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KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH AEROPH CONFERENCE YOGYAKARTA 19-21 September 2005 B. Setiawan and Ikaputra Gadjah Mada University

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Page 1: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

KNITING SOCIAL AND

PHYSICAL CAPITAL

IN ACEH

AEROPH CONFERENCE

YOGYAKARTA 19-21

September 2005

B. Setiawan and Ikaputra

Gadjah Mada University

Page 2: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

PRESENTATION

OUTLINE:

1. Planning theories revisited;

2. Planning practice and

social capital;

1. Tsunami and the “project”

2. Lessons learned;

3. Concluding remarks.

Page 3: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

1. PLANNING TEHORY REVISITED:

WHAT IS PLANNING?

Planning ….. From Knowledge to Action

(Friedmann, 1987);

“…While retaining technical analytical and design components, planning has come to be seen also as intensely political and value laden”

(Wachs, 1995)

Page 4: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

FOUR STREAMS IN PLANNING

(Friedmann, 1997)

STREAM MODEL ETHICAL

FOUNDATION

JUSTICE AND

WELFARE

PLANNER’S

ROLE

1. Social

Reforms

Master plan,

Land use,

Garden city

Universalism,

Absolutism,

rationality

Not sensitive technocrat

expert

designer

2. Policy

Analysis

Comprehensive

planning,

Incremental planning

Universalism,

Utilitarianism’

Rationality

Not sensitive technocrat

Policy analyst

3. Social

Learning

Transactive planning

communitarian

Relativism,

culturalism

crucial Translator,

communicator

Mediator,

Social activist

4. Social

Mobilization

Radica planning,

advocacy,

environmental

planning, feminism

Radicalist

Decontrustion,

SUbjectivism

crucial Advocacy,

Mobilizer

Page 5: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

WHY ADVOCACY PLANNING?

“…If a planner is not working directly for the objective of eradicating poverty and racial and sexual discrimination, then he or she is counterproductive. If the work is not specific in its redistributive aims, then it is at best inefficient. If the work is not aimed at redistribution, then a presumption stands that it is amoral. These are strong words. They must be. So long as poverty and racism exist in our society, there is an ethical imperative for a single direction in planning.”

Davidoff, 1978

Page 6: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Features of social

organization such as

networks, norms, and

social trust that facilitate

coordination and

cooperation for mutual

benefit

(Putnam 1995)

The existence of a certain

set of informal values or

norms shared among

members of a group that

permit cooperation among

them (Fukuyama, 1997)

2. PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Page 7: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Social capital is crucial in planning practice for several reasons”:

1) Provide access to information;

2) Enables power and resources sharing;

3) Develop community solidarity;

4) Increase resource mobilization;

5) Create common knowledge;

6) Make easier to achieve community objective

PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Page 8: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT APPROACH (AFTER PRE-SURVEY)

QuickBird Natural Color Image

28 December 2004

Extensive

Amounts Of

Debris/Damage

Destroyed

Shoreline/Town

Flooded

Areas

Flooded

Areas

3.3km

Flooded

Areas

Flooded

Areas

Grand Mosque

N Banda Aceh

RING 1 RING 1

RING 2 RING 2

RING 3

RING 3

Page 9: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Before

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)

Page 10: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Damage estimation

100 %

After

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)

Page 11: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI

(RING 1)

Page 12: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Before

Courtesy of DigitalGlobe

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

Page 13: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

damages:

80-90 %

After

Courtesy of DigitalGlobe

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

Page 14: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI

(RING 2)

Page 15: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)

Page 16: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 3)

Page 17: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

DAMAGE ASSESMENT (HOUSING NEEDS (?))

Tentative DATA on DISASTER VICTIMS NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PROVINCE Status January 24, 2005, 23:00

REFUGES 417,124 PEOPLE (9,78%)

We need about 100-200,000 housing units

Page 18: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Adopt Village Concept

Donor Donor

Recipient

Recipient

Recipient

Intermediary

(govt./expert)

CONCEPT OF

- Rehabilitation

- Reconstruction

- Resettlement

Recipient

Recipient

Recipient

Donor

Page 19: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

LORONG/DUSUN SPONTAN (L/DS)

Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit (Spontanoues

LORONG/DUSUN))

AREA AFFECTED

BY DISASTER

Public facilities such as

meunasah (small mosque),

meudagang (orphanage),

health services, public

kitchen, and public bath

PUBLIC FACILITIES

EMERGENCY

TENTS FOR

REFUGEES

RTS

DISTANCE BETWEEN RTS’s 5-10 km from

areas affected by disasters

• Free from negative impacts of the disaster

(physically, psychologically, medically)

•Accessible from/to area affected by disaster

by non-motorized vehicle

Group of Instant

Houses ONE RTS COMPLEX (5000 m2)

15-50 Households (50-200 inhabitants)

Page 20: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Spontaneous L/DS Location

Disaster area

L/DS L/DS

L/DS L/DS

Page 21: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

IMPLEMENTATION OF “ADOPT VILLAGE” WITHIN THE ACEH NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS

Adopted LORONG/DUSUN (± 40 – 60 House holds)

Focus : House Family & Micro Economic Scale

“community focus”

Adopted GAMPONG (± 150 – 300 households)

Focus :

Infrastructure Public Facilities

STAKE HOLDER:

Community : Government = 50 : 50

Adopted SUB DISTRICT

(KECAMATAN) (± 800 – 1200

households)

Focus : infrastructure & public

facilities Economic Challenge/

Development

STAKE HOLDER: Community : Government

= 25 : 75

“INSTALLING” SPONTANEOUS DUSUN/LORONG (Adopted RT SPONTAN)

Page 22: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun organization

SHELT

ER

PUBLIC

FACILITIES SHELT

ER

SHELT

ER SHELT

ER Keuchik The head of

Lorong/Dusun (it is better to be selected

by candidates for Spontaneous Lorong

inhabitants)

Tuha Peut Village Advisory Board, consist of 4 elements: 1. Ulama (Religious Leader) 2. Tetua Adat (Adat Leader) 3. Tokoh Masyarakat (other informal leader) 4. Cendekia (scholar/experts)

“experts” volunteer

(teacher, medical doctor, psychologist, sociologist, economist, technicians, architects, student, santri, trainers, dll)

Recruitmen of “experts” volunteer should attend sort of Training before involving at Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun Program

Page 23: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

PROCEED TO IMPLEMENTATION

EFFORT

3 Discussion with Tuhapeut & Community at Meunasah to confirm on the land tenure

Tahlilan Pengungsi

Meeting With Refugees Who Will Resettle In The Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit

2

1 Discussion With Local Government

To Propose Alternative Temporary Housing Other than Barracks

Page 24: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 1

Page 25: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Samuel Indratma’s contribution

Ideas for Participatory House Painting

Page 26: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 4

Page 27: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

SITEPLAN (5000 m2)

Public facilities (3 modul)

Meunasah (6 modul)

Shelter Unit (20 modul)

Shelter (20 modul)

Med

ical

Hea

lth

(2 m

od

ul)

Public bath (1 modul)

NORTH

100 m 50 m

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Public bath (1 modul)

Public bath (1 modul)

Public bath (1 modul)

Med

ical

Hea

lth

(2 m

od

ul)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Pu

blic

K

itch

en

(1

mo

du

l)

Shelter Unit (20 modul)

Shelter (20 modul)

Page 28: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

SITEPLAN (5000 m2)

Fungsi Hunian membutuhkan 79 unit untuk 50-75 kepala keluarga

Meudagang membutuhkan 3 unit

Meunasah membutuhkan 6 unit

Puskesmas membutuhkan 2 unit

MCK umum membutuhkan 4 unit

Dapur Umum membutuhkan 6 unit

Total: 100 unit

Page 29: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

SELECTED SITE CONDITION Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

Eksisting Meunasah

Eksisting Bale Dusun

Eksisting Kantor PKK & LKMD

Makam kuno Raja-raja desa Kandang

Pohon Beringin

Luas Tapak di luar komplek Meunasah 7174 M2

Page 30: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

SITE PLAN DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

Page 31: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI

UNIT RTS 2 MODUL

UNIT RTS 1 MODUL

KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI

UNIT RTS 2 MODUL

EKSISTING MEUNASAH

BALAI

EKSISTING KUBURAN

UNIT RTS TIPE KHUSUS

Luas Site 7.174 m2

PENANDA KELOMPOK UNIT

KANTOR LKMD & PKK

GARDU RONDA

Luas Site : 7.174 m2

Unit 1 Modul : 43 unit

Unit 2 Modul : 33 unit

KM/WC : 6 unit

Unit Khusus : 6 unit

Signage : 10 unit

Desa : Kandang

Kecamatan : Darul Imarah

Kabupaten : Aceh Besar

Page 32: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (BEFORE)

Page 33: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (AFTER)

Page 34: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Temporary Settlement at Kandang Labuhan Asri Village

A cooperation of GMU & Dompet Dhuafa Republika

117 UNITS 6 UNITS

Page 35: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 3

Page 36: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

Page 37: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

Page 38: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

PROTOTYPE 1 TEMPORARY SHELTER

Page 39: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 CONSTRUCTION FOR SHELTERS

Page 40: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

Page 41: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

Page 42: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

Page 43: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

Page 44: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

COT GUE SITE

120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS

Page 45: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 46: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 47: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 48: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Temporary Settlement Grant from Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono

at Ajun, Banda Aceh A cooperation of GMU, Ministry of Civil Works,

NGO-Pondok Pesantren, and US Donation Agency

DEVELOPMENT OF GMU’S CORE HOUSE DURING 18 HOURS

Page 49: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE 5 (TYPE 36) (FROM TEMPORARY TO PERMANENT)

WOOD MATERIAL WOOD & WALL

MATERIAL

WALL MATERIAL

Page 50: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

2

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

CORE HOUSE TYPE 36

View from side Rear View

Page 51: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

3

Final stage of Type 36 - Wood

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

CORE HOUSE EXPANSION TO TYPE 36

Possible room

extension

Possible room extension

Possible room

extension

Page 52: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

HOUSE CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Type 36

Type 54

4

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

Type 45

Wood Wood & Wall Wall

Page 53: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

HOUSE TYPE 36/150

5

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X1,5 = 2,25 M2

6.DAPUR = 3,75 M2

36 M2

PLAN

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

Page 54: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5. RUANG TIDUR III 3X2 = 6 M2

6.KAMAR MANDI 1,75X2 = 3,5 M2

7.DAPUR 2,75X2 = 5,5 M2

45 M2

6

HOUSE TYPE 45/150

PERSPEKTIF

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

PLAN

Page 55: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2

2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 4X6 = 24 M2

3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2

4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2

5.RUANG TIDUR III 2X3 = 6 M2

6.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X2 = 3 M2

7.DAPUR 1,5X2 = 3 M2

54 M2

7

HOUSE TYPE 54/150 ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

AXONOMETRI

PLAN

Page 56: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 57: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

PLAN FOR AJUN HUNIAN SEMENTARA MANDIRI

AND THE CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE (5)

Page 58: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

THE AJUN’S SITE

Page 59: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

AJUN SITE

50 UNITS PROTOTYPE 5: CORE HOUSE TYPE

Page 60: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

AJUN SITE

2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES

Page 61: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)

4 m

3 m

MULTI FUNCTION

ROOM (12 m2)

Final stage of Type 36

WOOD

MATERIAL WOOD AND WALL MATERIAL

WALL

MATERIAL

Possible room

extension

Possible room extension

IKA

PU

TR

A –

Gadja

h M

ada U

niv

ers

ity

Development of Permanent Settlements for Lecturers of IAIN Ar Raniry

A cooperation of GMU and IAIN Ar Raniry

GMU’s CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE

Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36

Page 62: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 63: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH
Page 64: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

4. LESSONS LEARNED

1. Comprehensive responds toward disaster;

2. Responds: between immediate/short-term and long-

term and sustainable respond;

3. The socio-cultural dimensions of planning for disaster

area and community;

4. Planner challenges: Knitting social and physical

capital;

5. Coordination among actors and agency – the adopt

village concept.

Page 65: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

“…When planners deliberate with city residents, they

shape public learning as well public action”

(Forester, 1999)

“…AS planners work in between interdependent and

conflicting parties in the face of inequalities of power

and political voice, they have to be not only

personally reflective but politically deliberative too”

(Schon, 1983)

Page 66: KNITING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL IN ACEH

WANTED: Voluntary architects For Aceh People

“Lost & found Wall” Wanted my kids: Yayuk/zu Contact: Posko Lampung We are save

Thank You