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EUROCODESBackground and Applications
“Dissemination of information for training” workshop 18-20 February 2008 Brussels
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Organised by European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre with the support of CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Tuesday, February 19 – Palais des Académies EN 1993 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Prigogine room
9:00-9:30 Introduction by chairman F. Bijlaard Delft University of Technology
9:30-10:30 Innovative rules in Eurocode 3 G. Sedlacek RWTH Aachen
10:30-11:00 Coffee
11:00-11:30 e-learning by Access-Steel How to use Access Steel
G. Owens The Steel Construction Institute
11:30-12:45 Conceptual design and determination of actions effects for single storey buildings
M. Oppe RWTH Aachen
12:45-14:00 Lunch
14:00-15:30 Structural detailing and connections for single storey buildings
P. Le Chaffotec & A. Bureau CTICM
15:30-15:45 Coffee
15:45-17:15 Conceptual design and design examples for multi-storey buildings
C. Müller RWTH Aachen
17:15-17:45 Cost-effective fire performance L. Cajot ArcelorMittal Esch
17:45-18:00 Conclusions F. Bijlaard Delft University of Technology
All workshop material will be available at http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
EUROCODE 3: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
F. Bijlaard TU Delft
1
February 2, 2008
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
1
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures
“ready for practice”
EUROCODES Background and Applications, Brussels, 19th February 2008
Prof. Ir. Frans Bijlaard
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
February 2, 2008 2
Contents of Presentation
• History and Context of Eurocode 3• Structure of Eurocode 3• Safety Level• Introduction of Eurocode 3 in the Design
Practice• Conclusions
February 2, 2008 3
History and Context of Eurocode 3Design of Steel Structures
NEN
AFNOR
DIN
BS
EN
February 2, 2008 4
History and Context of Eurocode 3Design of Steel Structures
• Design in one country followed by erection in another country
• Standard building rules for whole Euro-market• Easier to work in other countries• More efficient transfer of research results in rules• Harmonized core material for local handbooks, design
aids and educational material
February 2, 2008 5
History and Context of Eurocode 3Design of Steel Structures
“CHALLENGE FOR EUROCODES”
• Ensure structurally safe and serviceable structures• Provide rules which are sufficiently detailed to avoid
disputes• Facilitate international competition on an even playing
field• Permit innovation in accordance with essential
principles
February 2, 2008 6
Hor. group 1: Terminology
CENTC250
EUROCODESEC 0 : Basis of design
Hor. group 2: Bridges
Hor. group 3: Fire
SC1
EC1 : Actions
SC3EC3:Steel
SC4EC4:
Composite
SC2EC2:
Concrete
SC5EC5:
Timber
SC6EC6:
Mason
SC7EC7:Geo
SC8EC8:
Earthq
SC9EC9:Alu
2
February 2, 2008 7
RELATION WITH OTHER EN’s
EN 1990 Basis of Design
EN 1990 Basis of Design
EN 1991 Actions
EN 1991 Actions
EN 1993
Steel Structures
EN 1993
Steel Structures
EN 1997 Geotech.EN 1998 EarthquakeEN 1997 Geotech.EN 1998 Earthquake
EN 1090 ExecutionEN 1090
ExecutionEN : SteelsEN : Steels
EN : SectionsEN : SectionsEN : BoltsEN : Bolts
EN : WeldingEN : Welding
February 2, 2008 8
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• EN 1993-1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Rules for strengthand stability
Rules specific forBuildings
February 2, 2008 9
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• EN 1993-1-2: Structural fire design5
Stages of a natural fire - and the standard fire test curve
Stages of a natural fire Stages of a natural fire -- and the and the standard fire test curvestandard fire test curve
Cooling ….
ISO834 standard fire curve
Ignition - Smouldering
Pre-Flashover
Heating
Post-Flashover1000-1200°C
Natural fire curve
Time
Temperature
Flashover
February 2, 2008 10
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• prEN 1993-1-3: Supplementary rules for cold formed members and sheeting
February 2, 2008 11
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• prEN 1993-1-4: Supplementary rules for stainless steels
• prEN 1993-1-5: Plated structural elements (in-plane loaded)
February 2, 2008 12
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• prEN 1993-1-6: Strength and stability of shells• prEN 1993-1- 7: Plated structural elements
(transversely loaded)• EN 1993-1- 8: Design of joints
M
Tension zone
Shear zone
Compression zone
V
3
February 2, 2008 13
Structure of Eurocode 3General Parts
• EN 1993-1- 9: Fatigue• EN 1993-1-10: Material toughness and through-
thickness properties• prEN 1993-1-11: Design of structures with tension
elements• prEN 1993-1-12: Additional rules for the extension of
EN 1993 up to steel grades S700
February 2, 2008 14
Structure of Eurocode 3Application Parts
• prEN 1993-2: Steel bridges
February 2, 2008 15
Structure of Eurocode 3Application Parts
• prEN 1993-3-1: Towers and Masts
14
Masts and TowersMasts and Towers
February 2, 2008 16
Structure of Eurocode 3Application Parts
• prEN 1993-3-2: Chimneys• prEN 1993-4-1: Silos• prEN 1993-4-2: Tanks• prEN 1993-4-3: Pipelines
February 2, 2008 17
Structure of Eurocode 3Application Parts
• prEN 1993-5: Piling• prEN 1993-6: Crane supporting structures
y
z
(b)
z
y
(a)
y
z
(c)
y
z
(d)
February 2, 2008 18
Safety Level
4
February 2, 2008 19
Safety Level
• In applying the rules in Eurocode 3 a structural safety is reached of not less than the reliability index
β = 3,8
• Member states are entitled to choose their own safety level for structures
February 2, 2008 20
Safety Level
• The rules are set up such that they contain safety elements of which the value can be chosen by the individual member state.
• These safety elements are for instance the partial (safety) factors for the resistance (limit states) of structural elements.
• For these safety elements in the Eurocodes so-called recommended values are given in notes accompanying the clauses containing these safety elements.
February 2, 2008 21
Safety Level
•To promote harmonization of design rules throughout Europe the Commission
strongly advises to choose the
recommended values
for these safety elements.
February 2, 2008 22
Introduction of Eurocode 3 in the Design Practice
• Criticism: Eurocode 3 is very advanced but it is complex to use
• To help the designer in practice there is a need for:-Background information-Introduction courses with worked examples-User-friendly software (“expert-systems”)
February 2, 2008 23
Introduction of Eurocode 3 in the Design Practice
• Criticism: Eurocode 3 is very advanced but it is complex to use
• Not “simple rules sell steel” but “Simple TOOLS sell Steel”
February 2, 2008 24
Conclusions
• The process of harmonization of design standards of the member countries of CEN did take a period of about three decades. Compared to the “life time” of an existing code in a country of about 15 years, for the Eurocodes this period is not so bad.
• Eurocode 3 “Design of Steel Structures” comprises a fairly complete set of design codes for uniquely designed structures and for a wide range of structural steel products.
5
February 2, 2008 25
Conclusions
• The introduction of the Eurocodes in the design practice needs great care. Design examples, guide lines, design tools (special software) should be developed in the various countries. Explanations of differences and the justification for these changes should be supplied to support the acceptation of the Eurocodes.
• To support these local activities in the various member states, background documents need to be drafted on which local design tools and examples need be based.
February 2, 2008 26
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
INNOVATIVE RULES IN EUROCODE 3
G. Sedlacek RWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Innovative rules in Eurocode 3
Gerhard SedlacekChristian MüllerRWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Overview
• General• Actions• Resistances• Brittle failure• Connections• Stability• New developments
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Eurocodes
EN 1990 - Basis of design
EN 1991 ActionsEN 1991-1-1 Selfweight –
imposedloads
EN 1991-1-2 FireEN 1991-1-3 SnowEN 1991-1-4 WindEN 1991-1-5 TemperatureEN 1991-1-6 ConstructionEN 1991-1-7 AccidentalEN 1991-2 Traffic on
bridgesEN 1991-3 Actions from
cranesEN 1991-4 Actions in
silos, tanks
EN 1997 Geotechnicaldesign
EN 1998 Seismicactions
EN 1992 Concrete
EN 1993-1 Steel – genericEN 1993-1-1 General and
buildingsEN 1993-1-2 FireEN 1993-1-3 Thin gaugeEN 1993-1-4 Stainless steelEN 1993-1-5 Plate bucklingEN 1993-1-6 ShellsEN 1993-1-7 Plates and
membranesEN 1993-1-8 Connections
EN 1994-1 Generial and buildingsEN 1994-2 Bridges
EN 1998-1 Seismic design and buildingsEN 1998-2 BridgesEN 1998-3 Towers and mastsEN 1998-4 Tanks and silos
EN 1999 Aluminium
EN 1993-1-9 FatigueEN 1993-1-10 FractureEN 1993-1-11 Tension elementsEN 1993-1-12 High strength steelsEN 1993-2 BridgesEN 1993-3 Masts and towersEN 1993-4 Silos, tanks, pipelinesEN 1993-5 Steel pilesEN 1993-6 Crane supporting
structures
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Globalisation
International Code FamiliesUSA EU
International Code Council (ICC)Building Officials & Code Admin. InternationalInternational Conference of Building Officials
Southern Building Congress International
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE
US-StandardsASTM
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Commission of the European CommunitiesEuropean National Standard Bodies
International technical scientific organisations
EUROCODES
EN – Product standards (500)EN – Testing standards (700)
European Technical Approvals and Approval guidelines (170)Nat. Fire Protection Association (US-NFPA)
NFPA 5000 BUILDING CODE
US-StandardsASTM
or
Overview of international Code Families
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
CPD – ConstructionProduct Directive
89/106/EWG
Defines „Essential Requirements“- Mechanical resistance and stability
- Resistance to fire
EN – Product Standards
EN – Testing Standards
ETAs (European Technical Approvals)
ETAGs(European Technical Approval Guidelines)
Eurocodes
Tools to fulfil theEssential Requirements
Guidance paper L: Application and use of the Eurocode
Conditions for implementationand application of Eurocodes
Essential requirements of the CPDEssential requirements of the CPDBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Globalapplication
NationalInput
calculativeexperimental
EvaluationTesting of prefabricated components
Rexp,i
Characteristic values Rk
of product properties
CE-Marking
Marketing of products
Design of construction worksEd Rd
Regional & safety matters
Partial factorsRd = Rk / M
Unified design rules Rk
in Eurocodes
Calibration of engineering models
Rcalc
Testing of prefabricated components
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Reliability basis
= safety index(reference period: 50 years)
i = weighting factors(required due to mutual influence of Sd and Rd )
frequency of occurrence
action S resistance R
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
hENproduct
standards for steel materials, semi- finished products etc.
EN 1090 –Part 2
„Executionof steel
structures “
EN 1090 – Part 1 „Delivery Conditions for prefabricated steel components“
Eurocode: EN 1990 – „Basis of structural design“
Eurocode 1: EN 1991 – „Actions on structures“
Eurocode 3: EN 1993 – „Design rules for steel structures“
HSS up to S7001.12
Standard system for steel structures
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Allianz-Arena Munich
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Definition of characteristic values of actions and action effects
Treturn = 50 yearsTreturn = 1000 years
E(sk – 0 wk)E(Qk + 0 wk)
ClimaticTraffic
Combination E(Q1 + Q2)
1.351.501.35
Mean valueTreturn = 50 yearsTreturn = 1000 years
Gsk, wk , Tk
Qk
PermanentClimaticTraffic
Q= Qd / QkDefinitionQkAction
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Snow load in Munich-Riem
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00s [kN/m²]
Non-exceedance probability
0,900
0,999
0,990
0,500
0,100
0,0100,001
2011 m/kN.sk
Snow Load on the GroundLocation Munich-RiemAnnual Extrema on Gumbel paper
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Allianz-Arena Munich
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Wind Load in Munich-Riem
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00qb [kN/m²]
non-exceedance probability
0,900
0,999
0,990
0,500
0,100
0,0100,001
2b0 kN/m0.99q
Peak velocity pressure qb (2 sec)Location Munich-RiemAnnual extrema (h =10 m) on Gumbel paper
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Air Temperature in Munich-Riem
-40,00 -35,00 -30,00 -25,00 -20,00Tair, min [K]
Non-exceedance probability
0,900
0,999
0,990
0,500
0,100
0,0100,001
Change of air temperature related to Tref = 10°CLocation Munich-RiemAnnual Extrema on Gumbel paper
15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00Tair, max [K]
Non-exceedance probability
0,900
0,999
0,990
0,500
0,100
0,0100,001
K27.2T maxair,K39,3T minair,
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Allianz-Arena Munich
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Evaluated climatic actions
1.751.501.221.32
1.77 kN/m²1.48 kN/m²
33.1 K-51.7 K
1.01 kN/m²0.99 kN/m²
27.2 K-39.3 K
snowwind action qpb
Tmax
min
QDesign valueCharacteristic valueAction
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Combination rule of climatic actions
kS,WpWSSW EqasaEinfluence factor for wind
influence factor for snow
s
w
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Characteristic values of effects of combined actions
Weightingws
s
aa
a
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Eff
ect
(no
rmal
ised
)
Effect due to snowwith return period
50aE s,k =
Effect due to windwith return period
50a
E w,k=
Effect due to
combination with return
period 50a
E w+s,k =
qp,k = 0.99 kN/m² sk = 1.01 kN/m²
saa
a
ws
s p
ws
w qaa
a
ws
pws
aa
qasa
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
weighting as
for ULS
Combination factor 0 for an
effect with a return period of
50amax. 0 = 0.36
w0,kw,w0,ks,ks,w EEEw0,kw,w0,ks,ks,w EEE
Combination factor 0Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Allianz-Arena Munich
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
hENproduct
standards for steel materials, semi- finished products etc.
EN 1090 –Part 2
„Executionof steel
structures “
EN 1090 – Part 1 „Delivery Conditions for prefabricated steel components“
Eurocode: EN 1990 – „Basis of structural design“
Eurocode 1: EN 1991 – „Actions on structures“
Eurocode 3: EN 1993 – „Design rules for steel structures“
HSS up to S7001.12
Standard system for steel structuresBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Determination of characteristic values Rk and Mvalues from tests
Conditions for numerical value of M
Product standards for materials and semi-fabricated products
EN 10025
Execution standardEN 1090 – Part 2
Design standard Eurocode 3
Prefabricated steel componentfor component testing
Component tests to determine Rexp
Engineering model to determine Rcalc
Rk = Mi Rd
Classification accord. to Mi (1,0; 1,10; 1,25)
Mi = Rk / Rd
S
Rexp
Rcalc
M
Rm
Rd
Rk }
Test evaluation accord. to
EN1990- Annex D
1,0
Rexp/Rcalc
Parameter X1
O O OO O O
OO O
Rexp/Rcalc
OO
O OO
OO
OO
Parameter X2
1,0
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Procedure to obtain reliable values Rk
excluded by appropriate choice of
material
Failure modes
fracture
Brittle failure Ductile failure
fractureyielding
1. Mode 0excessive deformation by yieldinge.g. tension bar
Mode 1member failure by instabilitye.g. column buckling
Mode 2fractureafter yieldinge.g. bolt
4. Characteristic value Rk = M Rd
3. Recommended values
M1 = 1,10 M2 = 1,25
2. Test evaluation
0M
ykd
fRR
1M
ykd
,fRR
2M
ukd
fRR
M0 = 1,00
80,3;5,08,0expmR 2RRRd
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Historical development of production processes for rolled steel products
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Charpy-V-temperature transition curves for S460ML and S690QL with S355J2 for comparison
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Fracture mechanism (microscopic)Spaltbruch
Ti Ta
TemperatureTgy
Component behaviour (macroscopic)
F
v
F
v
F
v
F
velastic-plasticlinear-elastic
GleitbruchShearCleavage
1
2
3
4
F F Fyielding max fracture
K , CTOD , Jc c c CTOD , Ju u CTOD , Jmax max
CTOD , JR R
CTOD , Ji i
u
cKIc
TIc Tm Ta
Toug
hnes
s
[J]
Brittle fracture Ductile fracture
To
ug
hn
ess-
tem
per
atu
re-c
urv
e an
d r
elat
ed lo
ad-
def
orm
atio
n c
urv
es f
or
ten
sio
n e
lem
ents
usi
ng
va
rio
us
par
amet
ers
for
tou
gh
nes
s p
rop
erti
esBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 27
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Material toughnessJ, CTOD, K
Ti TTmin Troom
J , CTODi i
J -, K -domain
C IC
B1
A1
Tmin Troom T
E (G )K
A2 E (G + K 1 Q )K
E (G +K Q )K
E ( G + G K Q Q )KB2
R, R
Ed K 1= (G + Q )KA3
Rel
fy
B3
MM
elpld
RRR
y
elasticbehaviour
plasticbehaviour
Actioneffect , EE
curves ofequal densities
E (G + K 2 Q )K
Design situation for choice of material in EN 1993-1-10
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Choice of material
Safety assessment based on fracture machanics
Kappl,d Kmat,d
Kappl,d (member shape, ad, 1· Ed)
Kmat,d (T27J, TEd)
Assumption for a0
design crack
initial crack
fatigue loading
4102
faa63
c0d
a0
ad
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Safety assessment
CEGB R6-FAD
Failure Assessment Diagram
Determination of Kappl,d*
Kappl,dKappl,d
Edddappl aKK )(,
sy
sy
sy
Ed
tf
tf
tf
75,050,025,0
Global residual stress
s = 100 MPa
K*appl,d
K*appl,d
6
,*,
R
dappldappl k
KK
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Safety assessment
Determination of KMat,d (TEd)
KMat,d (TEd, T27J, TR)
Applied temperatureTEd = Tmin + Tr
Material property T27J
Wallin-Toughness-curveModified Sanz-Correlation
e.g.Tmin = ~25 °C
Tr = ~5°C
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
K*appl,d Kmat,d TEd TRdTransformation
Assessment schemeTEd TRd
Lowest air temperature incombination with Ed
Radiation loss
Influence of stress, crack imperfection and member shape and dimension
Additive safety element
T
K
k
bappl
R
eff
5220
2510
706
1 4
ln C
Tr 5 C
Tmin 25 C
T T T T T T TEd r R plmin
T CR 7 with = 3,8
may be supplemented by
Influence of the strain rate
Tf t
C
with s
y,
ln
,
1440550
0 00010
1 5
1 0
Influence from cold forming
T DCF C
DCF
pl 3
with = Degree of Cold Forming %
Influence of material toughness
T T J100 27 18 C
T TRd 100
Action side Resistance
Saf
ety
asse
ssm
ent
bas
ed o
n t
emp
erat
ure
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Evaluation of large scale fracture tests
-130
-110
-90
-70
-50
-30
-10
10
-130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10Tcalc [°C]
Texp [°C]
safe
unsafe
characteristic value TCalc
design values Tcd
TR for measured values
DECT specimen
surface crack specimen,calculated with handforulae
-130
-110
-90
-70
-50
-30
-10
10
-130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10TCalc [°C]
TExp [°C]
safe
unsafe
DECT specimen
surface crack specimen, calculated with FEM
+DECT-tests
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Value of the safety element (NDP) related to the use of nominal values (T27J and fy) is therefore TR = [+7°C]
Determination of the safety element TR only for DECT-elements
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Lowest fatigue class
c = 56N/mm2 (L >100mm)acc. to prEN1993-1-9
Lowest fatigue class
c = 56N/mm2 (L >100mm)acc. to prEN1993-1-9
L
Bt
TGeometrical Parameter:L/t = 8,2; B/t = 7,5;T/t = 0,15; = 45°
Geometrical Parameter:L/t = 8,2; B/t = 7,5;T/t = 0,15; = 45°
e.g. t = 80 mm
a0 = 2,19 mm and c0 = 5,48 mm
e.g. t = 80 mm
a0 = 2,19 mm and c0 = 5,48 mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Load cycle [-]
Crack deptha [mm]
calculationtest result
= 56 N/mm²; LC = 500.000
ad = 15,94 mm and cd = 39,85 mmKappl,d( ) = 20,49 MPa m
= 56 N/mm²; LC = 500.000
ad = 15,94 mm and cd = 39,85 mmKappl,d( ) = 20,49 MPa m
Ed=0,5·fy(t)+ s; fy(80mm)=335N/mm²
K*appl,d( Ed) = 110,01 MPa m
Ed=0,5·fy(t)+ s; fy(80mm)=335N/mm²
K*appl,d( Ed) = 110,01 MPa m
TEd = -30°C; T40J = -20°C T27J = - 30°C; TR = -7°C
KMat(TEd; T27J; TR) = 112,21 MPa m
TEd = -30°C; T40J = -20°C T27J = - 30°C; TR = -7°C
KMat(TEd; T27J; TR) = 112,21 MPa m0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature TKV [°C]
AV [
J]
T27J
R² = 0,9866
Burdekin Approximation
Val
idit
y ra
ng
e
a/c=0,4=const.
Pla
tes
mad
e o
f S
355
N o
r M
an
d t
hic
knes
s t
80m
mco
uld
be
use
d u
p t
o T
Ed
= -3
0°C
an
d
Ed
= 0,
5·f y
(t)+
s
Example - Safety Assessment for a well known standard steel S355 N or M
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Table of permissible plate thicknesses
10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50at T °C J
min.
20 27 135 115 100 85 75 65 60 90 75 65 55 45 40 35 60 50 40 35 30 25 200 27 175 155 135 115 100 85 75 125 105 90 75 65 55 45 90 75 60 50 40 35 30
-20 27 200 200 175 155 135 115 100 170 145 125 105 90 75 65 125 105 90 75 60 50 4020 27 125 110 95 80 70 60 55 80 70 55 50 40 35 30 55 45 35 30 25 20 150 27 165 145 125 110 95 80 70 115 95 80 70 55 50 40 75 65 55 45 35 30 25
-20 27 200 190 165 145 125 110 95 155 130 115 95 80 70 55 110 95 75 65 55 45 35-20 40 200 200 190 165 145 125 110 180 155 130 115 95 80 70 135 110 95 75 65 55 45-50 27 230 200 200 200 190 165 145 200 200 180 155 130 115 95 185 160 135 110 95 75 6520 27 110 95 80 70 60 55 45 65 55 45 40 30 25 25 40 35 25 20 15 15 100 27 150 130 110 95 80 70 60 95 80 65 55 45 40 30 60 50 40 35 25 20 15
-20 27 200 175 150 130 110 95 80 135 110 95 80 65 55 45 90 75 60 50 40 35 25-20 40 200 200 175 150 130 110 95 155 135 110 95 80 65 55 110 90 75 60 50 40 35-50 27 210 200 200 200 175 150 130 200 180 155 135 110 95 80 155 130 110 90 75 60 50-20 40 200 185 160 140 120 100 85 140 120 100 85 70 60 50 95 80 65 55 45 35 30-50 27 200 200 200 185 160 140 120 190 165 140 120 100 85 70 135 115 95 80 65 55 45-20 30 175 155 130 115 95 80 70 110 95 75 65 55 45 35 70 60 50 40 30 25 20-20 40 200 175 155 130 115 95 80 130 110 95 75 65 55 45 90 70 60 50 40 30 25-40 30 200 200 175 155 130 115 95 155 130 110 95 75 65 55 105 90 70 60 50 40 30-50 27 200 200 200 175 155 130 115 180 155 130 110 95 75 65 125 105 90 70 60 50 40-60 30 215 200 200 200 175 155 130 200 180 155 130 110 95 75 150 125 105 90 70 60 500 40 120 100 85 75 60 50 45 65 55 45 35 30 20 20 40 30 25 20 15 10 10
-20 30 140 120 100 85 75 60 50 80 65 55 45 35 30 20 50 40 30 25 20 15 10-20 40 165 140 120 100 85 75 60 95 80 65 55 45 35 30 60 50 40 30 25 20 15-40 30 190 165 140 120 100 85 75 115 95 80 65 55 45 35 75 60 50 40 30 25 20-40 40 200 190 165 140 120 100 85 135 115 95 80 65 55 45 90 75 60 50 40 30 25-60 30 200 200 190 165 140 120 100 160 135 115 95 80 65 55 110 90 75 60 50 40 30
S460
S690
S355
S420
max. permissible plate thickness tz in mm (safety element TR included)S235
S275
charpy energy
CVNsteelgrade
applied temperature TEd in °C
Ed=0,25*fy(t)+ s Ed=0,50*fy(t)+ s Ed=0,75*fy(t)+ s
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 36
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Choice of material to EN 1993-1-10
Olympic stadium Berlin
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 37
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Elbe-bridge Vockerode
Construction at supports
Bridge system and construction
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 38
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Plate thickness for S355 J2G3
125,28
SpanUpper chord
Bottom plates
Support Support
75
40
30 70 30 7070 95 45 70 95 45
40
50 70 50
40
75 115 135 115 85 85 60 60 60 115 140 145 140 115 60 60 60 85 85 115 135 115 75 75145
70
40
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 39
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Rhine-bridge Ilverich (Düsseldorf)
+ 46,71
+ 81,00
[m]
63,00 63,0063,00287,5063,00
Rheinbrücke Ilverich
plates in S460 TM
plates in S460 TM
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 40
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Roof truss for the Sony Center, Berlin
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
12 m
60 m
600 mm
100 mm
100 mm
Detail "O"
Detail "S"
Querschnitt I-I
Werkstoff S 460 (Diagonale)und S 690 (Obergurt, Auflager)
Querschnitt I-I
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 41
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Roof truss for the Sony Center, Berlin -Details
Upper chord S
Lower chord O
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 42
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Large scale test specimens for the roof-truss
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 43
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Castor container
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 44
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Bridge St. Kilian
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 45
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Bridge St. Kilian
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 46
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 47
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 48
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Modelling of joints
= Anfangssteifigkeitj,ini
= Tragfähigkeitj,Rd
= Sekantensteifigkeitj= Rotationskapazitätcd
M
SS
Momenten-Rotations-Charakteristik
Klassifizierung nachder Tragfähigkeit
M = Bemessungswert derAnschlußtragfähigkeit
j,Rd
M = Referenzwertpl,Rd
Klassifizierung nachder Steifigkeit
S = Anfangssteifigkeitj
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 49
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Strategies for optimization
Structural system Distribution of internalforces and moments
Optimised joint
1
St1St1
St2St2
St1
St2
M
2
St1 St1
St2St2
Structural system Distribution of internalforces and moments
c1 c1
c2 c3
St1
St2c1
c2
M
Optimised joint
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 50
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design Tools
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 51
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
lk
Ed Ed
column buckling lat. tors. buckl. plate buckling shell buckling
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3_
a0
ab
c
d
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3_
ab
c
d
EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-1
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0_
p [-]
p [
-]
a0
b
EN 1993-1-5
M
kult
M
kd 1
RE ,
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
EN 1993-1-6
crit
kult
crit
k
critdcrit
kdkult
RR
RE
RE ,,
skEd Ed
r
tEd Ed
Ed/2a
Ed
b
Common design rules for column, lateral torsional, plate and shell buckling
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 52
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Test evaluation for buckling curves and M-values
Column buckling Lateral torsional buckling Plate buckling
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3_ [-]
[-]
KSL a0
KSL a
KSL b
KSL c
KSL d
Euler
A5.1: IPE160, S235
A5.2: IPE160, S235
A5.3: IPE160, S235
A5.4: IPE160, S235
A5.5: IPE160, S235
A5.6: IPE160, S235
A5.7: IPE160, S235
A5.10: HEM340, S235
A5.11: HEM340, S235
KSL b=0,34
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 2,4 2,8_ [-]
[-]
KSL a0KSL aKSL bKSL cKSL dEulerABDFGHIJZ
A
C
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
ZKSL a
=0,21
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3_ [-]
[-]
VBK a0VBK bBeulkurve für lok. Lasteinl. nach ENV 1993-1-5KarmanEinseitige Lasteinleitung a)Zweiseitige Lasteinleitung b)Einseitige Lasteinleitung am Trägerende c)
Fall b) Fall a) Fall c)
VBK bp=0,34
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 53
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Mechanical background of column- and lateral torsional buckling
Column buckling Lateral torsional buckling
1MM
NN
Rky
Ed
Rkpl
Ed
,,1
M
M
NN
FlRky
FlEdy
FlRkpl
FlEd
,
,
,
1
M
M1
1e
MN
M
M
M
M
critz
EdzFl
Rky
Flcrit
critz
Edz
Rkz
Edz
,
,
*
,,
,
,
,1
NN
1
1M
eNNN
crit
EdRk,y
*Ed
Rk,pl
Ed
FlRk,pl
FlRk,y
M*
N
M2,0e
Rk,pl
Rk,yN
*
N
M2,0e
11
12,0
*
2MM
M2Fl
2M
MM1
1
12,0 2
NN
NNN
22
1
220150 ,,
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 54
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Comparison of LTB-curves
0,0
1,0
0,0 1,0 2,0LT
LT
Lateral torsional buckling for GIT=oo
Bc b
Lateral torsional buckling for a beamHEB 200
Bc a
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 55
EUROCODESBackground and Applications “New” lateral torsional buckling curves
LT
LT
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 56
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Experiments
Experimentsin Aachen
Experiments in Berlin
Experiments in Bochum
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 57
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Results of test evaluations
Test evaluation acc. to EN 1990-Annex D
Determination of M-factors
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 58
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
crit = 3,41
ult,k= 1,69
Results of FEM
700413691 ,,,
crit
k,ult
LT =0,725
Slenderness ratio
Verification
10111169172501
....Mk,ult
3000
6901
3000 2264 3136 3000
400
950
950
Innerer Flansch: 450/60450/40
450/40
450/40
450/60
450/60
s =26R i e g e l
s=18 s=18
450/60
450/50
2150 kN
298 kN
Flansche rechtwie links
Alle Steifen: 450/18
rigid lateral supports (for out of plane movements only)
fork conditions
„fork“ conditions for in plane and out of plane movements
inner flange: 450/60all stiffeners: 450/18
outer flange
Application of global slenderness concept for a bridge supporting frame
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 59
EUROCODESBackground and Applications General method
cr
kult
Edcr
Edkult
cr
k
R
R ,
,
,,
Verification of a full member or of various parts of a full member
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 60
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Singly symmetrical cross-section in compression
Stress limits
Effective widths
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 61
EUROCODESBackground and Applications General method bending
Small compression strains
Large compression strains
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 62
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Justification of general method
Safety evaluation for all tests on plated structures examined
Input data vrt = 0,08 (geometry und yield strength)
vfy = 0,07 (yield strength) Results
Standardnormal distribution log-normal distribution
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,3
re/rt
Qu
anti
le d
er S
tan
dar
dn
orm
alve
rtei
lun
g
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
ln re/rt
Qu
anti
le d
er lo
g-N
orm
alve
rtei
lun
g
b = 1,195 s = 0,106 b = 1,221 s = 0,130 v = 0,0888 (model) vR = 0,1196 (total) v = 0,1065 (model) vR = 0,1332 (total)
M = 1,263 k = 0,890 M* = 1,123 M = 1,204 k = 0,890 M
* = 1,072
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 63
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
ECCS – New tasks – Responsibilities and activities
CEN / TC 250Europ. Techn. Scient. Org.
Commission/JRCCommission/JRCCEN / TC 250Realisation
Member StatesNat. Auth. / NSBs
Member StatesNat. Auth. / NSBs
Member StatesNat. Auth. / NSBs
Member StatesNat. Auth. / NSBs
Activities
Information
CEN / TC 250JRC
Commission/JRCCEN / TC 250
Commission/JRCCEN / TC 250
CEN / TC 250JRC
Responsibilities
Leading org.Support from
Furtherdevelopment
PromotionHarmonisationMaintanance
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 64
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Details of new tasks
CEN / TC 250 – Evolution Paper1. Envolvement in reaction to problems of use of ECs
Background informations to National and CEN help desks2. Envolvement in mechanism for convergence of NDPs
Background informations to JRC information platform3. Envolvement in promotion
Technical guidance, design aids, seminars, workshops4. Envolvement in further developments:
starter drafts + background documents for• extension of EN-Eurocodes to the assessment and refurbishment
of existing buildings and engineering structures• new Eurocodes for new materials as glass and FRP• reduction of alternative methods by developing a unique European
solution• unified testing procedures• rules for zinc coating• new materials for composite actions• pedestrian bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 65
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Hop dip galvanized structures
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 66
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Modern glass structures
Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI) de Bordeaux
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 67
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Modern footbridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 68
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Modern footbridges – Dynamic actions dueto pedestrians
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 69
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 70
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
E-LEARNING BY ACCESS-STEEL HOW TO USE ACCESS STEEL
G. Owens
The Steel Construction Institute
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1
Background and ApplicationsEUROCODES
E Learning by Access Steel:How to use Access Steel
Graham Owens, SCI
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Contents
Introduction to Access SteelOverview of the engineering design processHow Access Steel helps the engineerHow to use Access SteelA Coda on e-learning
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODESBackground and Applications www.access-steel.com
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Access Steel
240 detailed technical resources on steel design and construction
Quality assured PrintableUser friendly IT systemFast, structured search
“Google” type search queryIndex of contents
…and it is all free!
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Types of information in Access steel
Case studies – examples of best European practiceScheme development – turning the initial concept into
an outline designNon-contradictory, complementary information (NCCI)
Initial sizingCompleting the Eurocodes
Flow chartsWorked examples
Static worked examplesActive worked examples – simple software
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Scope of Access Steel
Single storey Multi-storey ResidentialFire safety
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Translations of Access Steel
Interface: common – with text files in four languages Home pageSearch functionality
Technical resources – in four languagesMetadata: description and key wordsFull content350,000 words
Additional languages– Greek– Czech– ?
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Industry investment in harmonisation
Our sponsors
Transfer of best value solutionsSafety and risk management
Steel is the only sector to invest in an integrated approach
to the Eurocodes.
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Access Steel Team
The Access Steel project teamFrance, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Spain,
Sweden and UKContributors from Czech Republic and Romania
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Access Steel maintenance
Access Steel maintenance and user supportInternet serviceTracking of user queriesMaintenance, upgrades and extensions
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Feedback and usage to date
Usage since launch in June 2006104,000 distinct hosts70% corporate usersTarget 250,000 users
75,000 page requests in November 2007166 countries worldwide (79%)
“The information on Access Steel is nothing short of spectacular”NUCONSteel Commercial Corp.,USA
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process: Engineering inputs
Conceptual design: With the architect, developing overall concepts and structural forms
Scheme development: Developing structural schemes to the extent that defines general geometry – grids and approximate element sizes - and, potentially, costs
Detailed design: finalising all sizes and geometry and verifying the adequacy of the overall structure, its stability, and the strength and stability of all elements and connections – to a specific code.
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process: Engineering inputs
Conceptual designScheme developmentDetailed design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Technical resources
DETAILED DESIGN
501471118Worked Examples
24061335690
50301730NCCI
471151417Flow Charts
571912917SCHEME DEVELOPMENT
3614958CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
TotalsFire
Safety Eng.
Residential buildings
Single-storey
buildings
Multi-storey
buildings
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process
Conceptual designCase studies
Scheme developmentDetailed design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Case Studies (35)
Example: Le SequanaDemonstrate European best practiceInspire clientsInspire architects and engineersUseful source of:
IdeasWhat has been done before
• Concepts• Details
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process
Conceptual designScheme developmentDetailed design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process
Conceptual designScheme development
Type of frameFloor layoutServices strategyChoice of beam type and initial sizeChoice of column type and initial sizeFloor constructionFire strategy
Detailed design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Choice of frame type
Braced framesimple joints (simple construction)
Un-braced frame
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Initial sizing
Beams,Columns
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00Beam spacing B(m)
Bea
m s
pan
L(m
)
IPE 240
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 270
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Choice of sections and steel
Classification
Sub-grade for fracture toughness
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Scheme development (58)
Example: Intermediate floors in residential construction
Initial design issuesStructural engineeringNon-structural topics: check lists
What might the building look likeLayoutsInitial sizing
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process
Conceptual designScheme developmentDetailed design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Design process
Conceptual designScheme developmentDetailed design ( to the Eurocodes)
Flow chartsNCCIWorked examples both static and
dynamic
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Flow Charts (48)
Example: Fin plate connectionWhere to startWhat to doWhen you have completed the design activity‘Maps’ to linked resources
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 27
EUROCODESBackground and Applications NCCI: Initial sizing (7)
Example: Column sizes in multi-storey buildings
Guidance on element and connection sizes for initial selection
Easy, graphical approaches
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODESBackground and Applications NCCI: Completing the Eurocodes (43)
Example: Buckling lengths of columns: rigorous approach
Eurocodes are missing:Essential guidance necessary for design‘Text book’ material
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Static worked examples (52)
Example: End plate beam-to-column-flange simple connection
RealisticCompleteRigorousExcellent introduction to design to the
Eurocodes:Practising engineersUndergraduates
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Interactive Worked examples (11)
Example: Simple column design11 ExamplesNeed to download the parent software, TEDDS
LITECarries out design to the users’ parameters
and prepares calculation sheets
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODESBackground and Applications Key messages
Authoritative Practical CollaborativeFills gaps in Eurocodes
Harmonised
Inclusive InteractiveUser friendly
Fast and easy route to maximisngopportunities from the Eurocodes
CONTENT
SYSTEM
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
A very rich set of resourcesA major step towards harmonised best
practice in EuropeWide potential beyond EuropeUse it!Its free!
www.access-steel.com
Access Steel in summary
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODESBackground and Applications A Coda on e-learning 1 role of A-S
Material prepared for use by practising engineers - in design practice
Very high pedagogical contentWill automatically be used for ‘informal’ e-
learningCan readily be adapted for formal e-learning
with:– Enhanced explanation, perhaps using existing electronic
resources, e. g. SteelCAL– Formal assessment
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODESBackground and Applications A Coda on e-learning 2
Traditional course market is decliningEmployers want their engineers to be able to
access their training:When they need it – for an immediate business needWhere they want it – at their workplace or at homeHow they want it – at their own pace
Employers will therefore increasingly want their staff to use e-learning
The big difficulty is to replace the interaction with lecturers and fellow students of a traditional course, by:
E-meetingsE-tutorialsEtc
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODESBackground and Applications A Coda on e-learning 3
Leonardo programme is sponsoring a pilot project on e-learning for steel design and construction
It will deliver:– 12 modules – Guidance on best practice for preparation of e-learning content
A simple questionnaire is available to guide the direction of this project
Input is needed, especially from practising engineers
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND DETERMINATION OF ACTIONS EFFECTS
FOR SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS
M. Oppe RWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Conceptual Design and Determination of Action Effects
for Single-Storey Buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Matthias OppeRWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview
• Client Guide• Case Studies• Scheme Development• Flow Charts• NCCI• Examples
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
The client guide presents the benefits that steel construction can provide to the owners and occupiers of single storey buildings.It offers guidance to clients on how to obtain best value from steel construction.
Client Guide
1. Introduction
2. The European market for single story steel buildings
3. Advantages of steel for single storey buildings
4. Achieving value from the whole: Form of contract and choice of suppliers
5. Overall design issues
6. Conclusions
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Introduction
Single storey buildings contribute substantially to the built environment of Europe. They accommodate manufacturing, warehousing, transport, sports, retail and leisure activities.
Steel construction can offer the occupants, owners and developers for these wide ranging activities exceptional value, as evidenced by the overwhelming market shares that it achieves in some European countries.
The purpose of this document is to:• Demonstrate the benefit that steel construction can bring to its customers• Highlight the success of steel single storey construction in major national markets• Illustrate the wide range of steel solutions that are available.• Give some guidance on how to obtain best value from the market place.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
92%
79%72%
60%
47%42%
38%
27% 24%
15%
95%
0%10%20%30%40%50%
60%70%80%90%
100%
GB NL RO FR NO DE FI SI AU CH IT
Market size and distributionThe European market for steel for single storey industrial buildings comprises approximately 100 million square metres of covered space per annum, with a value of about 6 billion euros.
Factors influencing choice of material
Percentage market shares for steel frames in single storey industrial buildings
• presence of large developers who repeatedly procure single storey buildings • development of supply chain teams of main frame manufacturers, purlin and side rail system suppliers, cladding manufacturers and equipment (e.g. doors) suppliers who work efficiently together in long term relationships.
• wide spread use of forms of contract that suit this form of construction (e.g. Design and Build in the UK).• strong industry infrastructures that support the supply chain, for example by ensuring that design, construction and contractual guidance is readily available and that the regulatory framework is benign for steel
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
The European marketBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Advantages
• Speed of construction• Flexibility in use• Maintenance• Sustainability• Value for money• Examples
Kingswood Lakeside Business park, Cannock
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Achieving value from the whole
In a single storey building, the contributions to the overall value of the superstructure are typically:• Primary frames 35%• Secondary structure, purlins and side rails 15%• Cladding 50%
All three components are clearly important individually. As discussed in more detail below, there are also very significant structural and performance interactions between these three components. All components are supplied by specialists.Whatever form of contract is adopted, it is therefore essential that all significant suppliers have an opportunity to contribute to the development of the design and construction specification, if client value is to be maximised.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overall Design Issues
• General• Choice of primary frame• Interdependence of frames and envelopes• Energy performance• Air-tightness• Design Coordination• Mainly architecture• Mainly Engineering• Influences on structural design and costs• Sustainable constructions
– Economic considerations– Social aspects– Environmental considerations
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Conclusions
For single storey buildings, steel offers:• Cost efficiency in construction• Low maintenance throughout a building’s life• Long spans that can accommodate changes in building occupancy
and activity, thus extending a building’s economic life.• Highly sustainable contributions to Europe’s Built Environment.• Single storey steel buildings are one of the most efficient sectors in
the construction industry, with optimised approaches to the primary frames, secondary structure and cladding from specialist suppliers.
• Single storey steel buildings should be provided in a way that ensures that all the specialist suppliers can make maximum contributions to overall client value.
• Clients should interact with both the design and supply teams toensure best value for their projects.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Gazeley G-Park, Bedford
Astral Court, Baglan
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Campushalle, Flensburg
Logistikzentrum, Stuttgart
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Case Studies
Access Steel highlights the benefits of steel as the primary construction material through detailed short case studies of successful buildings
• New Air Cargo Hub for DHLat Nottingham East Midlands Airport, UK
• ELUZ Building in Croissy-Beaubourg, France• Airforge building, Pamiers, France
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
New Air Cargo Hub for DHL
• 40 000 m² warehouse and truck canopy • 9 000 m² office spans on 3 floors• 30 truck bays and parking for 90 trucks• 620 car parking spaces for staff and visitors• 6 000 m² ramp equipment parking• New, 165 000 m² apron providing 18 aircraft stands• On-site refuelling for DHL trucks• New roundabout to service the Hub• Realignment of the A453• New internal access roads• 2 new balancing reservoirs with full pollution control system (holding 70 000 m³ of water)
New Air Cargo Hub for DHL(45 million euro warehouse and office complex)
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
ELUZ Building
• Construction of a single storey building covering a 7000 m² area without any internal column, in order to set up racks to store the products that the ELUZ company sells.
• Span of the main frames : 84 meters • Height of the building at the top of the roof : 15 meters
General view of the structure during erection
Tension elements
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Airforge Building
• 10 500 m² of industrial building carrying cranes with a capacity up to 140 t• 5 halls of various spans: 16 m, 23 m, 22 m and 2 × 23 m• The total length of the building is 98 m and the main hall is 22 m high• 1365 tons of structural steelwork completed in 8 months
Typical heavy industrial building,with a height of 22 m and spans of up to 23 m.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Scheme Development
15 documents
• Overview of structural system and form and function of mainframes• Conceptual design (roofs, walls etc.)• Form and function of purlins and side rails• Conceptual design of portal frames from fabricated sections• Conceptual design of truss and column solutions• Eaves details / Apex (ridge) details• Valley details for multiple bay roofs• Overview of fire• Movement joints / Expansion joints• Corrosion
Concise information on proposal development guides the architect and engineer through all the decisions that have to be made to develop a best practice design
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview of structural systems
This document describes the range of structural systems that are commonly used for long span single storey buildings. The descriptions include the main structural frames, secondary systems such a bracing and the purlinsand rails to support the cladding.
1. Overview of applications for single storey buildings
2. Basics for design
3. Typical structural frame solutions
4. Connections
5. Acknowledgement
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview of applications
• wide range of buildings, from small homes to the largest covered spaces, such as exhibition halls and stadia.
• Large buildings will use multi-span structures and may, on occasion, cover 100 000 m².
• origin of building form in industrial building and this description is still often applied but it is misleading
• uses are many and varied with considerable usage by the general public.• Typical end uses
- retail,- distribution centres, - call centres, - leisure facilities- indoor sports facilities.
• greater focus on the envelope in terms of aesthetics, insulation, airtightness etc. • title of industrial buildings has therefore been replaced by the broader term,
single storey buildings.
While there has been considerable change in the appearance the basic structural forms have changed little other than to evolve in the details needed to support more varied cladding forms as described in later sections.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Basics for design
1. Steel roof cladding2. Primary steel frame3. Side rails4. Purlins5. Wall cladding
Typical single storey building
Overview of components
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Layout with braced gable frames
Layout with portalised gable frames
1 Gable bracing2 Roof bracing3 Longitudinal bracing
1 Portalised end frame
Moment frame for stabilization in longitudinal direction
Structural principles for frames
Basics for design
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Typical structural frame solutions
Portal Frames
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Typical structural frame solutions
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Portal Frames
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Valley beam details for “hit” and “miss” frame
Innovative moment-resisting connections in an industrial building
Installation process for modern portal frames
Typical structural frame solutionsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Possible solutions for purlin to rafter connections
Typical purlin/rail solutionsSecondary members
Typical structural frame solutions
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Connections
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Each design activity is described separately by a flow chart:• Plastic analysis of a portal frame• Evaluation of wind loads• Global analysis and overall cross-section checks• Global analysis (elastic) of class 2,3 or 4 sections• Verifying out of plane stability• Elastic design, uniform sections (rafter or column)• Design of eaves / apex connections• Design of fixed / pinned base connections• Design model for welded joints in trusses using structural hollow
sections• Design of compression chord splices• Purlin / side rail design
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
21 documents
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 27
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
This flowchart illustrates the process of plastic analysis for portal frames. The output of the analysis is the design forces and moments in members and connections.
SN001
Vertical loads and horizontal
reactions
Determine sensitivity to sway -calculate cr
Calculate initial sway imperfection
EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.2(3)
No
EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.2(4)B
cr
Evaluate design value of axial force in each column
NEd for each column
Add the equivalent horizontal forces NEd at top of each
column to the applied loading
EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.2(7)
Start
HEd 0,15 VEd
NEd can be evaluated from the “simply supported” area
for the purpose of determining NEd
Yes
Are cross section requirements met?
Material and cross section
properties
EN 1993-1-1 §5.6
Yes
Requirements applicable to hinge positions should be met at the anticipated positions. Confirm
later that actual positions are as anticipated.
No
End
SN033
(For frames outside limits of Notes 1 & 2 to
Carry out elastic analysis SF020
Flow Charts – Plastic Analysis
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
cr 15
SN001
Yes
Determine sensitivity to sway -calculate cr
cr
Perform First Order Plastic Global Analysis
Proceed to verification of elements (beams columns & connections). Members in
compression should be checked taking the buckling length not higher than the
system length.
Second-orderin the analysis
modelDesign forces for
elements and locations of hinges
EN 1993-1-1 §5.2.1 No
Stop
Calculate MN,Rd for elements
Values of MN,Rdused in the analysis
OK?
Yes
Recalculate MN,Rdfor elements. No
Second-order by amplified loads
EN 1993-1-1§6.2.9(2), (4), (5)
SN033
(For frames outside limits of Notes 1 & 2 to EN1993-1-1 §5.2.1(4)
Can start with MN,Rd = Mpl,Rd
EN 1993-1-1§6.2.10
If the axial forces are greater than assumed when MN,Rd calculated,
recalculate
A
BDetermine member design forces for sway frames
Design forces for elements and
locations of hinges
Flow Charts – Plastic Analysis
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Determine member design forces for sway frames
cr 3
Select method of allowing for sway effects
Second-order byamplified loads
Second order analysis can be used for any magnitude
of sway parameter cr.However, the amplification of actions allows first-order
analysis to be used if second-order elastic-plastic
software is not available
Calculate horizontal forcesequivalent to initial bow
imperfections
Equivalenthorizontal forces
(bow)
Check each column and introduceequivalent horizontal forces where
condition is fulfilled, excluding those with hinges at both ends.
EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.2(6) y Ed0,5 Af N
Yes
Start
EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.2(3)+(7)
Add the equivalent horizontal forces (bow) to the existing
loading
The equivalent forces representing sway imperfections were added into the loading in
the preceding page
No
No
This check determines whetherlocal bow imperfections have to
be considered
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Charts – Plastic AnalysisBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Design forces for members &
connections, and locations of hinges
Perform second order elastic-plastic global analysis
cr 3
Yes
Select method of allowing for sway effects
Second-order byamplified loads
Second-order byanalysis model
Second order analysis can be used for any magnitude
of sway parameter cr.However, the amplification of actions allows first-order
analysis to be used if second-order elastic-plastic
software is not available
Return to B
SN033
Geometry OK for use of amplified
loads method?
Yes
Return to A
No
No
EN 1993-1-1§6.2.9
Allow for second order effects by amplifying all
actions on structure
Ensure that values of MN,Rdare appropriate to the axial
forces in the members
EN 1993-1-1§6.2.10
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Charts – Plastic Analysis
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts – Element elastic design
Start
Classifycross-section
Class 4Section?
Check if element subjected
to shear and
EN 1993-1-1 §6.2.2.5
EN 1993-1-5 §5.3
EN 1993-1-1 §5.5
Determine effective cross-section
properties
NOTE: may conservatively be taken equal to 1,0
Determine shear buckling resistance
for webs
No
Yes
No
72w
w
th
Yes
Elastic design action effects
NEd, VEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed
Element dimensions and
material properties
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
This flow chart presents the design procedure for uniform sections (rafter or column) in portal frames.
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Stop
Check if element subjected
to shear and
MRd MEdVRd VEdNRd NEd
?
EN 1993-1-5 §5.3
EN 1993-1-1 §6.2
Redetermine length between lateral or torsional restraints
NOTE: may conservatively be taken equal to 1,0
Determine shear buckling resistance
for webs
EN 1993-1-1 §6.3.3 (4)
NOTE: Take interaction criteria into account
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
72w
w
th
Yes
Determinedesign resistances of
cross-section
MRd, VRd,NRd
EN 1993-1-1 §6.2
Revise element size and reanalyze frame
Revise element size and reanalyze frame
Determine buckling resistance of cross-
section
Bucklingresistance
OK?
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Charts – Element elastic design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
LT
Start
EN 1993-1-1 §6.3.1.2
Determine non-dimensional
slenderness for flexural buckling for both axis
EN 1993-1-1 §6.3.1.2
EN 1993-1-1 §6.3.1.2 (4)
Determine reduction factor y, z
Determine non-dimensional
slenderness for lateral torsional buckling
EN 1993-1-1 §6.3.2.2 (1)
y( Z) =1,0
y, z
zy ;
No
Yes
Determine whether §6.3.2.2 or §6.3.2.3
applies
Use §6.3.2.2 for the “general case“ or §6.3.2.3 for “rolled sections or
equivalent welded sections“
or2,0)( zy
04,0cr
Ed
NN
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Charts – Element elastic designBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
4,0LT
2,0LT
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Charts – Element elastic design
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
StartMember data and joint type
Determine arrangement of members at joint (select value of overlap or gap)
Geometry of the joint, including eccentricity e,
overlap O or gap g
SN040
EN1993-1-8§7.1.2
EN1993-1-8§5.1.5(3)
A
Internal forces in the joint
Joint detailswithin field of application?
No
Yes
Modify arrangement of members
Calculate the moments due to joint stiffness
No
Moments due to jointstiffness?
Yes
EN1993-1-8§5.1.5(4)
Calculate the moments due to transverse loading
Moments due to transverse
loading?Yes
No
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
This flow chart outlines the verification procedure for welded, uniplanar unreinforced joints in trusses using structural hollow section alone or in combination with open sections
Flow Chart – Design model for welded jointsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 36
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
From Page 1
Calculate axial joint resistance
SN040Section 5
Design from first principles
Joint geometry within range?
Yes
No Yes
No
To AChangegeometry?
Moments on joint?
No
Yes Page 3
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Chart – Design model for welded joints
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 37
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
End
Calculate axial joint resistance
SN040Section 5
Ni,Ed < Ni,Rd ?
Ni,Rd
Determine the weld details and throat thickness
NO Yes
Revise structural geometry SN040
Section 4
Reanalyse
SN040Section 6
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Chart – Design model for welded jointsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 38
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Interactionformula OK?
Ni,Rd Mip,i,Rd Mop,i,Rd
From Page 2
SN040Section 5
Calculate, for the joint,axial resistance,
in-plane moment resistance and out-of-plane moment resistance
SN040Section 5
Yes
End
Determine the weld details and throat thickness
SN040Section 6
No Revise structural geometry
Reanalyse
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Flow Chart – Design model for welded joints
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 39
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Non-contradictory, complementary information (NCCI) is presented that addresses all the information that the Eurocodes do not cover that is essential for design
NCCI
• Analytical models for trusses• Design of asymmetric members under M&N• Foundation stiffness for global analysis• Practical analytical models for portal frames• Design model for eaves / apex connections• Design model for fixed / pinned base connections• Deflection limits for single storey buildings• Simple methods for second order effects• Classification tables for rolled profiles• General method for out of plane buckling• Benefits of cladding• Effective lengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
19 documentsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 40
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
This NCCI provides recommendations and guidelines for horizontal and vertical deflection for single storey buildings.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildings
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 41
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildingsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 42
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildings
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 43
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildingsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 44
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildings
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 45
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildingsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 46
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildings
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 47
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Deflection limits for single storey buildingsBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 48
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Examples
• Determination of loads on building envelope• Plastic design of single bay portal frame – class 1 rolled sections• Plastic design of single bay portal frame – class 2&3 rolled sections • Elastic design of a portal frame – class 4 sections• Truss and post single bay, low pitch roof• Portal frame eaves connection – end plate and haunch• Portal frame pinned base connection• Truss/post end connection• Bracing/wind frame connections• Rolled section purlin• Design of gable wind posts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
11 documents
STRUCTURAL DETAILING AND CONNECTIONS FOR SINGLE STOREY
BUILDINGS
P. Le Chaffotec & A. Bureau CTICM
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS
C. Müller
RWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Conceptual design and design examples for multi-storey
buildings
Dr.-Ing. Christian MüllerDipl.-Ing. Matthias Oppe
RWTH Aachen
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview
• Client Guide
• Case Studies
• Scheme Development
• Flow Charts
• NCCI
• Examples
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Client briefing: guides, case studies and concept designs demonstrate the value that steel offers for economic, fast, adaptable, safe, construction
Client Guide
1. IntroductionCommercial buildings, such as offices, shops and mixed residential-commercial buildings,account for 20% of construction output in the EU, representing over 20 million square metres of floor space per year. The commercial sector demands buildings that are rapid to construct, of high quality, flexible and adaptable in application, and energy efficient in use.
Steel and composite construction has achieved over 60% market share in this sector in some countries of Europe where the benefits of long spans, speed of construction, improved qualityand reduced environmental impact have been recognised.
A wide range of steel technologies may be used in commercial buildings. Specific technologies are chosen to match client requirements. Many long span steel solutions provide service integrationwithin their depth, which saves on building height. Cellular beams combine an efficient manufacturing process with opportunities for service integration. Integrated beams minimise the floor zone while allowing services uninterrupted access below the floor soffit.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Client Guide
2. Maximum Value from Steel Construction
• Speed of Construction• Flexibility and adaptability• Service integration• Reduced disruption to the locality• Quality• Safer Construction• Environmental Benefits
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Client Guide
3. Construction Systems and their Ranges of Application
Composite construction using steel decking
Span range 6 to 15 mStructure depth 400 to 800 mm
Cellular beams in composite construction
Span range 9 to 18 mStructure depth 600 to 1000 mm
Fabricated or rolled beams with large web openings
Span range 9 to 20 mStructure depth 600 to 1200 mm
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Steel beams supporting precast concrete slabs
Span range 5 to 10 mStructure depth 500 to 900 mm
Integrated beams with deep decking
Span range 5 to 9 mStructure depth 300 to 350 mm
Integrated beams supporting precast concrete slabs
Span range 5 to 9 mStructure depth 300 to 400 mm
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Client Guide
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Client Guide
4. Specific Technologies for Commercial Buildings
Commercial buildings require a range of specific technologies that have been developed to meet client needs:Service Integration:
Cellular beams with regular openings for services
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Fabricated beams with variety of shapes of openings
Service integration in integrated beams
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Client Guide
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Fire Resistance
Tubular columns exposed for fire resistance
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Client Guide
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficient design at GLA building, London
Double façade in the Kone Building, Finland
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Client Guide
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Light steel infill walls used in steel framed buildings
Cladding and infill walls
• large variety of cladding systems: traditional brickwork, curtain walling and glazing
• Light steel infill walls as sub-structure to all types of facades• Double skin glazed façades to reduce solar gain
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Client Guide
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Access Steel highlights the benefits of steel as the primary construction material through detailed short case studies of successful buildings
• Le Sequana, Paris• Kista Science Tower, Stockholm • Place d'lena, Paris• Office Building, Palestra, London• Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce's • ING Headquarters, Amsterdam• Sheraton Hotel, Bilbao
Case Studies
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
• 25,000 m² of exceptional quality office accommodation in the heart of the new commercial centre, Ville de Paris
• Column free spaces of 18 m x 36 m overlooking the Seine• 33% pre-let from plan, prior to the commencement of construction• Fully air conditioned with individual control for every 12m²• Construction completed in 22 months to programme and budget, including the erection of 2000
tonnes of structural steelwork in 12 weeks
Le Sequana – artist’s impression
near completation
Le Sequana, Paris
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Kista Science Tower, Stockholm
Kista Science Tower:42000 m2 of high quality office space in six buildings, 158 meters tall with 32 storeys. Long span steel trusses create open space overlooking northern Stockholm.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Place d´Ilena, Paris
Demolition stage of the original concrete frame
• Refurbishment of a building constructed in the 1960’s to create large open spaces for a high quality office building in one of the most prestigious districts in Paris
• The project involved preservation of the existing façades of the building, which imposed a constraint on the method of building
• Creation of office open spaces of 1200 m² without intermediate columns• Floor span of up to 14 m• Service integration in cellular beams achieves minimum floor zone• Construction completed in 22 months
Completed building showing the new façade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Office Building Palestra, London
During construction, showing steelframework and fully glazed facade
• 12 storey building of 31,5 to 36 m width and 90 m length with a 9 m projection of the upper 4 floors
• Pairs of cellular beams were placed either side of the 4 inclined tubular columns. The cellular beams were designed as continuous over a span of 15 m in order to reduce their depth
• The floor-floor zone is a minimum of 3,65 m and the structure and services zone is only 850 mm. The cellular beams permit passage of 400 mm diameter circular service ducts
• Fully glazed façade, which was directly attached to the composite slab
• The inclined tubular columns and shear connections were designed for an eccentric load transfer which carried bending in the columns. The columns used innovative double circular hollow sections filled with cement grout to achieve 120 minutes fire resistance
• Erection of the 3500 tonnes of steelwork in only 10 months
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce´s
• 20 000 m2 of new 5 storey office space, a conference centre of 8 000 m² and 650 underground car parking spaces on 4 below ground levels.
• Full double-glazed ventilated façade with shading with serigraphed glass shields.• Water-cooled composite slab using sinusoidal stainless steel façade, which acted as framework to the
concrete slab of 300 mm depth. No temporary propping was required.• Integrated IFB beams with under-tied hollow sections to create a span of 12,5 m, which is 30% larger
than is possible with integrated beams. These beams are exposed usually.• Fire engineering, using natural fire approach, led to a fully unprotected steel structure.• These operating conditions for the water-cooled slab are:
Summer-night-time; Summer-day-time and winter.Heating and cooling is provided
• Diaphragm action of composite slab and stability through the lift shaft.
Chamber of Commerce´s
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
• 9 storey steel structure of 20 000 m2 floor area supported on inclined columns.• The 'nose' of the building provides an auditorium and cantilevers 26 m from the adjoining
structure.• A shallow construction depth of 310 mm was achieved using Slimdek for a structural grid of
approximately 7 m. Slimdek consists of asymmetric steel beams (ASB) support a deep composite slab.
• The inclined columns support the entire weight of the building and provide overall stability. They are designed as composite sections.
ING Headquaters, Amsterdam
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
• The space between the inclined legs provides access to the building and to the below-ground car parking.
• A double skin glass façade was used to control 'solar gain' and regulate internal temperatures.• Minimum ground works were required by concentrating loads at discrete points.• A fire resistance of 90 minutes was satisfied by a fire engineering analysis.• Slimdek minimised the visual impact of the structure, which was important for the architectural
concept.• Steelwork was supplied by a consortium of 3 fabricators. Erection of the 1 000 tonnes of steelwork
took only 28 weeks.
Composite floor slab in the auditorium area showing service penetrations
ING Headquaters, Amsterdam
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Sheraton Hotel, Bilbao
• 20 000 m² multi-storey luxury hotel in Bilbao: 11 above-ground storeys of 13 000 m² floor area: and 4 below ground floors of 7 000 m² floor area.
• 211 rooms: one presidential suite, 20 suites and 190 double rooms.• 1 100 tonnes of structural steelwork were used in the form of I and H sections, tubes and plates.• Only 7 months for the erection of the steel structure.• The Sheraton hotel has a high level of building services comprising:
• Full air conditioning system in all rooms and in common areas, and radiant flooring in the atrium.• Architectural design for optimised energy requirements, such as natural cooling, solar gains or natural
daylight.• Emergency electric power plant for essential facilities, such as the fire protection, safety and
UPS-supported computer network installations.• Optical fibre voice and data networks to all rooms.• Fire detection and extinguishing network, backed up by a computerized
management system that enables the fire to be located immediately.• Advanced Smoke Control systems and safe means of egress in fire.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Scheme Development
16 documents
• Form and function• Key information• Location and its influence on the design of MSB• Service strategies – Overview• Service buildings• Sustainability – Overview• Sustainability factors• Fire Safety• Structural System• Composite Slabs, Web Openings etc.• Vertical Structure
Concise information on proposal development guides the architect and engineer through all the decisions that have to be made to develop a best practice design
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Coordination of structural and architectural design for multi-storey buildings with steel frames
Scheme Development
• Floor Grids
• Influence of Building Height
• Horizontal Coordination
• Vertical Coordination: Floor-to-Floor Heights
• Vertical Coordination: Structural Zone
• Vertical Coordination: Service Zones
• Horizontal Structural Options
• Span Range of Structural Systems
• Benefits of Long Span Construction
• Approximate Steel Quantities
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Floor Grids
Scheme Development
Column grid for a naturally ventilated office
Column grid for long span floor in a prestige air-conditioned office
Influenced by:
• Planning Grid
• Column Spacing
• Use of internal space
• Requirements of Building Service Integration
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Building Height
Scheme Development
The building height has a strong influence on the:
• Structural system that is adopted.• Foundation system.• Fire resistance requirements and means of escape.• Access (by lifts) and circulation space.• Cladding system.• Speed of construction and site productivity.
The structural system is primarily influenced by the means of stabilizing the building. For buildings up to 8 storeys high, vertical bracing is preferred, but for taller buildings, strategically placed concrete or braced steel coresare usually adopted. For ultra-tall buildings, many types of external bracing systems have been used. These are outside the scope of this information.Sizes of lifts and their speed of movement also become important considerations for tall buildings. Depending on the Regulations for fire safety in the particular country, the use of sprinklers may be required or buildings of more than 8 storeys.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Horizontal coordination / Position of cores
Scheme Development
Positioning of cores is influenced by:
• Horizontal distribution systems for mechanical services.
• Fire rating requirements, which may lead to shortened evacuation routes, and to reduced compartment sizes.
• The need to distribute the structural stabilizing systems more-or-less symmetrically throughout the building plan.
Beam layout around a concrete core
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Vertical coordination / Floor-to-Floor Heights
3,5 – 3,9 mRenovation project
3,5 – 4,0 mSpeculative office
3,8 – 4,2 mPrestige office
Span/depth ratio 25Slim floor or integrated beams
Span/depth ratio 20Fabricated primary beams
Span/depth ratio 25Cellular beams
Span/depth ratio 25Composite beams
Scheme Development
Vertical coordination / Structural Zone
120 to 250 mmCeiling and lighting
400 to 500 mmAir-conditioning units
150 to 200 mmRaised access floorVertical coordination / Service Zones
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 27
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Horizontal Structural Options
Spans of 5 to 9 mSlim floor or integrated beams
Spans of 8 to 18 mCellular or fabricated beams (with composite slabs)
Spans of 6 to 12 mPartially encased composite beams
Spans of 6 to 9 mNon-composite beams (with precast planks)
Spans of 6 to 13 mComposite beams (with composite slabs)
Scheme Development
Forms of construction used in floors
1. Composite beam2. Partially encased beam3. Integrated beam4. Slim floor beam
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Horizontal Structural Options
Scheme Development
Typical long span secondary beams
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Horizontal Structural Options
Scheme Development
Typical long span primary beams and shorter span secondary beams
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Horizontal Structural Options
Scheme Development
Integrated beams or slim floor
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Span Range of various structural systems
Scheme Development
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Benefits of Long Span Construction
Scheme Development
• Internal columns are eliminated, leading to more flexible and efficient use of internal space.
• Services can be integrated within the depth of the structure, and so the floor-to-floor depth is not increased.
• Fewer components are required (typically 30% fewer beams) leading to reduced construction and installation time.
• Fire protection costs can be reduced due to the massivity of the longer span members.
• For cellular beams, multiple circular ducts for services are cheaper than rectangular ducts.
• Steelwork costs are not increased significantly, despite the longer spans.
• Overall building costs are increased by a negligible amount (less than 1%).
Long span beams have gained in popularity in the commercial building sector because they offer the following benefits in design and construction:
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Approximate Steel Quantities
70–858–1020–2540–5020 storey building with a braced steel core
55–651–210–1340–5020 storey building with a concrete core
50–603–512–1535–408–10 storey building with long spans
40–503–512–1525–306–8 storey building of rectangular form
35–402–38–1025–303 or 4 storey building of rectangular form
TotalBracingColumnsBeams
Approximate steel quantities (kg/m2 floor area)
Form of Building
Scheme Development
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
21 documents
• Evaluation of wind loads• Governing load combinations• Frame Analysis• Choosing a steel sub-grade• Column design• Non composite beams / Composite Beams• Design of vertical bracings• Simple Connections• Secondary beam design
Each design activity is described separately by a flow chart:
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
21 documents
• Evaluation of wind loads• Governing load combinations• Frame Analysis• Choosing a steel sub-grade• Column design• Non composite beams / Composite Beams• Design of vertical bracings• Simple Connections• Secondary beam design
Each design activity is described separately by a flow chart:
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 36
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Ch
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 37
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Ch
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 38
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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nBrussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 39
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 40
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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n d
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 41
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 42
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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Det
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of
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cr
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 43
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Flow Charts
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Co
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Det
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of
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 44
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Non-contradictory, complementary information (NCCI) is presented that addresses all the information that the Eurocodes do not cover that is essential for design, e.g.:
NCCI
34 documents
• Calculation of crit• Vertical and horizontal deflection limits• Effective lengths of columns• Torsional Buckling (calculation of Ncr,T and Mcr,T)• Design Rules for Web Openings in Beams• Torsion (Section Properties and stresses)• Vibrations• Sizing Guidance• Horizontal and vertical Bracings• Design Model for simple Column Splices• Choice of Method for Frame Analysis• Simplified Bracing Systems
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 45
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Non-contradictory, complementary information (NCCI) is presented that addresses all the information that the Eurocodes do not cover that is essential for design
NCCI
34 documents
• Calculation of crit• Vertical and horizontal deflection limits• Effective lengths of columns• Torsional Buckling (calculation of Ncr,T and Mcr,T)• Design Rules for Web Openings in Beams• Torsion (Section Properties and stresses)• Vibrations• Sizing Guidance• Horizontal and vertical Bracings• Design Model for simple Column Splices• Choice of Method for Frame Analysis• Simplified Bracing Systems
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 46
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
NCCI
Calculation of crThis NCCI sets out the basis for the calculation of
cr, the parameter that measures the stability of the frame.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 47
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Calculation of cr
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 48
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Calculation of cr
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 49
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Calculation of cr
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 50
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
NCCI
Effective lengths of columnsThis NCCI gives information concerning the calculation of the buckling length for columns, to be used for the buckling verification (slenderness approach). Simple aids (e.g. tables,diagrams) are presented.
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 51
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effectivelengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 52
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effectivelengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 53
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effectivelengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 54
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effectivelengthsofcolumns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 55
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effectivelengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 56
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Effective lengths of columns
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 57
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Examples
13 documents
• Calculation of crit• Choosing a steel sub-grade• Simply supported secondary composite beams• Simply supported primary composite beams• Simply supported beam with lateral restraint at load• Pinned column with intermediate restraint• Sway stability• Tying and avoidance of disproportionate collapse• Beam to beam fin plate connection• Beam to column end plate connection• Column splice (Non-Bearing / Bearing)• Column base, axially loaded
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 58
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Examples
13 documents
• Calculation of crit• Choosing a steel sub-grade• Simply supported secondary composite beams• Simply supported primary composite beams• Simply supported beam with lateral restraint at load• Pinned column with intermediate restraint• Sway stability• Tying and avoidance of disproportionate collapse• Beam to beam fin plate connection• Beam to column end plate connection• Column splice (Non-Bearing / Bearing)• Column base, axially loaded
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 59
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 60
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 61
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 62
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 63
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 64
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Choosing a steel sub-grade
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 65
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Buckling resistance
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 66
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Buckling resistance
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 67
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Buckling resistance
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 68
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Buckling resistance
Overview Client Guide Case Studies Scheme Development Flow Charts NCCI Examples
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 69
EUROCODESBackground and Applications
Conceptual design and design examples for multi-storey
buildings
Dr.-Ing. Christian MüllerDipl.-Ing. Matthias Oppe
RWTH Aachen
COST-EFFECTIVE FIRE PERFORMANCE
L. Cajot ArcelorMittal Esch
Cost-effective fire performanceLouis-Guy CajotArcelorMittalResearch & DevelopmentStructural Long Products Esch/Alzette GD Luxemburg
February,19th 2008
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 1
Cost-effective fire performance
High potential of steel in multi-storey buildings
Weak knowledge from engineers and architects of the actual performances of the steel in case of fire, still mainly assessed through knowledge from fire test on single element.Fire Safety Engineering not yet fully considered
One of the reasons explaining the differences: Fire Safety Approach.The present low market share in continental Europe is more particularly due to :
Market share / Multi-storey buildings
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
UK SE NL FI FR BE-LU DE ES
%
Potential
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 2
Classical approach amongst “structural fire safety engineering”methods - Eurocodes 1, 3 and 4
standard fire natural fire
classification fire safety eng.
fire safety eng. fire safety eng.
Prescriptive Performance based
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 3
Time [min]0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 30 60
[ C]
90 120 180
* does not consider the PRE-FLASHOVER phase* does not depend on FIRE LOAD and VENTILATION
CONDITIONS
ISO ISOISO
ISO ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
The ISO curve* has to be considered in the WHOLE compartment, even if
the compartment is huge
* never goes DOWN
Classical approach based on ISO-834 heating curve
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 4
Unprotected steel structures for fire resistance 30minutesR30 unprotected steel structures (Overdesign [S355,S460] ; benefit of the connections)
Classical approach - Quick use of the Eurocodes
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 5
Steel protection for fire resistance > 30minutes
Additionnal cost of the protection > 40% of the finished steel cost
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 30 60 90 120time [min]
tem
pera
ture
[C
]
15’ 30’ 60’ ISO-curveHE180BHD400x382HE320A 15mm Isolant projeté
Classical approach based on ISO-834 heating curve
The protection must be optimized and applied where it is really needed.
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 6
standard fire natural fire
classification fire safety eng.
fire safety eng. fire safety eng.
Prescriptive Performance based
The performance based “structural fire safety engineering” approachaccording to Eurocodes 1, 3 et 4
Fire Safety Engineering = Global Structural Behavior + Fire Development
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 7
Fire Engineering approach
Scientific analysis based on :Fire scenarioPhysical parameters influencing the fire development (fireload, ventilation, active fire fighting measures, …)
Standard curve
More controlled safety and more efficient solutions because better targeted
Temperature
Cooling ….
ISO834 standard fire curve
Ignition - Smouldering
Pre- FlashoverPre- Flashover
Heating
Post- Flashover1000-1200°C
Post- Flashover1000-1200°C
Natural fire curve
Time
FlashoverFlashover
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 8
Fire Engineering approach
Fire safety concept evaluation based on natural fire.Required data for the fire development calculation methods (fire load [MJ/m²], fire spread, rate of heat release [kW/m²]).Definition of model scenario for usual buildings (offices, schools, shops,…).Take into account of the active fire fighting measures (sprinkler, smoke exhaust system,…). Air temperature field calculation method in case of fire.Steel temperature calculation method.Simulation of the behaviour of the structure submitted to the different fire scenarii and to the staticloads.
European research in the field of the fire engineering achieved between 1994 2006 allows to finalize the following technical developments :
Building systems and technical solutions to guarantee that the structure survive the considered scenarii.
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 9
Existing regulations and standards based on standard fire.Habits and a priori in the minds of the professionals of construction.Different regulations depending on the countries and even on the regions.Low expertise of engineers, architects and authorities in that domain.Lack of training in that domain.No userfriendly calculation tools.
The implementation of the research results met
solved by :The natural fire was introduced in the Eurocodes, particularly Eurocode 1 - Fire Part.The fire engineering has been dealt with in decree and regulations in different europeancountries .Userfriendly calculation tools were developed (Ozone), and put on the site www.arcelor.com/sectionsTrainings were, and are organized (DIFISEK).A network of competent and qualified engineering offices in the field of fire engineering wasdeveloped (SECURE with STEEL).
the following difficulties :
Fire Engineering approach
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 10
OzoneNatural Fire calculation according to EC1 Fire Part
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 11
Hot
Cold
OzoneNatural Fire calculation according to EC1 Fire Part
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 12
DIssemination of FIre Safety Engineering KnowledgeDIFISEK (2006) et DIFISEK+(2008)
Available tools for further dissemination
• All Presentations and Syllabus in PDF - WP1 to WP5 (17 languages)• Database for Fire Design Software (UK)
Treated topics
Part 1: Thermal & Mechanical ActionsPart 2: Thermal ResponsePart 3: Mechanical Response of
Structures in Fire Part 4: Software for Fire DesignPart 5-1: Worked Examples Part 5-2: Illustration of Completed Projects
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/DIFISEK/DIFISEK_welcome.html
SEMINARSDIFISEKDIFISEK+
AustriaBelgiumCzech-RepublicEstoniaFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryItaly (Rome)LithuaniaPolandPortugalRomaniaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited-Kingdom
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 13
ARUP, Fire University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom)DGMR, Hamerlinck Advies bureau, Cauberg-Huygens (The Netherlands)Swedish National Testing & Research Institute (Sweden)Schmitt Schtumpf Fruhauf & Partner, Universität of Hannover (Germany)Greisch, Technum, Steel Information Centre, University of Liège (Belgium)Bernard Ingenieure (Austria)Keonn (Poland)Studio di Ingegneria delle Strutture (Italy)CTU Prague (Czech Republic)MP Ingénieurs ETH Zürich (Switzerland)NB35, LABEIN (Spain)Tal Projecto, Lda GIPAC, Lda University of Aveiro (Portugal)Schroeder & Associés (Luxembourg)Arches-Etudes, E2C Atlantique, Terrell International (France)
SECURE with STEEL in Europe25 European engineering offices specialized in
Fire Engineering assisted by 9 universities and/or research centers
Medical Centre - Eich ; G-D Luxembourg
’Fire Safety Engineering’ application to buildingsin G-D of Luxembourg
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 14
ACCESS STEELCHOICE OF FIRE ENGINEERING STRATEGY
REFINE SEARCH
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 15
The “structural fire safety engineering” approachEurocodes 1, 3 et 4
standard fire natural fire
classification fire safety eng.
fire safety eng. fire safety eng.
Prescriptive Performance based
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 16
Test in Cardington (UK)
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 17
Test in Cardington (UK)
• Maximum steel temperature about 1150 C
• Fire calculation by element provides a failure at 680 C
• Why did the structure survive ?
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 18
Test on single elements
Existing design methods assume isolated memberswill perform in a similar way in actual buildings
Fire compartment
Column Beam
Protected beams
Floor
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 19
Flexuralbehaviour
Membraneeffect
• In a building, catenary behaviour of the steel beam acting compositely with the concrete slab.
• Higher is the deflection, higher is the membrane effect.
Real behaviour in a building
Membrane effect
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 20
Fire resistance of secondary beams calculated as single elements
EC4 Fire partCritical temperature = 608 CFire resistance = 16’
Fire resistance = 20’SAFIR Simulation
Membrane effect highlighted by the ISO fire test of today
Unprotected secondary composite beams (IPE300)
IPE360
Protected main composite beams
Compositeslab
8,7m
6,7m
f f
Flèche en fonction du temps
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
00 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temps (min)
Dépl
acem
ent (
m)
Isostatique
Bridage horizontal aux appuis
65h
Pas de bridage horizontal
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 21
T Mobile HeadquartersHatfield Hertfordshire
Buildingsreferences
School in Turkey
Fire Safety Concept:Protected main beams, unprotected secondary beams
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 22
The “structural fire safety engineering” approachEurocodes 1, 3 et 4
standard fire natural fire
classification fire safety eng.
fire safety eng. fire safety eng.
Prescriptive Performance based
FRACOF
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 23
Test on the whole floorincluding connections
R 30R = ?
FRACOF Design
Unprotected ElementR(single element) < 30
Protected Element
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 24
Example of Design Table
Span 1 = 9m ; Span 2 = 7m ; R120
Span 1
Spa
n2
16-01-2008 FRACOF - Jan 2008 25
FRACOF - Fire Resistance Assessmentof partially Composite Floor
ObjectiveThat project will be a milestone in the strategy to develop the fire engineering. It will enable any engineers to use partially unprotected steel structure by using design tables/software approved by the Authorities.
There are three main deliverables for this project :- Background Technical Report- Design Guide- Design Software
1. Background Technical ReportTo provide in-depth information on the development and verification of the design method.
2. Design GuideThe design guide will consist of approximately 50 pages and will be based on the existing publication ‘Fire Safe Design: A new approach to multi-storey steel-framed buildings’. The design guide will present the principles of the design process using this method.
3. Design SoftwareThe design software will be made available free of charge and will be distributed via the Steel Alliance website.
Deliverables
Economic fire design of steel beams in composite floor
Through Steel Alliance + IPO’s in Spain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, + DIFISEK, + ‘Secure with Steel’
Dissemination
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TEST SET-UPWithin the framework of project FRACOF, a composite floor of about 60 m², supported by four protected boundary beams and two unprotectedinternal beams, subjected to standard fire exposure for 2 hours.
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LOADING CONDITIONS• Self weights of slab, steel beams, etc• Dead load: 170 kg/m²• Imposed load: 500 kg/m²
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MESH REINFORCEMENT
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TEST MONITORING
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AFTER 120 MINUTES….
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AFTER 120 MINUTES…
Cracks in concrete
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AFTER 120 MINUTES…
Cracks in concrete
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AFTER 120 MINUTES…
Deflected shape
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