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INTR
OD
UC
TIO
N T
O C
arbo
n fo
otpr
ints
Mik
eBe
rner
sLe
e
An
Asso
ciat
e C
ompa
ny o
f La
ncas
ter U
nive
rsity
QU
ICK
LY A
BO
UT
ME
An
Ass
ocia
te C
ompa
ny o
f La
ncas
ter U
nive
rsity
Carb
onM
anag
emen
twit
hBT
,M
anch
este
rCity
Coun
cil,
Vari
ous
Loca
lA
utho
ritie
s,La
ncas
ter
Uni
vers
ity,,
Tayl
orW
impe
y,Bo
oths
supe
rmar
kets
,Lak
eD
istr
ictN
atio
nalP
ark
Aut
hori
ty,E
den
Proj
ect,
Gua
rdia
n,et
c...
WH
AT’
S C
OM
MIN
G U
P
•Con
text
•Car
bon
Foot
prin
ts
•Met
hods
•Exa
mpl
es
•IT
Carb
on
A T
RIC
KY
CH
ALL
EN
GE
FO
R
GLO
BA
L S
OC
IETY
We
are
OK
atm
anag
ing
this
kind
ofim
pact
…
…bu
tnow
we
have
tom
anag
eth
iski
ndto
o
TYP
ES
OF
EM
ISS
ION
S A
ND
IM
PA
CTS
Dir
ect
(Sco
pe1)
Indi
rect
(Sco
pe3)
Elec
tric
ityge
nera
tion
(Sco
pe2)
WE
NE
ED
A C
AR
BO
N IN
STI
NC
T LI
KE
WE
HA
VE
A M
ON
EY
IN
STI
NC
T
A B
IT A
BO
UT
CA
RB
ON
FO
OTP
RIN
TS
An
Asso
ciat
e C
ompa
ny o
f La
ncas
ter U
nive
rsity
A C
HO
ICE
OF
ME
AS
UR
ES
•D
irec
tcar
bon
emis
sion
s
•D
irec
tgre
enho
use
gase
s(C
O2e
)•
CO2
•M
etha
ne
•N
itrou
sox
ide
•Re
frig
eran
tgas
ses
•O
ther
s
•CO
2efo
otpr
int:
incl
udin
gsu
pply
chai
ns
•O
ther
envi
ronm
enta
land
sust
aina
bilit
ycr
iteri
a
SU
PP
LY C
HA
INS
AR
E C
OM
PLI
CA
TED
CA
RB
ON
FOO
TPR
INT
S A
RE
LIK
E
THE
FIR
ST
MA
PS
–A
ND
D
ON
’T L
ET
AN
YO
NE
TELL
YO
U
OTH
ER
WIS
E!
Proc
ess
Bas
ed L
ife C
ycle
A
naly
sis
Proc
ess
Bas
ed L
ife C
ycle
A
naly
sis
•Bot
tom
up:O
nyo
urha
nds
and
knee
sgr
opin
gar
ound
•Har
dw
ork
•Diff
eren
tass
umpt
ions
yiel
ddi
ffer
entr
esul
ts•A
lway
sha
sar
bitr
ary
boun
dari
es•H
ard
tokn
owth
esi
gnifi
canc
eof
omis
sion
s•T
ends
toun
dere
stim
ate
•Acc
urac
yof
ten
over
stat
ed.
•Has
pote
ntia
lfor
spec
ifici
tybu
tin
real
ityen
dsup
rely
ing
onge
neri
cda
tase
ts
•Can
bepo
wer
fulf
orid
entif
ying
spec
ific
hot
spot
sin
asu
pply
chai
n.•I
nfer
ence
sca
nal
sobe
mad
eab
outo
ther
sim
ilar
supp
lych
ains
.•R
equi
res
huge
reso
urce
sto
dopr
oper
ly.
PAS
2050
is a
sta
ndar
d fo
r Pr
oces
s ba
sed
life
cycl
e an
alys
is
of p
rodu
cts
PA
S 2
050
–R
evie
w o
f met
hods
“Exp
erts
high
light
edpa
rtic
ular
lytw
ow
eakn
esse
sof
PLCA
:cos
tand
labo
urin
tens
ityof
carr
ying
outa
PLCA
and
the
syst
embo
unda
rypr
oble
m…
“sys
tem
cut
off”
isun
avoi
dabl
ein
PLCA
…Th
ecu
tof
fcr
iteri
asu
gges
ted
byIS
Oca
nbe
mis
lead
ing
and
dono
tpro
vide
asa
tisfa
ctor
yba
sis
for
atr
ansp
aren
tsys
tem
boun
dary
sele
ctio
n….
The
(res
ultin
g)tr
unca
tion
erro
ris
pote
ntia
llyve
ryla
rge.
…
“…Th
isis
furt
hera
ggra
vate
dw
hen
rest
rict
ions
are
impo
sed
onth
ebu
dget
asty
pica
lin
sim
plifi
edPL
CAap
proa
ches
.Suc
hsi
mpl
ified
appr
oach
esus
ually
fail
tore
liabl
yre
prod
uce
resu
ltsfr
omde
taile
dPL
CA.H
owev
er,o
nly
sim
plifi
edPL
CAs
wor
kun
der
tight
budg
etco
nstr
aint
sre
quir
edfo
rth
ePA
Sto
beap
plic
able
toor
gani
satio
nsof
alls
izes
.Thi
sse
riou
sly
limits
the
usef
ulne
ssof
PLCA
for
the
PAS
deve
lopm
ent.
”
INPU
T O
UTP
UT
AN
ALY
SIS
Look
sat
the
who
leec
onom
ydi
vide
din
toin
dust
ryse
ctor
s.
INPU
T O
UTP
UT
AN
ALY
SIS
Dem
and
for
prod
ucts
stim
ulat
esou
tput
acro
ssth
eec
onom
y….
INPU
T O
UTP
UT
AN
ALY
SIS
…. c
ausi
ng b
oth
dire
ct a
nd in
dire
ct e
mis
sion
s…
INPU
T O
UTP
UT
AN
ALY
SIS
…. t
he ri
pple
effe
cts
are
endl
ess…
INPU
T O
UTP
UT
AN
ALY
SIS
…w
ithou
t sys
tem
atic
und
eres
timat
ion
…. t
he ri
pple
effe
cts
are
endl
ess…
but c
an b
e m
odel
led
as a
com
plet
e sy
stem
…
DIF
FER
ENT
MET
HO
DO
LOG
IES
GIV
E D
IFFE
REN
T R
ESU
LTS
SO
ME
FO
OTP
RIN
TS ..
.
MA
NK
IND
: 50
BIL
LIO
N
TON
NE
S C
O2E
PE
R Y
EA
R
HO
NG
KO
NG
RE
TUR
N:
4.6
TO
NN
ES
Low
3.4
tonn
esH
igh
13.4
tonn
esA
vera
ge4.
6to
nnes
Econ
omy
Firs
tcla
ss
DR
YIN
G Y
OU
R H
AN
DS
:10
G Low
0g
20g
typi
cal
hand
drie
r
Ave
rage
10g
Let
them
drip
Pape
rto
wel
s
TYP
ICA
L M
AN
CH
ES
TER
RE
SID
EN
T:
15.7
TO
NN
ES
CO
2E P
ER
YE
AR
AV
ER
AG
E G
RE
ATE
R M
AN
CH
ES
TER
RE
SID
EN
T: 1
5.7
T P
ER
PE
RS
ON
…O
F W
HIC
H D
IRE
CT
PLU
S E
LEC
TRIC
ITY
MIG
HT
AC
CO
UN
T FO
R
AB
OU
T 30
%
LON
DO
N T
O G
LAS
GO
W
RE
TUR
N12
0kg
CO2e
53kg
CO2e
(by
Bana
napo
wer
)to
2.3
tonn
es(P
eruv
ian
aspa
ragu
spo
wer
)
330
kgCO
2e
500
kgCO
2e
CA
RS
6to
nnes
CO2e
17to
nnes
CO2e
35to
nnes
CO2e
Basi
cCi
troe
nC1
Ford
Mon
deo
Top
Spec
Land
rove
r
AS
PA
RA
GU
S (2
50G
PA
CK
):2K
G Low
125
g
Air
frei
ghte
dfr
omPe
ru
Ave
rage
2kg
Loca
lIn
seas
on
Hig
h3.
5kg
A R
ED
RO
SE
:Ze
ro
Hot
hous
edin
Hol
land
350g
:Flo
wn
from
Keny
a
From
your
gard
en
Hig
h2.
1kg
RIC
E
Effic
ient
lypr
oduc
ed:
2.5k
gCO
2e
Ave
rage
:4
kgCO
2e
Inef
ficie
ntly
prod
uced
with
exce
ssiv
efe
rtili
ser:
6.1
kgCO
2e
BR
EA
KD
OW
N O
F TO
TAL
FOO
TPR
INT
OF
BO
OTH
S S
UP
ER
MA
RK
ETS
HA
VIN
G A
CH
ILD
: 37
3 TO
NN
ES
Low
100
tonn
es
2000
tonn
esA
vera
ge
A B
UR
GE
R:
2.5K
GLo
w1k
g
Hig
h3.
5kg
Ave
rage
2.5
kg
Vegg
ieBu
rger
4O
zCh
eese
burg
er
A C
OU
NTR
Y
LAP
TOP
:
400K
G E
MB
OD
IED
Low
~100
Kg
Hig
h~1
tonn
eA
vera
ge40
0Kg
2010
21.5
inch
iMac
Asi
mpl
elo
wco
stla
ptop
LAP
TOP
: ~50
G /
HO
UR
O
PE
RA
TIO
NA
L12
g15
0g63
Kg
Old
desk
top
Ener
gyef
ficie
ntla
ptop
Pow
erhu
ngry
iMac
orsi
mila
r
TEX
T M
ES
SA
GE
: 0.0
14G
PE
R
ME
SS
AG
E0.
014g
32,0
00to
nnes
All
the
wor
lds
text
spe
rye
ar
One
mes
sage
US
ING
A M
OB
ILE
:57
G P
ER
M
INU
TE47
kg
125
mill
ion
tonn
esA
vera
ge12
50Kg
Glo
bal
mob
ileus
age
1ye
ars
usag
eat
unde
r2m
ins
per
day
1ye
ars
usag
eat
1ho
urpe
rda
y
US
ING
MO
BIL
ES
•So
1ho
urpe
rda
y=
1to
nnes
per
year
.
•O
nees
timat
efo
ra
sim
ple
phon
eis
16kg
(sa
me
as1
kgfb
eef)
–Sm
artp
hone
sar
ea
loth
ighe
r.
TEX
T S
TATS
•2.
5Tr
illio
npe
rye
ar–
(25%
inCh
ina,
20%
inPh
ilipi
nes
whe
reea
chph
one
send
s15
per
day)
–W
ese
nd6
per
day,
inth
eU
Sit’
s2
per
pay)
(Gar
tner
2007
Pred
ictio
nfo
r20
08)
•G
loba
lly,3
2,00
0to
nne
foot
prin
tper
year
•Is
that
alo
t?
DA
TA C
EN
TRE
S
2010
:130
mill
ion
tonn
esCO
2e
Pred
ictio
nfo
r20
20:
250
–34
0m
illio
nto
nnes
CO2e
WE
B S
EA
RC
H: ~
1–5G
FO
R 3
0SE
CO
ND
S
EA
RC
H0.
2g4.
5g
0.7g
Ener
gyus
edfr
oma
pow
erhu
ngry
mac
hine
and
high
eres
timat
esfo
rth
ene
twor
k
Ener
gyus
edat
goog
le’s
end
Incl
udin
gen
ergy
used
inan
effic
ient
lapt
op
WE
B S
EA
RC
HE
S
•A
ccou
nts
for
1.3
mill
ion
tonn
esCO
2e
•Is
that
alo
t?
AN
EM
AIL
: ~4-
50G
PE
R M
ES
SA
GE
0.3g
Tode
lete
asp
amm
essa
ge
50g
Ave
rage
4g
Alo
ngem
ailw
itha
big
atta
chm
entt
ore
ad
Topr
oper
mes
sage
SP
AM
STA
TS•
62tr
illio
nsp
ams
pery
earr
equi
ring
33bi
llion
KWh
ofel
ectr
icity
and
20m
illio
nto
nnes
ofCO
2e
•78
%of
emai
linc
omin
gem
ails
are
spam
,res
ultin
gin
22%
ofth
efo
otpr
into
fyou
rem
ail(
beca
use
they
are
quic
kto
deal
with
)
•W
hati
fthe
cost
ofan
emai
lwas
1p?
EM
AIL
CO
NTI
NU
ED
…
•60
emai
ls(p
rope
ron
es)h
asth
esa
me
foot
prin
tas
1le
tter
•So
does
emai
lgiv
eus
aca
rbon
savi
ng?
The
Glo
balE
cono
my
Can
Hid
eO
urIm
pact
SO
ME
GR
EE
N IT
QU
ES
TIO
NS
•Is
itbe
tter
tore
plac
eor
keep
old
kit?
•D
oIT
impa
cts
outw
eigh
the
savi
ngs?
ordo
the
bene
fits
outw
eigh
the
impa
cts?
–e.
g.D
oes
itre
plac
epa
per
and
fligh
ts?
•A
reef
ficie
ncy
impr
ovem
ents
usef
ul?
–or
dow
eju
stta
keup
the
slac
kw
ithin
crea
sed
appe
tite?
THA
NK
YO
U F
OR
LI
STE
NIN
G
Mik
eBe
rner
sLe
eM
ike@
swco
nsul
ting.
co.u
k
An
Ass
ocia
te C
ompa
ny o
f La
ncas
ter U
nive
rsity
A B
IG P
ER
SP
EC
TIV
E O
N
CLI
MA
TE C
HA
NG
E•
Expo
nent
iale
mis
sion
ssi
nce
1850
•Th
ere
are
othe
rsi
mila
ren
viro
nmen
tali
mpa
ctcu
rves
•So
Effic
ienc
yim
prov
emen
tsha
ven’
tm
anag
edto
redu
ceim
pact
•Th
ere
isa
need
tora
ise
the
gam
e.
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