Introduction to Botany. Lecture 38ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154/2012_2013/lec_154_38.pdfNames: Angiospermae (“angion” is a “bottle”), Magnoliopsida, angiosperms,

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 38

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

December 5, 2012

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 38 December 5, 2012 1 / 46

Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Diversity of MagnoliopsidaSubclasses

3 Rosidae, or rosidsLeguminosae, or Fabaceae—legume family

4 Asteridae, or asteridsCompositae, or Asteraceae—aster family

5 Liliidae, or monocotsGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family


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Questions and answers

Previous final question: the answer

Why our cladistic and phenetic classifications are identical?

They use same groups and same charactersBoth analyses are based on similaritiesBoth elucidate the same pre-existed orderBoth use patterns in dataThere are only few characters and groups


Questions and answers

Previous final question: the answer

Why our cladistic and phenetic classifications are identical?

They use same groups and same charactersBoth analyses are based on similaritiesBoth elucidate the same pre-existed orderBoth use patterns in dataThere are only few characters and groups


Diversity of Magnoliopsida Subclasses

Diversity of MagnoliopsidaSubclasses



Angiosperms in general

Names: Angiospermae (“angion” is a “bottle”), Magnoliopsida,angiosperms, flowering plants250,000 species, more than 90% of all plants diversity, thediversity is comparable with mollusks (200,000) and arthropods(≈ 1,000,000) and much more than fungi (75,000) andvertebrates (30,000)≈ 300 families and ≈ 40 ordersGrow everywhere except open ocean and central Antarctic



Diagnostic characters of angiosperms

FlowerAngiospermyStigmaDouble fertilizationFruitParcellationIn all, any of these characters taken alone is not unique, buttogether they delimit the group



Taxonomic map of angiosperms: subclasses



Magnoliidae portrait

Nymphaea sp. (water-lily)



Liliidae portrait

Acorus calamus (calamus, or sweet flag)



Rosidae portrait

Geranium sp. (wild geranium)



Asteridae portrait

Penstemon sp. (beard-tongue)



Archaefructus reconstruction



Amborella, branch with male flowers


Rosidae, or rosids Leguminosae, or Fabaceae—legume family

Rosidae, or rosidsLeguminosae, or Fabaceae—legume

family



General features of Leguminosae

Up to 17,000 species, third largest angiosperm family afterCompositae (aster family) and OrchidaceaeWidely distributed throughout the world but preferably in tropicsThree subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae,Papilionoideae) often treated as separate families



Morphology of Leguminosae

Have root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteriaLeaves alternate, pinnately compound (once or twice), withstipulesSepals 5, united; petals 5, in Papilionoideae they are free, unequaland have special names (banner, keel and wing), in Mimosoideaethey fuse and form tubeStamens often 10 with 9 fused and one free stamen; inMimosoideae, stamens are numerousSinge pistil with single carpelFruit is a legume: dehiscent with one cameraMature seeds without endosperm



Flower of Papilionoideae



Leguminosae flower: Mimosoideae andPapilionoideae

BK(5)C(5)A5−∞G1 or ↑K(5)C1,2,2A1,[4+5]G1



Representatives of Leguminosae

Mimosoideae: stamens numerous, petals connected

Acacia—dominant tree of African and Australian savannas, oftenwith phyllodesMimosa—sensitive plant

Papilionoideae: stamens 9+1, petals free; this subfamily containsmany extremely important food plants with high protein value

Glycine—soybeanArachis—peanut with self-buried fruitsPhaseolus—beanPisum—pea



Phyllodes of Australian Acacia glaucoptera



Mimosa pudica before touch



Mimosa pudica after touch



Glycine max, soybean



Arachis hypogaea, peanut


Asteridae, or asterids Compositae, or Asteraceae—aster family

Asteridae, or asteridsCompositae, or Asteraceae—aster

family



General features of Compositae

More than 20,000 speciesCosmopolitan, but better represented in temperate andsubtropical regionsPrefer open spaces



Morphology of Compositae

Herbs, rarely woody plants; store carbohydrates as inulin (notstarch), sometimes have resin or laticifers (subfamilyCichorioideae)Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, with pterodromousvenationFlowers in involucrate heads which mimic one flowerCalyx reduced to hairs or bristles (pappus), petals fused in tube orligula (with 5 or 3 teeth)Stamens 5, fused by anthersPistil has 2 carpels, ovary inferiorFruit is achene, mature seed has almost no endosperm



Compositae flower

BK∞C(5)A(5)G(2) (tubular flower) or ↑K∞C(3∨5)A(5)G(2) (ligulate flower)



Tubular and ligulate flowers in Matricaria sp.(chamomile)



Representatives of Compositae

Oil plants, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal plants distributed in 12 (!) subfamilies, mostimportant are three subfamilies:

Carduoideae: mostly tubular flowers

Centaurea—knapweedCynara—artichokeCarthamus–safflower

Cichorioideae: mostly 5-toothed ligulate flowers + lacticifers with latex

Taraxacum—dandelionLactuca—lettuce

Asteroideae: tubular + 3-toothed ligulate flowers

Helianthus—sunflower (BTW, “canola”, or Brassica napus fromCruciferae is the second main source of vegetable oil)Artemisia—sagebrushTagetes—marigold and lots of other ornamentals



Cynara cardunculus (artichoke)



Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)



Tagetes patula (marigold)


Liliidae, or monocots Gramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Liliidae, or monocotsGramineae, or Poaceae—grass

family



Main features of grasses

≈ 8,000 species distributed thorough all the world, but mostgenera concentrate in tropicsPrefer dry, sunny placesOfren form tussocks—compact structures where old grass stems,rhizomes and roots are intermixedGrasses form grasslands—specific ecological communities widelyrepresented on Earth. North Dakota prairies are grasslands.



Morphology of grasses

Stems usually hollow and roundLeaves flat, in two ranksFlowers reduced, wind-pollinates, usually bisexual, formcomplicated spikelets*Each spikelet bear two glumes; each flower has lemma and paleascalesPerianth is reduced to lodiculesStamens from 6 to 1 (most often 3), with large anthersFruit is a caryopsis, it includes flower scalesSeed has a specific structure—embryo with coleoptile, coleorhizaand scutellum



Scheme of grass spikelet



Grasses: Oryza and Anthoxanthum diagrams

↑P0−3A0−3+2−3G(2)



Representatives of grass family

Most primitive grasses are bamboos (Bambusoideae subfamily)Pooid grasses usually are C3 plants, wheat (Triticum), rice(Oryza), barley (Hordeum) and rye (Secale) belong to this groupPanicoid grasses are mostly C4 plants, corn (Zea) and sugarcane(Saccharum) belong here



Rare event: bamboo (Schizostachyum sp.) isflowering!



Festuca sp.



Rice (Oryza sativa), the most important world crop



Corn (Zea mays), the most productive world crop (upto 10 MT/ha)



Short anonymous absolutely voluntary survey

1 What do you like most in Biology 154?2 What do you dislike most in Biology 154?3 Which lab do you remember most of all?4 Please grade (1—bad, 5—excellent):

1 Lectures2 Labs3 Final questions4 Exams



Summary

Magnoliidae, Rosidae, Asteridae and Liliidae are main foursubclasses of angiospermsCompositae is probably the most advanced family of angiospermsGrasses (Gramineae) have general monocot characters but theirflower structure deviated from “typical” monocot due to theadaptation for wind pollination.BOTANY IS COOL!



For Further Reading

J. E. Bidlack, Sh. H. Jansky.Stern’s introductory plant biology. 12th edition.McGraw-Hill, 2011.Chapter 23.

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 25.


Documents

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 38ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154/2012_2013/lec_154_38.pdfNames: Angiospermae (“angion” is a “bottle”), Magnoliopsida, angiosperms,