KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

KNITING SOCIAL AND

PHYSICAL CAPITAL

IN ACEH

AEROPH CONFERENCE

YOGYAKARTA 19-21

September 2005

B. Setiawan and Ikaputra

Gadjah Mada University

PRESENTATION

OUTLINE:

1. Planning theories revisited;

2. Planning practice and

social capital;

1. Tsunami and the “project”

2. Lessons learned;

3. Concluding remarks.

1. PLANNING TEHORY REVISITED:

WHAT IS PLANNING?

Planning ….. From Knowledge to Action

(Friedmann, 1987);

“…While retaining technical analytical and design components, planning has come to be seen also as intensely political and value laden”

(Wachs, 1995)

FOUR STREAMS IN PLANNING

(Friedmann, 1997)

STREAM MODEL ETHICAL

FOUNDATION

JUSTICE AND

WELFARE

PLANNER’S

ROLE

1. Social

Reforms

Master plan,

Land use,

Garden city

Universalism,

Absolutism,

rationality

Not sensitive technocrat

expert

designer

2. Policy

Analysis

Comprehensive

planning,

Incremental planning

Universalism,

Utilitarianism’

Rationality

Not sensitive technocrat

Policy analyst

3. Social

Learning

Transactive planning

communitarian

Relativism,

culturalism

crucial Translator,

communicator

Mediator,

Social activist

4. Social

Mobilization

Radica planning,

advocacy,

environmental

planning, feminism

Radicalist

Decontrustion,

SUbjectivism

crucial Advocacy,

Mobilizer

WHY ADVOCACY PLANNING?

“…If a planner is not working directly for the objective of eradicating poverty and racial and sexual discrimination, then he or she is counterproductive. If the work is not specific in its redistributive aims, then it is at best inefficient. If the work is not aimed at redistribution, then a presumption stands that it is amoral. These are strong words. They must be. So long as poverty and racism exist in our society, there is an ethical imperative for a single direction in planning.”

Davidoff, 1978

Features of social

organization such as

networks, norms, and

social trust that facilitate

coordination and

cooperation for mutual

benefit

(Putnam 1995)

The existence of a certain

set of informal values or

norms shared among

members of a group that

permit cooperation among

them (Fukuyama, 1997)

2. PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Social capital is crucial in planning practice for several reasons”:

1) Provide access to information;

2) Enables power and resources sharing;

3) Develop community solidarity;

4) Increase resource mobilization;

5) Create common knowledge;

6) Make easier to achieve community objective

PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT APPROACH (AFTER PRE-SURVEY)

QuickBird Natural Color Image

28 December 2004

Extensive

Amounts Of

Debris/Damage

Destroyed

Shoreline/Town

Flooded

Areas

Flooded

Areas

3.3km

Flooded

Areas

Flooded

Areas

Grand Mosque

N Banda Aceh

RING 1 RING 1

RING 2 RING 2

RING 3

RING 3

Before

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)

Damage estimation

100 %

After

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI

(RING 1)

Before

Courtesy of DigitalGlobe

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

damages:

80-90 %

After

Courtesy of DigitalGlobe

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI

(RING 2)

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 3)

DAMAGE ASSESMENT (HOUSING NEEDS (?))

Tentative DATA on DISASTER VICTIMS NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PROVINCE Status January 24, 2005, 23:00

REFUGES 417,124 PEOPLE (9,78%)

We need about 100-200,000 housing units

Adopt Village Concept

Donor Donor

Recipient

Recipient

Recipient

Intermediary

(govt./expert)

CONCEPT OF

- Rehabilitation

- Reconstruction

- Resettlement

Recipient

Recipient

Recipient

Donor

LORONG/DUSUN SPONTAN (L/DS)

Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit (Spontanoues

LORONG/DUSUN))

AREA AFFECTED

BY DISASTER

Public facilities such as

meunasah (small mosque),

meudagang (orphanage),

health services, public

kitchen, and public bath

PUBLIC FACILITIES

EMERGENCY

TENTS FOR

REFUGEES

RTS

DISTANCE BETWEEN RTS’s 5-10 km from

areas affected by disasters

• Free from negative impacts of the disaster

(physically, psychologically, medically)

•Accessible from/to area affected by disaster

by non-motorized vehicle

Group of Instant

Houses ONE RTS COMPLEX (5000 m2)

15-50 Households (50-200 inhabitants)

Spontaneous L/DS Location

Disaster area

L/DS L/DS

L/DS L/DS

IMPLEMENTATION OF “ADOPT VILLAGE” WITHIN THE ACEH NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS

Adopted LORONG/DUSUN (± 40 – 60 House holds)

Focus : House Family & Micro Economic Scale

“community focus”

Adopted GAMPONG (± 150 – 300 households)

Focus :

Infrastructure Public Facilities

STAKE HOLDER:

Community : Government = 50 : 50

Adopted SUB DISTRICT

(KECAMATAN) (± 800 – 1200

households)

Focus : infrastructure & public

facilities Economic Challenge/

Development

STAKE HOLDER: Community : Government

= 25 : 75

“INSTALLING” SPONTANEOUS DUSUN/LORONG (Adopted RT SPONTAN)

Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun organization

SHELT

ER

PUBLIC

FACILITIES SHELT

ER

SHELT

ER SHELT

ER Keuchik The head of

Lorong/Dusun (it is better to be selected

by candidates for Spontaneous Lorong

inhabitants)

Tuha Peut Village Advisory Board, consist of 4 elements: 1. Ulama (Religious Leader) 2. Tetua Adat (Adat Leader) 3. Tokoh Masyarakat (other informal leader) 4. Cendekia (scholar/experts)

“experts” volunteer

(teacher, medical doctor, psychologist, sociologist, economist, technicians, architects, student, santri, trainers, dll)

Recruitmen of “experts” volunteer should attend sort of Training before involving at Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun Program

PROCEED TO IMPLEMENTATION

EFFORT

3 Discussion with Tuhapeut & Community at Meunasah to confirm on the land tenure

Tahlilan Pengungsi

Meeting With Refugees Who Will Resettle In The Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit

2

1 Discussion With Local Government

To Propose Alternative Temporary Housing Other than Barracks

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 1

Samuel Indratma’s contribution

Ideas for Participatory House Painting

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 4

SITEPLAN (5000 m2)

Public facilities (3 modul)

Meunasah (6 modul)

Shelter Unit (20 modul)

Shelter (20 modul)

Med

ical

Hea

lth

(2 m

od

ul)

Public bath (1 modul)

NORTH

100 m 50 m

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Public bath (1 modul)

Public bath (1 modul)

Public bath (1 modul)

Med

ical

Hea

lth

(2 m

od

ul)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Shelter Unit (20 modul)

Shelter (20 modul)

SITEPLAN (5000 m2)

Fungsi Hunian membutuhkan 79 unit untuk 50-75 kepala keluarga

Meudagang membutuhkan 3 unit

Meunasah membutuhkan 6 unit

Puskesmas membutuhkan 2 unit

MCK umum membutuhkan 4 unit

Dapur Umum membutuhkan 6 unit

Total: 100 unit

SELECTED SITE CONDITION Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

Eksisting Meunasah

Eksisting Bale Dusun

Eksisting Kantor PKK & LKMD

Makam kuno Raja-raja desa Kandang

Pohon Beringin

Luas Tapak di luar komplek Meunasah 7174 M2

SITE PLAN DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI

UNIT RTS 2 MODUL

UNIT RTS 1 MODUL

KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI

UNIT RTS 2 MODUL

EKSISTING MEUNASAH

BALAI

EKSISTING KUBURAN

UNIT RTS TIPE KHUSUS

Luas Site 7.174 m2

PENANDA KELOMPOK UNIT

KANTOR LKMD & PKK

GARDU RONDA

Luas Site : 7.174 m2

Unit 1 Modul : 43 unit

Unit 2 Modul : 33 unit

KM/WC : 6 unit

Unit Khusus : 6 unit

Signage : 10 unit

Desa : Kandang

Kecamatan : Darul Imarah

Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (BEFORE)

ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (AFTER)

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Temporary Settlement at Kandang Labuhan Asri Village

A cooperation of GMU & Dompet Dhuafa Republika

117 UNITS 6 UNITS

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 3

COT GUE SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

COT GUE SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

COT GUE SITE

PROTOTYPE 1 TEMPORARY SHELTER

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 CONSTRUCTION FOR SHELTERS

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Temporary Settlement Grant from Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono

at Ajun, Banda Aceh A cooperation of GMU, Ministry of Civil Works,

NGO-Pondok Pesantren, and US Donation Agency

DEVELOPMENT OF GMU’S CORE HOUSE DURING 18 HOURS

CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE 5 (TYPE 36) (FROM TEMPORARY TO PERMANENT)

WOOD MATERIAL WOOD & WALL

MATERIAL

WALL MATERIAL

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

2

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

CORE HOUSE TYPE 36

View from side Rear View

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

3

Final stage of Type 36 - Wood

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

CORE HOUSE EXPANSION TO TYPE 36

Possible room

extension

Possible room extension

Possible room

extension

HOUSE CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Type 36

Type 54

4

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

Type 45

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

HOUSE TYPE 36/150

5

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X1,5 = 2,25 M2

6.DAPUR = 3,75 M2

36 M2

PLAN

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5. RUANG TIDUR III 3X2 = 6 M2

6.KAMAR MANDI 1,75X2 = 3,5 M2

7.DAPUR 2,75X2 = 5,5 M2

45 M2

6

HOUSE TYPE 45/150

PERSPEKTIF

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

PLAN

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 4X6 = 24 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5.RUANG TIDUR III 2X3 = 6 M2

6.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X2 = 3 M2

7.DAPUR 1,5X2 = 3 M2

54 M2

7

HOUSE TYPE 54/150 ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

PLAN

PLAN FOR AJUN HUNIAN SEMENTARA MANDIRI

AND THE CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE (5)

THE AJUN’S SITE

AJUN SITE

50 UNITS PROTOTYPE 5: CORE HOUSE TYPE

AJUN SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

Final stage of Type 36

WOOD

MATERIAL WOOD AND WALL MATERIAL

WALL

MATERIAL

Possible room

extension

Possible room extension

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Permanent Settlements for Lecturers of IAIN Ar Raniry

A cooperation of GMU and IAIN Ar Raniry

GMU’s CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

4. LESSONS LEARNED

1. Comprehensive responds toward disaster;

2. Responds: between immediate/short-term and long-

term and sustainable respond;

3. The socio-cultural dimensions of planning for disaster

area and community;

4. Planner challenges: Knitting social and physical

capital;

5. Coordination among actors and agency – the adopt

village concept.

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

“…When planners deliberate with city residents, they

shape public learning as well public action”

(Forester, 1999)

“…AS planners work in between interdependent and

conflicting parties in the face of inequalities of power

and political voice, they have to be not only

personally reflective but politically deliberative too”

(Schon, 1983)

WANTED: Voluntary architects For Aceh People

“Lost & found Wall” Wanted my kids: Yayuk/zu Contact: Posko Lampung We are save

Thank You