce j
Iron-Manganese binary oxide- powerful adsorbent for Arsenic
Impregnating FMBO particles into porous host matrix (membrane) tackle the following limitations: -Cannot be used directly in fixed-bed or any flow-through systems- experience excessive pressure drops due to the fine particles. -Additional post-treatment process is required after adsorption process to separate the fine particles from treated water.
As(III) adsorption kinetics and change of As(III) concentration in aqueous solution indicated very fast reaction in the first 2 hours. Fine particle size of the FMBO offered many active sites for the adsorbption As(III) from the bulk solution.
Initial conc=20 ppm pH =7.5
After desorption and readsorption, the performance of PES/FBMO was recovered by 85%
A.F. Ismail et al. Separation and Purification Technology 118 (2013) 64–72
TiO2/PVDF for Photocatalytic Degradation of Nonylphenol
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Schematic diagram of photodegradation apparatus.
Dual-layer hollow fibre membranes before and after the UVA irradiation. The hollow fiber turned yellowish after the reaction indicates that he light is scattered by the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles for the photodegradation to take place.
SEM/EDX characterization evidenced the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles throughout the dual-layer hollow fiber matrix.
PLC chromatogram of nonylphenol and its intermediate. Initial conditions: 100 ppm of NP, 0.2 ratio of TiO2/PVDF, 36 W of UVA. The disappearance of peak nonylphenol (2) has proven the degradation of the compound.
Phenol peak
nonylphenol peak
A.F. Ismail et al. / Reactive and Functional Polymers 99 (2016) 80–87
TFN NF Membrane Incorporated with GO for Desalination
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Synthesized GO is single flake form in nature. The sp2 hybridization state of carbon in graphene changed into sp3 hybridization state in GO, resulting in the disruption of the original planar structure of graphene into a wrinkled structured in GO
TFN Formation
Polyamide thin film
GO incorporated into PSf membrane
• 0.3wt% GO incorporated TFN showed high rejection towards multivalent salts i.e. Na2SO4 rejection: 95.2% and MgSO4 rejection 91.1%.
• GO nanosheets has potential to overcome trade-off effect encountered by typical TFC membrane i.e. increasing both membrane water permeability and salt rejection.
• The improvements were due to unique characteristics of GO nanosheets, i.e. highly charged and hydrophilic surfaces.
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Thin Film Nanocomposite FO membrane for Desalination
Polyamide TFN with PSf–TiO2 nanocomposite substrate
• The hydrophilicity and porosity of the PSf– TiO2 nanocomposite substrate was improved upon addition of TiO2.
• TFN prepared from PSf substrate embedded with 0.5 wt% TiO2 was found to be the best performing FO membrane for water desalination process owing to its high water permeability and low reverse solute flux, without compromising rejection
• The increase in water permeability can be attributed to decrease in structural parameter which resulted in decreased internal concentration polarization (ICP).
A.F. Ismail et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 237 (2014) 70–80
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C.S. Ong, W.J. Lau, P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail et al Desalination 353 (2014) 48–56
A laboratory-scale submerged membrane photocatalytic reactor (sMPR) exhibited remarkably
improved performances in degrading synthetic cutting oil wastewater and producing
permeate of high quality at relatively low operating cost.
FEED with different
concentration of cutting oil
PERMEATE with clear
solution that comply
discharge standard
Photocatalytic Membrane for
Oily Wastewater Treatment
Cu-coated PSf Antifouling Membrane
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SEM images of PSf coated with Cu nanoparticles- the thin layer coating was done by evaporating copper in a tungsten basket.
AFM images showed that the surface roughness was increased after copper coating compared to uncoated membrane
• Copper loaded membrane had shown good inhibition against B. cereus.
• The inhibition zone is clearly visible in the case of copper coated membrane – it showed 23 mm of zone of inhibition.
• The good inhibition is due to the release of higher dosage of diffusible inhibitory compounds from copper particles into the surrounding medium.
A.F. Ismail et al. / Desalination 308 (2013) 82–88
INDUSTRY ADOPTION:
Challenges and
Opportunities
Challenges
• Up-scaling and retrofitting
• Uncertainties in market penetration
• Inappropriate risk and safety evaluation
• Trigger emerging environmental issues associated with nanomaterials
Opportunities
• Heightened water treatment performance
• Long term economic prosperity
• Continuous sustainable development
• New industry revenue
Commercialization of Nano-enabled Water and Wastewater treatment
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Integrated Approaches for Commercialization
Adoption of positive industrial
attitude
Dissemination and exploitation of the
nano-safety
Establishment of long term roadmap
Integrated research and development
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Technology Maturity and Roadmap of Nano-enabled Water
and Wastewater treatment
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Concluding Remarks
• Desalination and wastewater treatments are promising approaches to tackle alarming water shortage issues.
• The advancement of nanotechnology offer tremendous opportunities to heighten the performance of current existing technology for desalination and wastewater treatments.
• Nano-enabled membrane is an emerging material which holds potential to move from laboratory to industry.
• The key drivers for commercialization of this technology need to be identified in order to expedite the industry adoption in near future.
Commercialized Products from AMTEC
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UF/RO Membrane System for Clean Water production-Disaster relieve
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Hollow Fiber Membrane System for Palm Oil Refining
Commercialized Products from AMTEC
Flood Relief at Pekan, Pahang
January 2015
MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON FLOOD RELIEF AT PEKAN PAHANG
RO SYSTEM AT KG. SINARUT, RANAU, SABAH
August 2015
MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON RANAU PROJECT
MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON HAEMODIALYSIS PROJECT
Acknowledgement
Members and students of AMTEC, UTM Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia
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Thank You
A. F. Ismail {Fauzi}
http://www.utm.my/dvcri/
http://www.utm.my/amtec