Introduction to Botany. Lecture...

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 10

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

September 21, 2015

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Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 CellCells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplastsCell boundariesProtein synthesis

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Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 CellCells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplastsCell boundariesProtein synthesis

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Questions and answers

Previous final question: the answer

Name main differences between animal and plant cell.

ChloroplastsVacuole(s)Cell wall

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

CellCells from cells: mitochondria and

chloroplasts

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Symbiogenesis

Small, rigid procaryotic cells became larger to escape frompredatorsTo keep all parts of larger cell communicable, they developedcytoplasm motility based on actin proteinCytoplasm motility allowed for phagocytosis so they becamepredatorsThese predator cells captured many bacteria and digested them inlysosomes; they also developed nucleus to (a) guard DNA and (b)prevent the horizontal transfer of genes from alien organismsSome of prey were not digested (probably, by mistake) but werestill useful because they provide ATPThis condition were naturally selected, and these prey becamemitochondria; mitochondria originated from purple bacteriaSome mitochondial eukaryotes also captured cyanobacteria(plants1) and became algae with chloroplasts

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Plastids

Chloroplasts in leaf cells of Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum (LM ×500)

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Plastid structure

Tylacoids, stroma and starch granules (TEM ×37,500)

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Scheme of plastid

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Grana

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Pigments

Chlorophylls (a and b) are photosynthetic lipids, includingmagnesium (Mg)Carotenoids facilitate photosynthesis, responsible for autumncolors

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Chlorophylls a and b

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Cell Cells from cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Mitochondrion showing foliate cristae and matrix granules. Mitochondria arethe main energy source (in form of ATP) of the cell (TEM)

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Cell Cell boundaries

CellCell boundaries

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Cell Cell boundaries

Cell wall 1

Root cells of an onion showing the cell wall (TEM ×47,000)

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Cell Cell boundaries

Cell wall 2

Cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall (SEM)

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Cell Cell boundaries

Primary and secondary cell walls

Primary cell wall consists mostly of cellulose and proteins, theyare thin and flexibleSecondary cell wall includes hydrophobic lignine and suberine;this inclusion leads to the death of cell. However, dead cells arevery useful for plants

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Cell Cell boundaries

Secondary cell wall: molecules

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Cell Cell boundaries

Plasmodesmata 1

Plasmodesmata in a corn leaf between a mesophyll cell and a bundlesheath cell (TEM)

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Cell Cell boundaries

Plasmodesmata 2

E.R. = endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic network)

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Cell Cell boundaries

Vacuoles, osmosis and turgor pressure

If cell vacuoles contain more concentrated solution of salts thenwater surrounding cell (i.e., water outside is hypotonic), water willflow inside a cell. It is called osmosisCell wall prevents cell from explosion due to high turgor pressureWhen water flows outside a cell, cell content will shrink: this isplasmolysis

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Cell Cell boundaries

Symplast and apoplast

Symplast — name for continuous cytoplasm in set of cellsApoplast — space outside cell; area of considerable metabolicactivity

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Cell Cell boundaries

Endoplasmatic reticulum (network), ER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes along outer surface.Manufactures many proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation

into membranes (TEM)

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Cell Cell boundaries

Goldgi apparatus (dictyosomes) 1

The Golgi is an organelle composed of stacks of flattened, membranous sacs mainly responsiblefor modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins that will be secreted or targeted to other

organelles of the internal membrane system or to the plasma membrane

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Cell Cell boundaries

Goldgi apparatus (dictyosomes) 2

Golgi complex and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a liver cell (TEM)

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Cell Protein synthesis

CellProtein synthesis

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Cell Protein synthesis

Nucleus structure

Nuclear envelope Double layered membrane, filaments of proteinlamin line inner surface and stabilize structure, inner andouter membranes connect to form pores

Nucleoplasm Portion inside the nuclear envelopeNucleoli Dark staining bodies within nucleus, site for ribosome

synthesisChromosomes Store genetic information in nucleotide sequences,

each chromosome consists of chain of nucleosomes(long DNA molecule and associated histone proteins)

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Cell Protein synthesis

Nucleus

A typical nucleus with a prominent nucleolus (TEM).

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Cell Protein synthesis

Nuclear pores

Freeze-fracture technique used to show nuclear pores. Nuclear poresare structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain

materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm (TEM×100,000)

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Cell Protein synthesis

Nuclear pores and envelope

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Cell Protein synthesis

Ribosomes

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Cell Protein synthesis

Final question (2 points)

What is the difference between primary and secondary cell walls?

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Cell Protein synthesis

Final question (2 points)

What is the difference between primary and secondary cell walls?

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Cell Protein synthesis

Summary

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both results of symbiogenesisVacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall are three most important cellparts specific to plants.There are two ways of moving things between plant cells: throughsymplast or through apoplastER handles ribosomes and packages proteinsGolgi apparatus guides the movement of proteinsNucleus stores and expresses genetic information

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Cell Protein synthesis

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource].2015.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154

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