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Jorge de Las HerasETSIAMUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Mediterranean ecosystems extend over 75million hectares, composed by 25,5 millionhectares of forests and by 50 million of otherwooded lands, and contribute to make theMediterranean a biodiversity hotspot. Wood and non-wood products: e.g. biomass based energy
Climate regulation: e.g. C-sequestration
Pollution control
Soil protection and formation: e.g. erosion control
Nutrients cycling
Biodiversity protection
Water regulation and supply
Recreation
Disturbance regulation
Pollution Climate Change Landscape changes (land use,
fragmentation) Exotic species
FIRE
FOREST MANAGEMENT must consider this new scenario of GLOBALCHANGE Effects Mitigation
Assure Ecosystem Services
WoodlandsForests / Shrublands / Grasslands
* Carbon reserves and flows
* Water resources
* Biodiversity
Management
Global change
* Changes atmospheric comp.
* Climate change
* Fires
* Land use changes
* Introduction of species
1
2
3
WoodlandsForests / Shrublands / Grasslands
* Carbon reserves and flows
* Water resources
* Biodiversity
Management
Global change
* Changes atmospheric comp.
* Climate change
* Fires
* Land use changes
* Introduction of species
1
2
3
1. Influence of global change on the structure and function of woodlands.2. Ways in which woodlands may modify the consequences of global change.3 Modification through management of the effects of global change on woodlands and of thelatter on global change itself.
Adapted from Alcamo& Beenet (2003)
Human land use and deforestation since Neolithic have led to a gradual decoupling between the occurrence of wildfires and climate
Ruddiman (2007)
Fire danger is expressed by the Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR)
Fire have been present since last Quaternary(Carrión et al. 2003)
Phylogenetic diversity of plants and communitiesare linked to fire regime
(Pausas et al., 2009)
SOIL LOSS: AN INDICATOR OF
ECOLOGICAL “DISASTER”
Ryan (2002)
Adapted from Ryan (2002)
“There is no succession (in the general
sense of the word), but a progressive
reappearance of the species belonging
to the original community”
(Trabaud & Lepart, 1980)
Postfire resprouting (R): the ability togenerate new shoots from dormant budsafter stems have been fully scorched by fire:resprouters (R+) or nonresprouters (R-)
Postfire seeding (S): the ability to generate afire-resistant seedbank with seeds thatgerminate profusely after fires (fire-cuedgermination): seeders (S+) or nonseeders (S-)
Obligate resprouters (R+S-): resprouterswithout postfire seeding ability).
Facultative seeders (R+S+): both mechanismsfor regenerating after fire
Obligate seeders (R-S+): nonresprouters withpostfire seeding ability.
Postfire colonizers (R-S-): recruiting after firefrom seeds dispersed from unburned patches(metapopulation dynamics).
Pausas (2013)
Shrublands dominated by resprouting species
Quercus coccifera garrigue: vigorous resprouting
Arbutus unedo and Erica sp.: reduced resprouting after recurrent fires
Juniperus oxycedrus, Calluna vulgaris, Phyllirea angustifolia.. Different responses depending on populations, age, size
Shrublands dominated by non-resprouting species (seeders, recruiter species)
Rosmarinus, Ulex parviflorus…Changes in species dominance depending on post-fire conditions and community age
Broadleaved evergreen sclerophyllous woodlands
Q. ilex, Q. calliprinos, : Vigorous resprouting.
Q. suber: vulnerability due to cork harvest Pine forests
P. halepensis, P. brutia and P. pinaster: post-fire regeneration relies on the canopy seed bank protected in the serotinous cones
Montane pines P. nigra and P. sylvestris show almost nil regeneration after crown-fire Other coniferous trees forests
Juniperus communis, J. thurifera, Abies pinsapo, Cedrus sp. pl.: neither resprout nor have serotinous cones: sensitive to crown-fire
Four ecological groups of spanish pine species1. Serotiny and early flowering in Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster;
Different traits2. Late flowering and absence of serotinous cones in P. nigra, P.
sylvestris and P. uncinata indicate that their natural forest did not evolve under frequent crown fires.
3. P. canariensis (resprouting capability)4. P. pinea (high seed size, thick bark)
Tapias et al (2004)
What to do with the burned logs? What to do in the short term to prevent
erosion? Active, Passive or Assisted Restoration?
post-fire management of
burnt forests should
consider a variety of
treatment options to help
reconcile and better
balance competing
societal needs ranging
from economic benefits
to ecological restoration.
http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:normali
zed_burn_ratio
2014
Could reduce the diversity of plants, birds (Castro et al.,
2010) and hollow-dependent mammals (Lindenmayer and
Ough, 2006)
Could negatively affect ecosystem propertiesand functions such as:
Soil retention (Reeves et al., 2006)
Soil respiration (Marañón-Jiménez et al., 2011)
Nutrient cycling (Marañón-Jiménez and Castro, 2013)
Carbon sequestration (Serrano-Ortiz et al., 2011)
Hydrological regimes (Lindenmayer and Noss, 2006)
Castro et al. (2014)
Low density
Low economic value Economic value
High densityExtraction by zones
Juvenile(< 4 m)
1. No Extraction
2. Felling3. Felling and
Limbing
Juvenile(< 4 m)
1. No Intervention
2. Felling3. Felling and
Limbing
Adults(> 4 m)
In transited areas
1. Felling2. Felling and
Limbing
Adults(> 4 m)
In selected zones
1. Felling2. Felling and
Limbing
SalvageLogging
RemainingWoody debris
SalvageLogging
forbiomass
1. Remaining tres standing2. RemainingWoody debris
BAER (Burned Area Emergency Response): focuses on short-termmitigation of the secondary (physical) fire effects and stabilization of theburned area.(Robichaud et al., 2000)
LandTreatments• Mulching (aerial, ground)
• Erosion barriers
Spreading of logging debris
Invasive species control
Silt fences
Log erosion barriers
Seeding
Some risks and problems:
-Introduction of competing plants
-Modification of postfire dynamics
-Effects on microorganisms
-Amplification of disturbance?
-Not well contrasted effectiveness
-Expertise tasks
-Costs
Hellín (SE, 2012)
Galicia (NW, 2011)
•High dependence on weather conditions
•Low efectiveness if not accompanyed by mulching
•Predation
•Risk of introduction of competitive species
•More studies about long term effects are needed
1. Passive restoration: Let Nature do the work2. Assisted Restoration: Helping Nature3. Active Restoration: Nature substitution
“Use” of adaptive traits of plants
Silvicultural treatments (thinning, prunning, scrub
clearing, coppice) appropriate to support natural
regeneration and reach mature stages of succession
faster (Impulse to post- fire dynamics )
Increasing Resilience
Improving growth and reproduction through decreasing intra- and
interspecific competition
Súria (Barcelona), 10 years after fire del fuego
Are
a F
olia
r (c
m2
/Arb
ol)
Bio
mas
a se
ca (k
g /A
rbo
l)
NI c1 c2 C1 C2 c1+C2 NI c1 c2 C1 C2 c1+C2
Diferencias entre tratamientos selvícolas en pinares regenerados tras incendio, 15 años
después del fuego (Yeste, SW Albacete). NI: No intervención; c1: Clareos a intensidad media
(1500 pies/ha), 5 años después del fuego; c2: Clareos a intensidad media (1500 pies/ha, 10
años después del fuego; C1: Clareos a intensidad elevada (800 pies/ha), 5 años después del
fuego; C2: Clareos a intensidad elevada (800 pies/ha, 10 años después del fuego; c1+C2:
Clareos consecutivos: a 1500 pies/ha, 5 años después del fuego y a 1500 pies/ha, 10 años
después del fuego.
c) VALUES 2007
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
C T+P T T+p04 T04+p04 T04 T+t04+p t t04 t04+p04
HE
IGH
T (
cm
)
d
h
a a c bc bc ab d d bc c bc c d d e e ab c d de
CLAREOS DE
REGENERADOS
(pino carrasco)
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
NI c+p1 c c+p2 c2+p2 c2 c+C2+p1C C2 C2+p2
BA
S (
sem
illa
s/h
a)
ab
a
abc
c
ab
abc abc
bc
abc
c
Progressive conversion of coppice to forest
Best moment for coppice thinning of Quercus ilex, Q. cerrioides,
Viburnum tinus, Arbutus unedo?
>10 years after fire
Thinning intensity?2-3 resprouts
Control of new resprouts after thinning?Controlled grazing, manually.
(Sánchez-Humanes & Espelta, 2011; Quevedo et al. 2013)
Different fire intensity: differentresponses
Low intensity: Crown, strain and rootresprouts
High intensity: loss of resproutingcapability (Moreira et al., 2009). Management of strain resprouts
Cork harvesting increasesvulnerability: wait at least 3 yearsafter a fire for cork harvest (Catry et al., 2012).
Q. suber response depends on bark
thickness and bark harvest regime(Catry et al. 2012)
High severity fire Weather conditions after fire Pre-fire plant communities Synergistic perturbations Public pressure
SeedingPlantation
Change of social paradigm:
“compensation” burnt areas/reforested areas(Vallejo et al., 2012).
Seeds provennance is very important (Climent et al., 2008; 2014;
Santos del Blanco et al., 2010)
Saplings quality Avoid agressive plantation techniques Direct seeding of pine seeds or oak fruits is not always a
good choice
Suillus bellinii, S. mediterraneensis, S. collinitus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Lactarius deliciosus, L. sanguifluus.
pure culture growth in Petri disches (22-24 ºC)
LiquidInoculumgrowth
Inoculation
Secondary roots infection
Plantation
de las Heras et al. (2002); González et al. (2003)
1. Real costs of a Wildland Fire?
2. Carbon fixation inclussion
3. How to manage…• Communities dominated by no resilient species?
• Endangered, thereatened species?
• Biodiversity hotspots?
New challenges…
PREVENTIONRESTORATION
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