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KNITING SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
IN ACEH
AEROPH CONFERENCE
YOGYAKARTA 19-21
September 2005
B. Setiawan and Ikaputra
Gadjah Mada University
PRESENTATION
OUTLINE:
1. Planning theories revisited;
2. Planning practice and
social capital;
1. Tsunami and the “project”
2. Lessons learned;
3. Concluding remarks.
1. PLANNING TEHORY REVISITED:
WHAT IS PLANNING?
Planning ….. From Knowledge to Action
(Friedmann, 1987);
“…While retaining technical analytical and design components, planning has come to be seen also as intensely political and value laden”
(Wachs, 1995)
FOUR STREAMS IN PLANNING
(Friedmann, 1997)
STREAM MODEL ETHICAL
FOUNDATION
JUSTICE AND
WELFARE
PLANNER’S
ROLE
1. Social
Reforms
Master plan,
Land use,
Garden city
Universalism,
Absolutism,
rationality
Not sensitive technocrat
expert
designer
2. Policy
Analysis
Comprehensive
planning,
Incremental planning
Universalism,
Utilitarianism’
Rationality
Not sensitive technocrat
Policy analyst
3. Social
Learning
Transactive planning
communitarian
Relativism,
culturalism
crucial Translator,
communicator
Mediator,
Social activist
4. Social
Mobilization
Radica planning,
advocacy,
environmental
planning, feminism
Radicalist
Decontrustion,
SUbjectivism
crucial Advocacy,
Mobilizer
WHY ADVOCACY PLANNING?
“…If a planner is not working directly for the objective of eradicating poverty and racial and sexual discrimination, then he or she is counterproductive. If the work is not specific in its redistributive aims, then it is at best inefficient. If the work is not aimed at redistribution, then a presumption stands that it is amoral. These are strong words. They must be. So long as poverty and racism exist in our society, there is an ethical imperative for a single direction in planning.”
Davidoff, 1978
Features of social
organization such as
networks, norms, and
social trust that facilitate
coordination and
cooperation for mutual
benefit
(Putnam 1995)
The existence of a certain
set of informal values or
norms shared among
members of a group that
permit cooperation among
them (Fukuyama, 1997)
2. PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
Social capital is crucial in planning practice for several reasons”:
1) Provide access to information;
2) Enables power and resources sharing;
3) Develop community solidarity;
4) Increase resource mobilization;
5) Create common knowledge;
6) Make easier to achieve community objective
PLANNING PRACTICE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT APPROACH (AFTER PRE-SURVEY)
QuickBird Natural Color Image
28 December 2004
Extensive
Amounts Of
Debris/Damage
Destroyed
Shoreline/Town
Flooded
Areas
Flooded
Areas
3.3km
Flooded
Areas
Flooded
Areas
Grand Mosque
N Banda Aceh
RING 1 RING 1
RING 2 RING 2
RING 3
RING 3
Before
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)
Damage estimation
100 %
After
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 1)
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
(RING 1)
Before
Courtesy of DigitalGlobe
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)
damages:
80-90 %
After
Courtesy of DigitalGlobe
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
(RING 2)
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 2)
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI (RING 3)
DAMAGE ASSESMENT (HOUSING NEEDS (?))
Tentative DATA on DISASTER VICTIMS NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PROVINCE Status January 24, 2005, 23:00
REFUGES 417,124 PEOPLE (9,78%)
We need about 100-200,000 housing units
Adopt Village Concept
Donor Donor
Recipient
Recipient
Recipient
Intermediary
(govt./expert)
CONCEPT OF
- Rehabilitation
- Reconstruction
- Resettlement
Recipient
Recipient
Recipient
Donor
LORONG/DUSUN SPONTAN (L/DS)
Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit (Spontanoues
LORONG/DUSUN))
AREA AFFECTED
BY DISASTER
Public facilities such as
meunasah (small mosque),
meudagang (orphanage),
health services, public
kitchen, and public bath
PUBLIC FACILITIES
EMERGENCY
TENTS FOR
REFUGEES
RTS
DISTANCE BETWEEN RTS’s 5-10 km from
areas affected by disasters
• Free from negative impacts of the disaster
(physically, psychologically, medically)
•Accessible from/to area affected by disaster
by non-motorized vehicle
Group of Instant
Houses ONE RTS COMPLEX (5000 m2)
15-50 Households (50-200 inhabitants)
Spontaneous L/DS Location
Disaster area
L/DS L/DS
L/DS L/DS
IMPLEMENTATION OF “ADOPT VILLAGE” WITHIN THE ACEH NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS
Adopted LORONG/DUSUN (± 40 – 60 House holds)
Focus : House Family & Micro Economic Scale
“community focus”
Adopted GAMPONG (± 150 – 300 households)
Focus :
Infrastructure Public Facilities
STAKE HOLDER:
Community : Government = 50 : 50
Adopted SUB DISTRICT
(KECAMATAN) (± 800 – 1200
households)
Focus : infrastructure & public
facilities Economic Challenge/
Development
STAKE HOLDER: Community : Government
= 25 : 75
“INSTALLING” SPONTANEOUS DUSUN/LORONG (Adopted RT SPONTAN)
Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun organization
SHELT
ER
PUBLIC
FACILITIES SHELT
ER
SHELT
ER SHELT
ER Keuchik The head of
Lorong/Dusun (it is better to be selected
by candidates for Spontaneous Lorong
inhabitants)
Tuha Peut Village Advisory Board, consist of 4 elements: 1. Ulama (Religious Leader) 2. Tetua Adat (Adat Leader) 3. Tokoh Masyarakat (other informal leader) 4. Cendekia (scholar/experts)
“experts” volunteer
(teacher, medical doctor, psychologist, sociologist, economist, technicians, architects, student, santri, trainers, dll)
Recruitmen of “experts” volunteer should attend sort of Training before involving at Spontaneous Lorong/Dusun Program
PROCEED TO IMPLEMENTATION
EFFORT
3 Discussion with Tuhapeut & Community at Meunasah to confirm on the land tenure
Tahlilan Pengungsi
Meeting With Refugees Who Will Resettle In The Spontaneous Neighborhood Unit
2
1 Discussion With Local Government
To Propose Alternative Temporary Housing Other than Barracks
TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 1
Samuel Indratma’s contribution
Ideas for Participatory House Painting
TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 4
SITEPLAN (5000 m2)
Public facilities (3 modul)
Meunasah (6 modul)
Shelter Unit (20 modul)
Shelter (20 modul)
Med
ical
Hea
lth
(2 m
od
ul)
Public bath (1 modul)
NORTH
100 m 50 m
Pu
blic
K
itch
en
(1
mo
du
l)
Pu
blic
K
itch
en
(1
mo
du
l)
Public bath (1 modul)
Public bath (1 modul)
Public bath (1 modul)
Med
ical
Hea
lth
(2 m
od
ul)
Pu
blic
K
itch
en
(1
mo
du
l)
Pu
blic
K
itch
en
(1
mo
du
l)
Shelter Unit (20 modul)
Shelter (20 modul)
SITEPLAN (5000 m2)
Fungsi Hunian membutuhkan 79 unit untuk 50-75 kepala keluarga
Meudagang membutuhkan 3 unit
Meunasah membutuhkan 6 unit
Puskesmas membutuhkan 2 unit
MCK umum membutuhkan 4 unit
Dapur Umum membutuhkan 6 unit
Total: 100 unit
SELECTED SITE CONDITION Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar
Eksisting Meunasah
Eksisting Bale Dusun
Eksisting Kantor PKK & LKMD
Makam kuno Raja-raja desa Kandang
Pohon Beringin
Luas Tapak di luar komplek Meunasah 7174 M2
SITE PLAN DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI Desa : Kandang Kecamatan : Darul Imarah Kabupaten : Aceh Besar
KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI
UNIT RTS 2 MODUL
UNIT RTS 1 MODUL
KM/WC dan TEMPAT CUCI
UNIT RTS 2 MODUL
EKSISTING MEUNASAH
BALAI
EKSISTING KUBURAN
UNIT RTS TIPE KHUSUS
Luas Site 7.174 m2
PENANDA KELOMPOK UNIT
KANTOR LKMD & PKK
GARDU RONDA
Luas Site : 7.174 m2
Unit 1 Modul : 43 unit
Unit 2 Modul : 33 unit
KM/WC : 6 unit
Unit Khusus : 6 unit
Signage : 10 unit
Desa : Kandang
Kecamatan : Darul Imarah
Kabupaten : Aceh Besar
ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (BEFORE)
ENTRANCE TO DUSUN LABUHAN ASRI (AFTER)
IKA
PU
TR
A –
Gadja
h M
ada U
niv
ers
ity
Development of Temporary Settlement at Kandang Labuhan Asri Village
A cooperation of GMU & Dompet Dhuafa Republika
117 UNITS 6 UNITS
TEMPORARY SHELTER PROTOTYPE 3
COT GUE SITE
2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES
COT GUE SITE
2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES
COT GUE SITE
PROTOTYPE 1 TEMPORARY SHELTER
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 CONSTRUCTION FOR SHELTERS
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS
COT GUE SITE
120 UNITS PROTOTYPE 1 FOR SHELTERS
IKA
PU
TR
A –
Gadja
h M
ada U
niv
ers
ity
Development of Temporary Settlement Grant from Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono
at Ajun, Banda Aceh A cooperation of GMU, Ministry of Civil Works,
NGO-Pondok Pesantren, and US Donation Agency
DEVELOPMENT OF GMU’S CORE HOUSE DURING 18 HOURS
CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE 5 (TYPE 36) (FROM TEMPORARY TO PERMANENT)
WOOD MATERIAL WOOD & WALL
MATERIAL
WALL MATERIAL
Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36
2
KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)
4 m
3 m
MULTI FUNCTION
ROOM (12 m2)
CORE HOUSE TYPE 36
View from side Rear View
Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36
3
Final stage of Type 36 - Wood
KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)
4 m
3 m
MULTI FUNCTION
ROOM (12 m2)
CORE HOUSE EXPANSION TO TYPE 36
Possible room
extension
Possible room extension
Possible room
extension
HOUSE CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Type 36
Type 54
4
Wood Wood & Wall Wall
Wood Wood & Wall Wall
Type 45
Wood Wood & Wall Wall
HOUSE TYPE 36/150
5
1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2
2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2
3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2
4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2
5.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X1,5 = 2,25 M2
6.DAPUR = 3,75 M2
36 M2
PLAN
ELEVATION
PERSPECTIVE
AXONOMETRI
1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2
2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 3X4 = 12 M2
3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2
4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2
5. RUANG TIDUR III 3X2 = 6 M2
6.KAMAR MANDI 1,75X2 = 3,5 M2
7.DAPUR 2,75X2 = 5,5 M2
45 M2
6
HOUSE TYPE 45/150
PERSPEKTIF
ELEVATION
PERSPECTIVE
AXONOMETRI
PLAN
1.RUANG TAMU 3X2 = 6 M2
2.RUANG KLG + MAKAN 4X6 = 24 M2
3.RUANG TIDUR I 2X3 = 6 M2
4.RUANG TIDUR II 2X3 = 6 M2
5.RUANG TIDUR III 2X3 = 6 M2
6.KAMAR MANDI 1,5X2 = 3 M2
7.DAPUR 1,5X2 = 3 M2
54 M2
7
HOUSE TYPE 54/150 ELEVATION
PERSPECTIVE
AXONOMETRI
PLAN
PLAN FOR AJUN HUNIAN SEMENTARA MANDIRI
AND THE CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE (5)
THE AJUN’S SITE
AJUN SITE
50 UNITS PROTOTYPE 5: CORE HOUSE TYPE
AJUN SITE
2 UNITS PROTOTYPE 3 FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES
KITCHEN (4.5 m2) BATHROOM (2.25 m2)
4 m
3 m
MULTI FUNCTION
ROOM (12 m2)
Final stage of Type 36
WOOD
MATERIAL WOOD AND WALL MATERIAL
WALL
MATERIAL
Possible room
extension
Possible room extension
IKA
PU
TR
A –
Gadja
h M
ada U
niv
ers
ity
Development of Permanent Settlements for Lecturers of IAIN Ar Raniry
A cooperation of GMU and IAIN Ar Raniry
GMU’s CORE HOUSE PROTOTYPE
Initial Core House (18 m2) For Type 36
4. LESSONS LEARNED
1. Comprehensive responds toward disaster;
2. Responds: between immediate/short-term and long-
term and sustainable respond;
3. The socio-cultural dimensions of planning for disaster
area and community;
4. Planner challenges: Knitting social and physical
capital;
5. Coordination among actors and agency – the adopt
village concept.
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
“…When planners deliberate with city residents, they
shape public learning as well public action”
(Forester, 1999)
“…AS planners work in between interdependent and
conflicting parties in the face of inequalities of power
and political voice, they have to be not only
personally reflective but politically deliberative too”
(Schon, 1983)
WANTED: Voluntary architects For Aceh People
“Lost & found Wall” Wanted my kids: Yayuk/zu Contact: Posko Lampung We are save
Thank You