Introduction to Oceanography (Marine Science) MS 101

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Introduction to Oceanography(Marine Science) MS 101

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Expectations??????

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

1- Multidisplinary Vs unidisciplinary?2- Definition.3- Why we study Oceanography?

4- World Ocean. 5-Ocean benefits/ uses.

6- Living resources Vs non living resources.7- Extractive Vs non extractive resources.

8- History of Oceanography. 9-Trade voyage Vs Scientific Voyage. 10- Library of Alexandria. 11- Expeditions.

Contents

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Activity #1What do you think?

Is Oceanography a unidisciplinary orMultidisciplinary Science?

االتجاهات متعدد ام االتجاه احادى البحار علوم علم ؟هل

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Oceanography • Oceanography is a multidisciplinary Science, one in which

scientists with many different specialties must work together.For example, the life at the bottom (geology) of the ocean food chain (biology) depends upon nutrients (chemicals) which are often brought up to the surface of the ocean by waves and ocean currents (physics). We can study how the amount of life (biology) changed in the past by study their remains ”fossils” on the ocean floor (geology)……..

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Why we study Oceanography ?

• Earth is a water planet

• Over 97% of the water on or near Earth’s surface is contained in the ocean

• The ocean may be defined as the vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of the Earth’s surface.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

• Earth is the only planet with evidence of life and its water that creates this uniqueness.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

How many Oceans Cover the Earth?Mention and enumerate

Activity #2

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

The World Ocean

Area(106 km2)

Mean Depth(km)

Volume (106 km3)

Pacific OceanAtlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

165.282.473.4

4.2823.9263.963

707.6323.6291.0

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

• Humans began using the ocean long before there was a formal science of oceanography.

• Oceans contain resources which are of great importance to the future of humanity

What are the uses of Oceans ?

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

The resources of the oceans are:

Living Non-Living

Biological Physical

Extractive Non-extractive

Classes of Marine Resources

Physical resources:

Mineral deposits, petroleum, natural gas, freshwater

Biological resources:

Plants and animals, microbes

Marine energy resources:

Energy from heat or motion of water

Non-extractive resources:

Transportation, recreation, waste disposal

Renewable vs non-renewable Resources

• Renewable: • it can regenerate itself.• Can be harvested at a

sustainable manner for indefinite periods of time if they managed properly.

• Renewable does not mean inexhaustible.

• Ex: Fishery resources

• Non-renewable:

• is fixed in quantity.• Ex: oil & gas• Minerals

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Biological (Living) resources• Are living animals and plants collected for

human use

• It is the main reserve of protein food either from fisheries or mariculture…….

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

the ocean was used for food

Fish

Squid

seaweed

clams

shrimp

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Non-living resources

Physical resourcesResult from the deposition, precipitation, or

accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Oil and gasesAbout 1/3 rd of the world oil and gas is pumped out of the ocean floor.

They are often found together beneath impermeable cap-rock. Drilling for oil offshore requires specialized equipment and is more costly than drilling on land.

.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

• Salts and Minerals • Magnesium• Sodium chloride• Manganese nodules• Phosphorite• Metallic sulfides and muds

Fresh Water•Only 0.071% of Earth’s water is liquid, fresh, •and available at the surface for humans.•More than 1500 desalination plants worldwide•3.5 billion gallons/day, and rising!

• 0.6% is available as ground water.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Marine Energy – Wave MotionResult from the extraction of energy

directly from the heat or motion of ocean floor.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Nonextractive resources

• Coastal and marine tourism• Transportation• Coastal facilities; harbours …..

What is the relationship between marine resources and National Income?

Discuss

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

- It is much easier and cheaper to move goods and people over the ocean than over land.

-This was obviously true in the past, when the sailing ships relied on the free power supplied by the wind.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

البحار علوم خريج

علوم معهدالبحار

الصرف هيئةالصحى

البترول شركات

حماية معهدالشواطئ

السمكية الثروة هيئة

السمكية المزارع

الموانى مصلحةوالمنائر

األستشعار هيئةبعد من

األدوية شركاتالتحاليل معامل

البحار علوم قسم

البيئة شئون الغارقة جهاز األثار بيئة

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

Put (√) or (X)1) Less than 80% of the water on or near Earth’s

surface is contained in the ocean.2) The ocean is a vast body of saline water.3) There are only 3 oceans on Earth.4) Atlantic Ocean is the smallest ocean.5) The resources of the oceans are living and non-

living.6) Fish, Sea weeds and marine energy are living

resources.

Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

7) Physical resources resulted from the deposition, precipitation, or accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed.

8) Oil and gases are physical resources.9) About ¼ of the world oil and gas is pumped out of the

ocean floor.10) Marine energy resulted from the extraction of energy

directly from the heat or motion of ocean floor.

11) Coastal and marine tourism are physical resources.

Summary