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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERTIFICATION STATUS
BY INTEGRATED USE OF SATELITE
REMOTE SENSING AND GISA CASE STUDY OF EASTERN PART OF
RAJASTHAN STATE
BY
TUUL BATBALDAN ( MONGOLIA )
SUPERVISED BY
Dr .S. K. SAHA
Agriculture and Soils Division, IIRS
9th POST GRADUATE COURSE IN REMOTE SENSING
AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM.
CSSTEAP
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF REMOTE SENSING
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Many nations of the world are facing the problem of rapidly growing
population and lack of food supply.
Around 70% of all agriculturally used dry lands are some degree
degraded, especially in terms of soils and plant cover (UNEP 1992A, 1992B).
In the last 25 years, desertification has become increasingly apparent inthe dry sub-humid (annual rainfall 750 to 1500 mm ) regions of theworld.
The extent and impact of desertification on the utilization of natural
resources, environmental deterioration, the production of agriculture,forest, and animal husbandry are now much higher than before.
Therefore, studies on desertification will have greater significance both
in theory and in practice.
Importance of the project
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WHAT IS DESERTIFICATION?
Desertification can be defined as: Land degradation in arid, semi-
arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors,
including climatic variation and human activities. (United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD1994))
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To assess and map spatial desertificationstatus by GIS aided integration of satellite
derived desertification indicators, soils and
climatic conditions
To characterize present biophysical
conditions of desertification induced
degraded zones using satellite derived
temporal biophysical parameters.
OBJECTIVE
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Study area and location
The study area is the Part of Eastern Rajasthan
State and falls in geographic coordinates of
Latitude 23
03
N to 28
13
N and Longitude72 14 E to 78 16 E. The study area
(132,981 sq.km) covers 21 districts of Eastern
Rajasthan State.
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District-wise Mean Monthly Rainfall (Cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep O
ct
Nov
Dec
Month
Precipitation(Centimeters
AJMER ALWARBANSWARA BHARATPUR
BHILWARA BUNDICHITTAURGARH DUNGARPURJAIPUR & DAUSA JHALAWAR
KOTA & BARAN PALI
SAWAI MADHOPUR SIROHITONK UDAIPUR & RAJSAMAND
CLIMATE: semi-arid to sub humid
ANNUAL RAINFALL: (550mm-1640mm).
The daily minimum temperatures at night are
around 26C (summer) /4 C (winter)The daily maximum temperature reach in summer
40-48C (summer) / 28C (winter)
ELEVATION (100m-1698m).
SOILS: Dominant surface soil textures are
sandy, loamy and clayey. Large area 68.10 %
is under loamy surface soil texture and next
dominant texture is sandy (16.58%).
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES :Zone 1: Semi-Arid Eastern Plain (Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk districts)
Zone 2:Flood Prone Eastern Plains (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur, Karauli
districts)
Zone 3:Sub-humid Southern Plains (Aravalli Hills-Udaipur, Rajsamand,
Bhilwara,Chittaurgarh, Sirohi districts) Zone 4:Humid Southern Plains (Dungarpur and Banswara districts)
Zone 5: Humid South-Eastern Plains (Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Kota,
Baran, Jhalwar districts)
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE: Kharif (Rainy) season-Bajra (pearl millet), Jowar (Sorghum), maize,guar, sesamum (oil seeds), Soybean and Groundnut, Pulses
Rabi (Winter) season -Wheat, barley, gram, mustardCotton and sugarcane are the chief cash crops grown in the black soil in some region.
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DATA USED
REMOTE SENSING DATAIRS 1D Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) 188m, swath 810m
Path&Row: 096/051; 096/056
17 October 2004 (Kharif)
18 February 2005 (Rabi)
MODIS data (36 bands; 1km; swath 2,330 km)NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index): monthly composite
EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), monthly composite
LST (Land Surface Temperature), 8 day composite
LAI (Leaf Area Index), 8 day composite
Albedo, 16 day composite
METEOROLOGICAL DATA(Source:Department of Science and Technology Government of Rajasthan.Jaipur Resource Atlas of Rajasthan.)
Rainfall (past 25 years)Air temperature data (past 25 years)
Climatic water balance water surplus / water deficit
SOIL MAP: ( 1: 500,000 scale) ( Published by NBSS & LUP, India)
SOI TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS : 1:250,000 Scale ( 20 nos.)
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SATELLITE DATA IRS 1D WiFS
Rabi image (17 October, 2005)
SATELLITE DATA IRS 1D WiFS
Rabi image (17 October, 2005)Download MODIS image
of study area
Download MODIS image
of study area
Crop Inventory
Kharif
Crop Inventory
Kharif
Crop Inventory
Rabi
Crop Inventory
Rabi
Import to ERDASImport to ERDAS
Image ReprojectionImage Reprojection
Extraction of study area
Image from MODIS data
Extraction of study area
Image from MODIS data
SATELLITE DATA IRS 1D WiFS
Kharif image (18 February, 2005)
SATELLITE DATA IRS 1D WiFS
Kharif image (18 February, 2005)
Image Rectification and transformation
using MODIS data
Image Rectification and transformation
using MODIS data
Subset study areaSubset study area
Digital classification
Of Rabi and Kharif images
Digital classification
Of Rabi and Kharif images
Generation of cropping system, cropping pattern mapGeneration of cropping system, cropping pattern map
Mosaic imagesMosaic images
Extraction of study area Images of Kharif and RabiExtraction of study area Images of Kharif and Rabi
GIS aided spatial integration of
Kharif and Rabi crop seasons
GIS aided spatial integration of
Kharif and Rabi crop seasons
GCP identification of map to image
Transformation model
GCP identification of map to image
Transformation model
METHODOLOGY OF CROP & LAND USE INVENTORY AND CROPPING PATTERN MAPPING
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GROUND PHOTOS LU /LC CLASSES
Agricultural field (wheat harvesting)Severe affected for desertification
(sand dunes with scattered trees)
Severe affected for desertification (sand dunes with scattered trees)
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GROUND PHOTOS LU /LC CLASSES
Agricultural field
Current fallow landHarvested mustard field
Agricultural field with mustard
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GROUND PHOTOS LU /LC CLASSES
Sambar salt lake with salt affected area
Sand StormUndulating up Lands with forest plantations
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Barren hills with scrubs Rock-out crops
Dry deciduous forest with undulating area Undulating up lands with barren sparse vegetation
Sandy barren area
GROUND PHOTOS LU /LC CLASSES
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ELEVATION MAP
Eastern part of Rajasthan state
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
TERRAIN SLOPE MAP
Eastern part of Rajasthan state
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
N
LEGEND
LEGEND
SRTM
DEM (90m)
download
SRTM
DEM (90m)
download
Mosaic imagesMosaic images
Image ReprojectImage Reproject
ReclassifyReclassify Filtering and ReclassifyFiltering and Reclassify 3D Visualization3D Visualization
ELEVATION MAPELEVATION MAP SLOPE MAPSLOPE MAP3D perspective
image after combining
With FCC
3D perspective
image after combining
With FCC
Subset study areaSubset study area
N
FLOW DIAGRAMMFLOW DIAGRAMM
OF ELEVATION AND SLOPEOF ELEVATION AND SLOPE
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0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
CLASSIFIED IMAGE OF
KHARIF SEASON
LEGEND
N
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1. Area statistics of land use / land cover classes of Kharif season (sq.km.)
1 AJMER 2528.83 6.73 1147.97 2.43 0.00 128.23 1.97 241.29 4.93 376.10
2 ALWAR 369.84 0.98 51 82 .1 4 1 0.9 8 28.81 0.99 1 09 4.71 16 .7 8 3.78 0.08 933.58
3 BANSWARA 1263.16 3.36 761.13 1.61 107.59 3.71 500.44 7.67 95.25 1.94 486.76
4 B ARAN 15.59 0.04 2615.20 5.54 81.82 2.82 708.15 10.85 90.55 1.85 1228.20
5 BHARATPUR 232.35 0.62 4022.22 8.52 2.40 0.08 74.33 1.14 0.39 0.01 218.36
6 BHILWARA 5 496 .0 6 1 4.62 1367.22 2.90 0.78 0.03 397.51 6.09 497.25 10.15 315.98
7 B UNDI 1079.76 2.87 2273.46 4.82 25.52 0.88 164.17 2.52 108.12 2.21 246.70
8 CHITTAURGARH 2378.05 6.33 2480.34 5.25 457.10 15.76 1108.53 16.99 987.33 20.16 632.209 DAUS A 708.40 1.88 1628.97 3.45 0.00 73.02 1.12 8.98 0.18 214.22
10 DHAULPUR 776.37 2.07 1260.33 2.67 3.29 0.11 156.82 2.40 0.07 0.00 407.37
11 DUNGARPUR 2784.33 7.41 139.01 0.29 30.89 1.06 35.27 0.54 117.20 2.39 47.11
12 JAIPUR 3296.43 8.77 5019.09 10.63 15.34 0.53 224.36 3.44 55.81 1.14 643.08
13 JHALAWAR 15.24 0.04 3530.94 7.48 35.56 1.23 680.09 10.42 12.51 0.26 472.87
14 KARAULI 573.49 1.53 2136.08 4.52 0.00 113.42 1.74 2.72 0.06 1085.45
15 KOTA 352.21 0.94 3783.33 8.01 35.87 1.24 381.86 5.85 156.43 3.19 316.36
16 PALI 4326.21 11.51 883.53 1.87 113.98 3.93 23.01 0.35 95.08 1.94 316.72
17 RAJSAMAND 2457.96 6.54 72.10 0.15 311.49 10.74 59.55 0.91 592.19 12.09 678.60
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 361.39 0.96 3309.97 7.01 0.28 0.01 228.15 3.50 8.02 0.16 278.65
19 SIROHI 2784.79 7.41 231.53 0.49 146.75 5.06 42.09 0.65 152.33 3.11 144.66
20 TONK 651.14 1.73 4783.25 10.13 0.00 171.88 2.63 120.66 2.46 145.26
21 UDAIPUR 5138.59 13.67 580.88 1.23 1 50 3.7 8 5 1.8 3 159.68 2.45 1 55 2.6 3 3 1.7 0 676.24
Sum 37590 100 47209 100 2901 100 6525 100 4899 100 9864
No
District Name
Gullied/RavinousLand
Hills(Barren/Rocky)
C.
Fallow
B
ajra
Gullied/Ra
vinousLand(%)
Bajra(%)
C.Fa
llow(%)
Forest(Dense)(%)
Forest(Open)(%)
Forest(Dense)
Fore
st(Open)
Contd.
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2. Area statistics of land use / land cover classes of Kharif season (sq.km.)
1 AJMER 3.81 0.00 185.77 12.40 1840.01 19.47 1 23 2.0 2 12 .7 6 46.51 3.08
2 ALWAR 9.46 2.58 0.14 0.00 1.98 0.02 61.32 0.64 5.12 0.34
3 BANSWARA 4.93 517.22 27.55 0.00 0.28 0.00 676.41 7.01 134.13 8.89
4 B ARAN 12.45 4.21 0.22 0.00 39.51 0.42 328.81 3.41 29.72 1.97
5 BHARATPUR 2.21 0.71 0.04 0.00 1.17 0.01 102.21 1.06 3.78 0.25
6 BHILWARA 3.20 26.58 1.42 32.69 2.18 622.23 6.58 651.67 6.75 134.94 8.94
7 B UNDI 2.50 323.43 17.23 7.70 0.51 509.27 5.39 296.32 3.07 50.65 3.36
8 CHITTAURGARH 6.41 464.21 24.73 8.62 0.58 368.64 3.90 463.89 4.80 261.23 17.319 DAUS A 2.17 0.78 0.04 0.00 24.18 0.26 36.58 0.38 59.73 3.96
10 DHAULPUR 4.13 1.70 0.09 0.00 12.44 0.13 121.58 1.26 23.79 1.58
11 DUNGARPUR 0.48 95.36 5.08 0.25 0.02 9.75 0.10 113.49 1.18 39.73 2.63
12 JAIPUR 6.52 10.71 0.57 218.14 14.56 540.23 5.72 196.80 2.04 36.90 2.44
13 JHALAWAR 4.79 2.05 0.11 0.00 20.82 0.22 840.76 8.71 34.18 2.26
14 KARAULI 11.00 1.17 0.06 1.10 0.07 89.35 0.95 828.18 8.58 10.07 0.67
15 KOTA 3.21 149.26 7.95 0.81 0.05 319.55 3.38 521.43 5.40 17.07 1.13
16 PALI 3.21 18.34 0.98 671.15 44.80 4092.98 43.30 712.82 7.38 49.94 3.31
17 RAJSAMAND 6.88 43.51 2.32 23.19 1.55 107.09 1.13 1145.39 11.86 24.42 1.62
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 2.82 0.18 0.01 2.19 0.15 139.40 1.47 292.75 3.03 161.42 10.70
19 SIROHI 1.47 19.58 1.04 334.99 22.36 388.89 4.11 330.04 3.42 24.35 1.61
20 TONK 1.47 4.63 0.25 7.03 0.47 305.62 3.23 161.24 1.67 309.33 20.50
21 UDAIPUR 6.86 191.28 10.19 4.49 0.30 19.12 0.20 541.22 5.61 52.27 3.46
Sum 100 1877 100 1498 100 9453 100 9655 100 1509 100
Hills(Barren/Rocky)(%)
UndulatingUpland(Barren/
Scrub)
WaterBody/River
UndulatingUpland(Barren/
Scrub)(%)
Other
Crop(%)
Salt-affec
tedLand(%)
Sandy/SandDunes(Barren)
(%)
Oth
erCrop
Salt-affectedLand
Sandy/SandDunes(Barren)
No
District Name
WaterBo
dy/River(%)
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CLASSIFIED IMAGE OF
RABI SEASON
N
LEGEND
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
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1. Area statistics of land use / land cover classes of Rabi season (sq.km.)
1 AJMER 2072.57 4.76 0.00 128.23 1.97 241.29 4.93 376.10 3.81 170.15
2 ALWAR 785.38 1.80 28.81 0.99 1094.71 16.78 3.78 0.08 933.58 9.46 2705.30
3 BANSWARA 1313.55 3.02 107.59 3.71 500.44 7.67 95.25 1.94 486.76 4.93 711.05
4 BARAN 1071.72 2.46 81.82 2.82 708.15 10.85 90.55 1.85 1 228 .2 0 1 2.45 1404.57
5 BHARATPUR 526.85 1.21 2.40 0.08 74.33 1.14 0.39 0.01 218.36 2.21 3246.56
6 BHILWARA 3946.97 9.06 0.78 0.03 397.51 6.09 497.25 10.15 315.98 3.20 841.40
7 BUNDI 1517.01 3.48 25.52 0.88 164.17 2.52 108.12 2.21 246.70 2.50 1434.44
8 CHITTAURGARH 3150.25 7.23 457.10 15.76 1 10 8.5 3 16 .9 9 987.33 20.16 632.20 6.41 1201.639 DAUSA 794.12 1.82 0.00 73.02 1.12 8.98 0.18 214.22 2.17 1292.21
10 DHAULPUR 838.29 1.92 3.29 0.11 156.82 2.40 0.07 0.00 407.37 4.13 887.38
11 DUNGARPUR 2279.09 5.23 30.89 1.06 35.27 0.54 117.20 2.39 47.11 0.48 170.85
12 JAIPUR 4645.32 10.66 15.34 0.53 224.36 3.44 55.81 1.14 643.08 6.52 2176.52
13 JHALAWAR 2384.92 5.47 35.56 1.23 680.09 10.42 12.51 0.26 472.87 4.79 1075.20
14 KARAULI 1012.14 2.32 0.00 113.42 1.74 2.72 0.06 1085.45 11.00 1465.30
1 5 KOTA 924.80 2.12 35.87 1.24 381.86 5.85 156.43 3.19 316.36 3.21 2326.62
1 6 PALI 2720.50 6.24 113.98 3.93 23.01 0.35 95.08 1.94 316.72 3.21 1.91
17 RAJSAMAND 1511.95 3.47 311.49 10.74 59.55 0.91 592.19 12.09 678.60 6.88 5.23
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 2021.86 4.64 0.28 0.01 228.15 3.50 8.02 0.16 278.65 2.82 1511.70
19 SIROHI 1785.57 4.10 146.75 5.06 42.09 0.65 152.33 3.11 144.66 1.47 6.57
2 0 TONK 3498.90 8.03 0.00 171.88 2.63 120.66 2.46 145.26 1.47 1640.07
21 UDAIPUR 4761.22 10.93 1503.78 51.83 159.68 2.45 1 552 .6 3 3 1.7 0 676.24 6.86 300.92
SUM 43563 100 2901 100 6525 100 4899 100 9864 100 24576
Hills(Barren/Rocky)(%)
No
Hills(Barren/Rocky)
District Name
C.
Fallow
Mustard
C.Fallow(%)
Forest(Dense)(%)
Forest(Dense)
Fore
st(Open)
Gullied/RavinousLand
Forest(Open)(%)
Gullied/Ra
vinousLand(%)
Contd.
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2. Area statistics of land use / land cover classes of Rabi season (sq.km.)
1 AJMER 0.69 192.41 11.91 3165.30 16.64 12 32.02 1 2.76 45.63 2.99 103.03 1.17
2 ALWAR 11.01 0.00 2.23 0.01 61.32 0.64 5.58 0.37 2 06 3.17 23 .3 5
3 BANSWARA 2.89 0.32 0.02 53.30 0.28 676.41 7.01 134.17 8.80 463.53 5.25
4 BARAN 5.72 0.00 41.11 0.22 328.81 3.41 30.64 2.01 156.19 1.77
5 BHARATPUR 13.21 0.00 1.94 0.01 102.21 1.06 3.46 0.23 481.42 5.45
6 BHILWARA 3.42 38.63 2.39 2226.28 11.70 651.67 6.75 136.43 8.95 490.01 5.55
7 BUNDI 5.84 7.88 0.49 631.53 3.32 296.32 3.07 50.12 3.29 603.29 6.838 CHITTAURGARH 4.89 10.25 0.63 725.12 3.81 463.89 4.80 262.99 17.25 610.85 6.91
9 DAUSA 5.26 0.00 33.26 0.17 36.58 0.38 61.78 4.05 240.69 2.72
10 DHAULPUR 3.61 0.00 14.46 0.08 121.58 1.26 22.76 1.49 311.74 3.53
11 DUNGARPUR 0.70 1.31 0.08 497.50 2.62 113.49 1.18 39.41 2.59 80.27 0.91
12 JAIPUR 8.86 225.25 13.94 639.20 3.36 196.80 2.04 38.91 2.55 1396.30 15.80
13 JHALAWAR 4.38 0.00 22.09 0.12 840.76 8.71 34.85 2.29 86.17 0.98
14 KARAULI 5.96 1.13 0.07 104.02 0.55 828.18 8.58 10.18 0.67 218.49 2.47
15 KOTA 9.47 0.49 0.03 403.63 2.12 521.43 5.40 16.68 1.09 950.01 10.75
1 6 PALI 0.01 700.91 43.39 6533.44 34.35 712.82 7.38 49.76 3.26 35.63 0.40
17 RAJSAMAND 0.02 28.98 1.79 1146.98 6.03 1145.39 11.86 24.53 1.61 10.60 0.12
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 6.15 2.54 0.16 162.44 0.85 292.75 3.03 165.66 10.87 110.35 1.2519 SIROHI 0.03 390.80 24.19 1557.47 8.19 330.04 3.42 23.68 1.55 20.04 0.23
2 0 TONK 6.67 7.39 0.46 388.75 2.04 161.24 1.67 315.27 20.68 210.62 2.38
21 UDAIPUR 1.22 7.10 0.44 671.92 3.53 541.22 5.61 51.85 3.40 193.62 2.19
SUM 100 1615 100 19022 100 9655 100 1524 100 8836 100
No
WaterB
ody/River
WaterBody/River(%)
W
heat
District Name
Must
ard(%)
Salt-affectedLand
Salt-affectedLand(%)
Wheat(%)
Sandy/Sand
Dunes(Barren)
Sandy/SandDunes
(Barren)(%)
UndulatingU
pland(Barren
Sc
rub)
UndulatingU
pland(Barren
Scru
b)(%)
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0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
CROPPING PATTERN MAP N
LEGEND
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1. Area statistics of Cropping pattern (sq.km.)
1 AJMER 49.27 2.24 15.30 0.51 0.00 0.00 128.23 1010.24 4.75 7.07 5.82
2 ALWAR 128.44 5.84 90.45 3.03 2.65 0.43 1.02 0.13 28.81 1094.71 591.06 2.78 0.00
3 BANSWARA 84.61 3.84 230.69 7.73 243.48 39.58 203.58 25.51 107.59 500.44 431.09 2.03 0.00
4 BARAN 0.00 0.07 0.00 4.42 0.72 1.24 0.16 81.82 708.15 1087.00 5.11 1.02 0.84
5 BHARATPUR 23.15 1.05 75.28 2.52 0.85 0.14 0.39 0.05 2.40 74.33 382.88 1.80 0.00
6 BHILWARA 266.14 12.09 176.76 5.92 11.24 1.83 10.11 1.27 0.78 397.51 654.85 3.08 5.69 4.69
7 BUNDI 153.75 6.99 219.91 7.37 40.04 6.51 265.19 33.23 25.52 164.17 950.82 4.47 0.35 0.29
8 CHITTAURGARH 109.64 4.98 67.68 2.27 176.08 28.63 179.76 22.53 457.10 1108.53 1274.82 5.99 1.38 1.149 DAUSA 64.93 2.95 387.16 12.97 0.25 0.04 0.14 0.02 73.02 590.99 2.78 0.00
10 DHAULPUR 132.65 6.03 163.82 5.49 1.48 0.24 0.57 0.07 3.29 156.82 360.23 1.69 0.00
11 DUNGARPUR 59.20 2.69 87.41 2.93 37.50 6.10 9.19 1.15 30.89 35.27 130.28 0.61 1.77 1.46
12 JAIPUR 868.93 39.48 991.05 33.19 5.44 0.88 0.78 0.10 15.34 224.36 3 428.1 6 1 6.1 2 5.34 4.40
13 JHALAWAR 1.38 0.06 1.70 0.06 1.87 0.30 0.67 0.08 35.56 680.09 2392.29 11.25 0.00
14 KARAULI 19.93 0.91 188.56 6.32 0.64 0.10 0.81 0.10 113.42 695.75 3.27 0.00
15 KOTA 50.47 2.29 56.62 1.90 37.50 6.10 109.07 13.67 35.87 381.86 775.45 3.65 0.00
16 PALI 25.24 1.15 0.64 0.02 0.18 0.03 0.04 0.01 113.98 23.01 972.10 4.57 33.54 27.63
17 RAJSAMAND 7.35 0.33 0.60 0.02 3.15 0.51 0.11 0.01 311.49 59.55 78.85 0.37 6.89 5.67
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 14.39 0.65 92.42 3.10 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.28 228.15 1820.99 8.56 0.00
19 SIROHI 19.76 0.90 0.67 0.02 1.84 0.30 0.00 146.75 42.09 246.38 1.16 56.20 46.29
20 TONK 32.30 1.47 57.43 1.92 0.00 0.00 171.88 3010.39 14.16 0.04 0.03
21 UDAIPUR 89.67 4.07 81.61 2.73 46.37 7.54 15.30 1.92 1503.78 159.68 380.69 1.79 2.12 1.75
Sum 2201 100.01 2986 100.00 615 100.00 798 100.00 2901 6525 21265 100.00 121 100.00
SaltAffec
tedLand-single
crop
(Bajra)(%)
For
est(Dense)
Forest(Open)
Lo
ngFallow
SaltAffec
tedLand-single
crop(Bajra)
Long
Fallow
(%)
DC(OtherCrop-Wheat)(%)
District Name
DC(B
ajra-Wheat)
DC(Ba
jra-Mustard)
DC(OtherCrop-Mustard)
DC(Othe
rCrop-Wheat)
DC(Bajra-Wheat)(%)
DC(Bajr
a-Mustard)(%)
DC(OtherCrop-Mustard)
(%)
Contd.
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2.Area statistics of Cropping pattern (sq.km).
1 AJMER 1215.48 13.75 0.00 153.50 0.76 50.08 0.85 1134.86 4.97 0.25 0.05 3962.45 10.67
2 ALWAR 0.88 0.01 0.00 2644.83 13.01 1885.00 31.90 184.07 0.81 0.25 0.05 1031.69 2.78
3 BANSWARA 51.18 0.58 0.25 0.60 184.18 0.91 187.85 3.18 882.79 3.87 60.05 12.41 1374.59 3.70
4 BARAN 0.00 0.00 1357.03 6.68 170.61 2.89 16.19 0.07 0.53 0.11 1713.68 4.62
5 BHARATPUR 0.74 0.01 0.00 3150.78 15.50 457.85 7.75 149.58 0.65 0.28 0.06 339.41 0.91
6 BHILWARA 1457.94 16.49 1.31 3.13 609.68 3.00 206.97 3.50 3331.00 14.59 7.25 1.50 2405.68 6.48
7 BUNDI 104.23 1.18 1.45 3.46 1112.91 5.47 203.44 3.44 585.33 2.56 16.47 3.40 1241.52 3.348 CHITTAURGARH 310.60 3.51 5.97 14.26 897.56 4.42 310.11 5.25 1836.58 8.04 113.42 23.44 2760.91 7.44
9 DAUSA 8.91 0.10 0.00 845.53 4.16 190.93 3.23 232.32 1.02 0.35 0.07 360.33 0.97
10 DHAULPUR 2.79 0.03 0.00 724.38 3.56 178.49 3.02 471.63 2.07 0.00 567.61 1.53
11 DUNGARPUR 462.62 5.23 0.14 0.33 30.54 0.15 7.32 0.12 2112.76 9.25 50.72 10.48 356.78 0.96
12 JAIPUR 92.04 1.04 0.07 0.17 1090.61 5.37 522.38 8.84 1260.76 5.52 6.75 1.40 1744.88 4.70
13 JHALAWAR 1.10 0.01 0.00 1078.03 5.30 90.66 1.53 13.01 0.06 0.64 0.13 1348.02 3.63
14 KARAULI 12.23 0.14 0.00 1233.97 6.07 213.83 3.62 341.18 1.49 0.07 0.01 2020.64 5.44
15 KOTA 75.92 0.86 0.25 0.60 2136.26 10.51 841.15 14.23 174.00 0.76 9.30 1.92 1350.46 3.64
16 PALI 2 30 1.0 0 2 6.02 1.31 3.13 1.31 0.01 8.02 0.14 1845.17 8.08 19.40 4.01 5958.82 16.05
17 RAJSAMAND 946.23 10.70 15.13 36.14 1.77 0.01 1.77 0.03 1550.22 6.79 35.49 7.33 2496.89 6.73
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 16.97 0.19 0.00 1377.74 6.78 111.02 1.88 227.86 1.00 0.49 0.10 891.98 2.40
19 SIROHI 1104.99 12.50 2.37 5.66 4.70 0.02 0.00 1604.41 7.03 18.13 3.75 1351.71 3.64
20 TONK 78.36 0.89 0.00 1536.33 7.56 185.06 3.13 486.76 2.13 4.28 0.88 1097.21 2.96
21 UDAIPUR 597.81 6.76 13.61 32.51 156.43 0.77 87.16 1.47 4396.90 19.25 139.75 28.88 2749.30 7.41
Sum 8842 100.00 42 100.00 20328 100.00 5910 100.00 22837 100.00 484 100.00 37125 100.00
SC(Fallow-Wheat)
Sandy/SDune
s-singlecrop
(othercrop)
Sandy/SDune
s-singlecrop
(otherc
rop)(%)
SC(Fallow-Mustard)
SC(Fallow-
Mustard)(%)
District Name
Sandy/SDune
s-singlecrop
(Ba
jra)
Sandy/SDune
s-singlecrop
(Bajr
a)(%)
SC(OtherCro
p-Fallow)(%)
Otherarea
Othera
rea(%)
SC(Fallow
-Wheat)(%)
SC(Bajra-Fallow)
SC(Bajra-
Fallow)(%)
SC(OtherC
rop-Fallow)
METHODOLOGY OF DESERTIFICATION STATUS MAPPING
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TEMPORAL SATELLITE DATA
OF KHARIF AND RABI
DIGITAL CLASSIFICATION
AND INTEGRATION
TEMPORAL SATELLITE DATA
OF KHARIF AND RABI
DIGITAL CLASSIFICATION
AND INTEGRATION
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
RAINFALL, AIR
TEMPERATURE AND SOIL
MOISTURE STORAGE
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
RAINFALL, AIR
TEMPERATURE AND SOIL
MOISTURE STORAGE
DIGITIZED SOIL MAP
AND SOIL ATTRIBUTE TABLE
DIGITIZED SOIL MAP
AND SOIL ATTRIBUTE TABLE
LAND USE AND CROPPING
PATTERN MAPS
LAND USE AND CROPPING
PATTERN MAPSWATER SURPLUS / DEFICIT
MAP
WATER SURPLUS / DEFICIT
MAP
Maps of soil parameters affecting
desertification processes such as
soil texture, salinity, erosion,
available soil moisture
Maps of soil parameters affecting
desertification processes such as
soil texture, salinity, erosion,
available soil moisture
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
Assigning numeric values to
Thematic classes based on
desertification risk
DESERTIFICATION STATUS
INDEX
DESERTIFICATION STATUS
INDEX
DESERTIFICATION STATUS
MAP
DESERTIFICATION STATUS
MAP
METHODOLOGY OF DESERTIFICATION STATUS MAPPING
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Soil Map
(showing associations of soils with similar taxonomic classes)
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Rainfall Pattern &Water Surplus / Deficit map
N
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
LEGEND
N
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NDESERTIFICATION STATUS MAP
Eastern part of Rajasthan state
0 40 80 120 16020
Kilometers
The percentage of areas
under various classes of
degree of desertification
status in the study area are
1.67 % very high;
6.94 % high;
22.11% moderately high;
39.87% moderate;
25.11% less;
4.30 % very less.
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1 AJMER 431.20 1.63 3495.10 8.31 2771.29 11.88 422.71 5.77 186.26 10.58 420.17 7727
2 ALWAR 567.84 2.14 2788.68 6.63 861.72 3.69 68.32 0.93 0.04 0.00 3397.26 7684
3 BANSWARA 812.45 17.91 1488.97 5.62 1153.06 2.74 463.11 1.99 0.04 0.00 624.74 4542
4 BARAN 468.17 10.32 1463.56 5.52 770.61 1.83 436.57 1.87 17.42 0.24 1985.43 5142
5 BHARATPUR 0.00 577.77 2.18 3054.15 7.26 378.29 1.62 41.28 0.56 0.25 0.01 606.18 4658
6 BHILWARA 22.48 0.50 2419.65 9.13 4190.60 9.96 1421.54 6.09 200.75 2.74 7.10 0.40 1280.79 9543
7 BUNDI112.71 2.49 1776.35 6.70 1381.67 3.28 534.90 2.29 364.01 4.97 10.21 0.58 905.25
5085
8 CHITTAURGARH 311.49 6.87 2971.37 11.21 2800.98 6.66 1504.56 6.45 102.07 1.39 0.00 1919.67 9610
9 DAUSA 46.30 0.17 1171.51 2.78 1093.68 4.69 191.92 2.62 11.88 0.68 239.57 2755
10 DHAULPUR 22.69 0.50 1200.64 4.53 1164.02 2.77 73.23 0.31 303.18 2764
11 DUNGARPUR 7.81 0.17 1424.65 5.38 1050.46 2.50 260.49 1.12 5.87 0.08 663.11 3412
12 JAIPUR 0.00 373.59 1.41 2472.70 5.88 3554.72 15.24 2423.89 33.08 359.70 20.44 1072.29 10257
13 JHALAWAR 781.49 17.23 2892.87 10.92 392.57 0.93 99.53 0.43 0.04 0.00 0.00 1478.52 5645
14 KARAULI 7.81 0.17 452.72 1.71 2691.45 6.40 1117.79 4.79 50.33 0.69 0.07 0.00 520.86 4841
15 KOTA 1837.00 40.51 2123.93 8.02 337.96 0.80 297.67 1.28 109.57 1.50 1.59 0.09 1326.46 6034
16 PALI 324.88 1.23 2653.52 6.31 3678.11 15.77 2664.37 36.37 1150.13 65.36 832.75 11304
17 RAJSAMAND 358.99 1.35 1433.55 3.41 1355.65 5.81 259.07 3.54 2108.23 5515
18 SAWAI MADHOPUR 50.58 1.12 549.18 2.07 2047.58 4.87 1116.52 4.79 177.32 2.42 5.87 0.33 835.35 4782
19 SIROHI 78.78 1.74 813.90 3.07 1160.98 2.76 1033.28 4.43 113.70 1.55 20.46 1.16 1378.90 4600
20 TONK 0.00 1545.98 5.83 3548.93 8.44 852.64 3.66 86.49 1.18 6.19 0.35 619.81 6660
21 UDAIPUR 21.67 0.48 2691.23 10.16 2311.07 5.49 422.25 1.81 27.11 0.37 4946.85 10420
Sum 4535 26496 42071 23328 7326 1760 27465 132981
High(%)
Moderat
elyHigh(%)
Moderate(%)
Le
ss(%)
No
Dis trict Name
VeryLess
Less
VeryLess(%)
Moderate
Moder
atelyHigh
High
VeryHigh
Rock-out,B
uilt-UpWater
body
Sum
Very
High(%)
Area statistics of desertification status (sq.km).
Methodology of computation of area weighted spectral indices &
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DOWNLOADING MODIS DATA
MAY 2004-APRIL 2005
DOWNLOADING MODIS DATA
MAY 2004-APRIL 2005
Import to ERDASImport to ERDAS
Layer Stack,Max computation,
Image re-projection,
Extraction of study area,
Multiplying with scale factor
Layer Stack,Max computation,
Image re-projection,
Extraction of study area,
Multiplying with scale factor
LAI/FPAR
8 day composite
LAI/FPAR
8 day composite
Land Surface
Temperature
8 day composite
Land Surface
Temperature
8 day composite
Surface Reflectance
8 day composite
Surface Reflectance
8 day compositeVegetation Indices
NDVI/EVI
Vegetation Indices
NDVI/EVIBRDF/Albedo
16 day composite
BRDF/Albedo
16 day composite
Digitized district
map
of the study area
Digitized district
map
of the study area
Monthly images of bio-physicalparameters of the study areaMonthly images of bio-physicalparameters of the study area
Desertification status
Zones map
Desertification status
Zones map
Computation of district wise and
Desertification zones wise
weighted average values ofbio-physical parameters
Computation of district wise and
Desertification zones wise
weighted average values of
bio-physical parameters
et odo ogy o co putat o o a ea we g ted spect a d ces &
biophysical parameters
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Monthly NDVI Images of The Study Area
M hl EVI I f Th S d A
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Monthly EVI Images of The Study Area
District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
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District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
Average Monthly NDVI & EVI
M thl Alb d I f Th St d A
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Monthly Albedo Images of The Study Area
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Monthly LAI (Leaf Area Index) Images of The Study Area
District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
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District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
Average Monthly Albedo & LAI (Leaf Area Index)
District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
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District and Desertification Status Zone Wise Variation of
Average Monthly LST (Land Surface Temperature)
S ( S f ) f S A
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Monthly LST (Land Surface Temperature) Images of The Study Area
Relationships Between Biophysical Parameters (Peak Kharif Period Sept 2004)
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Albedo and LST Correlation
y = 70.07x + 24.272
R2
= 0.4428
20
30
40
50
0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21
Albedo
Temperature(C
NDVI and LST Correlation
y = -19.742x + 39.578
R2
= 0.5808
25
30
35
40
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
NDVI
Temperature(C
EVI and LST Correlation
y = -34.961x + 36.639
R2
= 0.5985
25
30
35
40
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
EVI
Temperature(C
LAI and LST Correlation
y = -1.7968x + 40.585
R2
= 0.4363
25
30
35
40
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
LAI
Temperature(C
Albedo and LAI Correlatio
y = -0.0124x + 0.202
R2
= 0.33910.10
0.15
0.20
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Albedo
LAI
Albedo and NDVI Correlation
y = -2.8698x + 0.6564
R2
= 0.6343
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21
Albedo
NDVI
NDVI and EVI Correlation
y = 0.5612x - 0.0835
R2
= 0.9586
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
NDVI
EVI
Albedo and EVI Correlation
y = -1.3966x + 0.248
R2
= 0.4864
-0.1
0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21Albedo
EVI
NDVI and LAI Correlation
y = 8.4573x + 0.9564
R2
= 0.78871.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
NDVI
LAI
EVI and LAI Correlation
y = 14.578x + 2.217
R2
= 0.77
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
EVI
LAI
Relationships Between Biophysical Parameters (Peak Kharif Period, Sept., 2004)
Relationships Between Biophysical Parameters (Peak Rabi Period Feb 2004)
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EVI and LST Correlation
y = -32.316x + 30.635
R2
= 0.5487
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
EVI
LST
NDVI and LST Correlation
y = -24.933x + 33.807
R2 = 0.4588
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
-0.02 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23
NDVI
LST
LAI and LST Correlation
y = -2.2255x + 34.254
R2
= 0.2367
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50LAI
LST
Albedo and LST Correlation
y = 85.164x + 13.448
R2
= 0.3818
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
Albedo
LST
NDVI and EVI Correlation
y = 0.8231x - 0.1032
R2
= 0.9516
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
-0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25NDVI
E
VI
NDVI and LAI Correlation
y = 4.6761x + 0.8198
R2
= 0.4909
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25NDVI
LAI
NDVI and Albedo Correlation
y = -0.078x + 0.2011
R2
= 0.1711
0.2
0.2
0.3
-0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25
NDVI
A
lbedo
EVI and LAI Correlatio
y = 4.6026x + 1.305
R2
= 0.3794
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
EVI
LAI
EVI and Albedo Correlation
y = -0.09x + 0.1952
R2
= 0.1318
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10EVI
Albedo
Relationships Between Biophysical Parameters (Peak Rabi Period,Feb., 2004)
Summary
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Summary Rabi season dominant crops wheat and mustard and Kharif season dominant
crops Bajra and other crops (soybean, guar etc.) were identified and mapped
by digital classification of IRS: WiFS data.
Very large areas under degraded lands such as undulating upland (barren /
scrub); sand / sand dunes, gullied / ravenous; hills (barren /rocky) are also
mapped by digital classification of WiFS data. Over all more than 85%
classification accuracies were achieved for digital crop and land use / land
cover mapping.
12 different types of cropping pattern were identified and mapped by GIS aided
integration of Kharif and Rabi seasons crop and land use inventories.
Desertification status map showing spatial distribution of six classes of various
degree of degradation viz. very less, less, moderate, moderately high, high and
very high was generated by GIS aided integration of cropping pattern. Landuse, climatic water balance component (water surplus / deficit) and soil
properties information which control desertification process.
The percentage of areas under various classes of degree of desertification
status in the study area are 1.67% very high; 6.94% high; 22.11% moderately
high; 39.87% moderate; 25.11% less; and 4.30% very less. Contd
S
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Summary
The monthly MODIS satellite derived biophysical data of the study area
indicated that that very high to high desertification status zones have highervalues of albedo and lower values of NDVI, EVI and LAI. This is because of
the fact that these areas are mostly under barren landscape, sand / sand
dunes; highly eroded and less vegetated. The reverse trends have been
observed for the very less to less desertification status zones.
Significant positive linear relations have been observed between monthly
district wise average NDVI vs. LAI; EVI vs. LAI; Albedo vs. LST ; and NDVI
vs. EVI.
Whereas inverse linear relations have been observed for NDVI vs. Albedo;EVI vs. Albedo; LAI vs. Albedo; NDVI vs. LST; EVI vs. LST; LAI vs. LST.
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CONCLUSIONS
IRS: WiFS digital data with moderately coarser spatial resolution (188m) can be
effectively used for regional crop and land use inventory following digitalsupervised classification with acceptable classification accuracy;
GIS tool is very helpful for generation of spatial cropping pattern inventory by
logical
integration of satellite derived multi crop seasons (Kharif and Rabi) crop and land use
inventories;
Desertification status map showing varying degree of soil and landscapes
degradation
can effectively be prepared by following GIS based spatial modeling approach, using
variety of information like cropping pattern; land use / land cover; climatic water
balance component (water surplus / deficit); desertification controlling soil propertiessoil surface texture, water holding capacity, soil salinity and erosion.
Public web-domain available various temporal MODIS data products such as
Albedo,
NDVI, EVI, LAI, and NPP etc are very useful for temporal characterization of
biophysical conditions of the desert prone areas. Long-term trends of these
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THANK YOU
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