INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO, AND HISTORY OFAND …

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO, AND HISTORY OFAND HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO, AND HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY

Objectives:Objectives:- explain how I/O relates to the profession of psychology as a

wholef f /O- be able to understand the major fields of I/O psychology

- understand how and why psychologists are licensed- learn history of I/O psychology, including major people, y p y gy, g j p p ,events, and eras

- give reasons for the cross-cultural interest in I/O psychology

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What is I/O Psychology?• A specialty area of psychology• The scientific study of work-related behavior• The application and extension of scientific

psychological principles and facts to enhance the effective use of human resources and thethe effective use of human resources and the facilitation of well-being at work

• Represented by Division 14 of American p yPsychological Association (APA), i.e., the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP)Psychology (SIOP)

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I/O Psychology as Both a Science and P tiPractice

• An area of scientific study and professionalAn area of scientific study and professional practice that addresses psychological concepts and principles in the work world

• Two sides of I/Osciencepractice

• A field of applied psychology

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I/O Psychology as Both a Science and a

As a SCIENCE I/O ps cholog ses scientific

I/O Psychology as Both a Science and a Practice• As a SCIENCE, I/O psychology uses scientific

methodology to research and advance knowledge about people at workknowledge about people at work

• And as a PRACTICE, I/O psychology is a profession concerned with the application ofprofession concerned with the application of psychological knowledge to solve real-life problems in the world of work

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Sub-specialties or Fields of I/O PsychologySub specialties or Fields of I/O Psychology

PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGYRecruitmentSelectionPlacementPlacementPsychometricsIndividual differencesC it i d l tCriterion developmentPerformance appraisalTraining and developmentg pTeam selection and trainingLegal issues — Equal Employment Opportunity, Title VII, CRA 1991

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,

A li t/ l fl th h dApplicant/employee flow through and interactions with various personnel systems

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ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (Behavior)ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (Behavior)Organizational commitmentCommunicationCommunicationJob satisfactionLeadershippOrganizational attitudes & behaviorWork motivationOrganizational change & developmentQuality of worklife

( & )Team (processes & dynamics)

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ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY/HUMANENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY/HUMANFACTORS

Person-machine systemsPerson-machine systemsWorking conditionsEquipment, tool, and machine design and function in q p , , grecognition of operator limitations in strength, perception, reaction-time, etc.

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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONSINDUSTRIAL RELATIONSLabor-union relationsEmployee/employer relationsEmployee/employer relationsCooperation & conflict resolutionArbitration, negotiation & bargaining

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VOCATIONAL & CAREER COUNSELINGVOCATIONAL & CAREER COUNSELINGCareer choice, change, and retirement

CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGYConsumer choice and preference for productsp pPurchasing behavior & decision making

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Increased globalization resulted inIncreased globalization — resulted in increased interest and focus on the generalizability of concepts and researchgeneralizability of concepts and research findings to people and work in other cultures and societiescultures and societies

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Dual orientation (science & practice) reflectedDual orientation (science & practice) reflected in principal work settings of I/O psychologists

Universities (37%)

Consulting firms(38%)

(18%)Industry (18%)

Gov't (7%)

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IncomeIncome• http://www.siop.org/2009SIOPIncomeSurvey.pdfp p g y p

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Productivity:Productivity: Journal of Applied Psychology (1986-2008)

1. Michigan State University2. University of Minnesota3. University of Iowa4 University of Florida

11.Ohio State University12.New York University13.Bowling Green State University14 Queen’s University Kingston4. University of Florida

5. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

6. Texas A&M University7 U i it f M l d

14.Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario

15.University of Houston16.Georgia Institute of Technology17 U i it f S th Fl id7. University of Maryland

8. Cornell University9. Purdue University10.Pennsylvania State University

17.University of South Florida18.Colorado State University19.University of Western Ontario20.Florida International Universityy y y

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ProductivityyProductivity Ratings in the Top Five I/O Psychology-Oriented Journals, 1996-2000 (Gibby et al., 2002)

1. Michigan State University 2. University of Illinois at Urbana–

Champaign3. Bowling Green State University4 Florida International University

21. University of Calgary22. DePaul University23. Central Michigan University24. Rice University25 Illinois Inst of Technology4. Florida International University

5. University of Akron6. University of Minnesota7. University of Michigan8. University of Maryland9 P l i St t U i it

25. Illinois Inst of Technology26. Georgia Inst of Tech27. Wright State University28. University of Houston29. Louisiana State University

9. Pennsylvania State University10. George Mason University11. Texas A&M University12. Purdue University13. New York University

30. Ohio University31. Kansas State University32. University of Missouri–St. Louis33. Portland State University34 University of Waterlooy

14. Tulane University15. University of South Florida16. Colorado State University17. University of Connecticut18 University at Albany SUNY

34. University of Waterloo35. Rutgers University36. Wayne State University37. Claremont Graduate University38. Clemson University39 Vi i i T h

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18. University at Albany–SUNY19. Columbia University20. University of Georgia

39. Virginia Tech40. George Washington University40. University of Central Florida

ProductivityyProductivity Ratings in the Top Ten I/O Psychology-Oriented Journals, 1999-2003 (Oliver et al., 2005)

1. Michigan State University2. University of South Florida3. Pennsylvania State University4. Bowling Green State University5 University of Minnesota

21. Florida International University22. University of Central Florida23. Purdue University24. University of Missouri–St. Louis25 University of Michigan5. University of Minnesota

6. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign7. George Mason University8. University of Georgia9. University of Maryland

25. University of Michigan26. Clemson University27. New York University28. University of Oklahoma29. University of Waterloo

10. University of Akron11. Texas A&M University12. University of Tennessee – Knoxville13. Wayne State University14 Baruch College City University of New York

30. Rice University31. Virginia Tech University32. Louisiana State University33. University at Albany, SUNY34 University of Calgary14. Baruch College, City University of New York

15. University of Western Ontario16. Georgia Institute of Technology17. Central Michigan University18. Teachers College, Columbia University19 P tl d St t U i it

34. University of Calgary35. Illinois Institute of Technology36. North Carolina State University37. Colorado State University38. University of Tulsa39 Ohi U i it

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19. Portland State University20. Alliant International University – Los Angeles

39. Ohio University40. University of California, Berkeley

Common Job Titles for I/O PsychologistsCommon Job Titles for I/O Psychologists

• Professor of . . . Psychology, Management, Organizational Behavior, Industrial Relations

St ff b M Di VP f P l HR• Staff member, Manager, Dir, VP of . . . Personnel, HR, Organizational Planning, Personnel Development, OD, Management Development, Personnel Research, Employee Relations, Training, Affirmative Action

• Management Consultant

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Professional Associations Related toProfessional Associations Related to Personnel Psychology• American Psychological Association (APA) – www.apa.org• Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychology (SIOP) –

www.siop.org• American Psychological Society (APS) –

h l i l iwww.psychologicalscience.org• Academy of Management (AoM) – www. aom.pace.edu• Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) – hfes.org

S i t f H R M t (SHRM) h• Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) – www.shrm.org• American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) –

www.astd.orgI t ti l P l M t A i ti (IPMA HR)• International Personnel Management Association (IPMA-HR) –www.ipma-hr.org

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Summary - Personnel Psychology• Application of psychological theory and research to HR

problems in organizationsM i d di ti i di id l diff i• Measuring and predicting individual differences in behavior and job performance

• Focus on individual peopleFocus on individual people• Strive for efficient use of human resources• Subfield of Human Resource Management (excludes

labor law, org planning, comp & benefits, and labor relations)

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Licensure for I/O Psychologistsce su e o /O syc o og s s• Licensure requirements vary by state• Regulates membership [psychology]Regulates membership [psychology]• Controversy about licensing of I/O psychologists

– not in clinical practice– different mandate than healthcare providers

• SIOP’s policy – recognize the requirement and offer guidanceguidance

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History of I/O Psychologyy y gy

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History of Applied Psychologyy y gy• Distinction between history of

– applied psychology• pseudopsychology

– industrial psychology• post-scientific revolution

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Pseudopsychologyy gy

• PhrenologyPhrenology• Physiognomy

M i• Mesmerism

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Psychology & Advertisingy gy gHarlow Gale (1862-1945)

– in fall of 1895 sent a questionnaire to 200 businesses in Minneapolis & St. Paul asking them about their advertising views and practices (returnabout their advertising views and practices (return rate of only 10%)

• Advertising firms were looking for experts like– Walter Dill Scott & Harry Hollingworth

• Scott stressed the power of suggestion– viewed the consumer as a “nonrational,

suggestible creature under the hypnotic influence of the advertising writer”

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of the advertising writer

History of I/O Psychology( )(late 1800’s, early 1900’s)

• 1897: Bryan’s paper on telegraphers1897: Bryan s paper on telegraphers– published paper on how telegraphers develop

skill in sending & receiving important codesskill in sending & receiving important codes (Morse)

• 1903 1908: Walter Dill Scott’s books:1903, 1908: Walter Dill Scott s books:– Theory of Advertising

Psychology of Advertising– Psychology of Advertising• 1911: Frederick W. Taylor’s book:

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– Principles of Scientific Management

Hollingworth & Advertisingg g• The Coca-Cola trial & Harry Hollingworth

– studied the effects of caffeine on sensory,studied the effects of caffeine on sensory, cognitive, and motor functioning in humans

• According to Hollingworth, advertisement was t t d 4 thimeant to do 4 things:

– GET the person’s attention– HOLD it to the message of advertisementHOLD it to the message of advertisement– FIX the message in the person’s memory– MOTIVATE the person to take desired action

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History of I/O Psychology(early 1900’s)

• Mental testingMental testing• Vocational counseling

I d t i l l ti• Industrial revolution• Immigration & high birthrate • Education & urban growth

– above conditions led to social reform andabove conditions led to social reform and “Industrial Psychology” as a field emerged in 1910

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Watson’s Behavioristic Approach to Advertising

• John B. Watson (founder of behaviorism)– worked with J. Walter Thompson Advertising Firm

(one of the largest ad firms in NY city)(one of the largest ad firms in NY city)– promoted the use of testimonial advertisements

featuring celebrity endorsements of productshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmrTDZy3f2M&feature=related

– considered 3 innate emotions to motivate buying• fear• fear• rage• love

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Münsterberg & Industrial Psychology

• In 20th century “efficiency” was the buzz word in• In 20th century efficiency was the buzz word in American business

• Published one of the most important booksPublished one of the most important books– Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (in 1913)

• Article on business psych in a pop magazine– brought several consulting opportunities– asked by San Francisco & Portland Steamship

Company to devise tests to select ship captainsCompany to devise tests to select ship captains (6 months before sinking of Titanic)

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Carnegie Inst. Of Tech’sDivision of Applied Psychology

W lt V D k Bi h j i d CIT f lt Di t• Walter Van Dyke Bingham joined CIT faculty as Director of Division of Applied Psychology

• Bingham’s two broad emphases– help students identify their talents & match those talents to the

jobs they are best suited– teach students to use psychology to be able to better understand

h b h ihuman behavior• Bingham began Bureau of Salesmanship Research

– investigate research questions w/ funds supplied by local business partners (Heinz Foods, Carnegie Steel, etc.)

– hired Walter D. Scott

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One Right Wayg y• Frederick W. Taylor, a mechanical engineer,

recognized the employee-employer conflictrecognized the employee employer conflict– developed “scientific management” (also called

Taylorism) – referred to the “one right way” to do a job– studying a particular job, observing workers on the

job, breaking workers’ actions into individual movements, timing each movement

• Popular w/ management, but not workers– workers had NO input in the system

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Lillian Moller Gilbreth• Pioneered Industrial Mgmt. techniques

Fi i h ff f &• First to recognize the effects of stress & fatigue on workers

• Engineers studied inanimate objects, it was psychologists’ responsibility to study humans at workplace

• One of her most famous books “Cheaper by the Dozen”

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World War I (1917-1918)( )• Robert Yerkes (Prez. of APA) ― instrumental in

applying psychology to war effortapplying psychology to war effort• Bingham & Scott ― instrumental in the

Committee for Classification of Personnel in theCommittee for Classification of Personnel in the Army– classified & placed enlisted soldiers– conducted performance ratings of officers– developed & prepared job duties

• Army Alpha Test• Army Beta Test

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Between Wars (1919-1940)( )• Industrial Psychology was formally recognized

– Journal of Applied Psychology – 1917pp y gy

• Psychological Research Bureaus & Consulting firms emerged

• Bureau of Salesmanship Research – Bingham• Psychological Corporation – James Cattell• Hawthorne studies Western Electric 1924• Hawthorne studies – Western Electric – 1924

– study of the relationship b/n illumination & productivity

• Hawthorne effect

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World War II (1941-1945)( )• Advisory Committee on Classification of

Military Personnel – Walter V BinghamMilitary Personnel Walter V. Bingham– developed Army General Classification Test (ACGT)

for selection & placement of army personnel– 12 million soldiers classified in military jobs

• Office of Strategic Services (OSS)– developed situational stress tests

• Selection & training of pilots to fly warplanes• Employment tests in industries increased

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History of I/O Psychologyy y gy(1940’s-1980’s)

1946 Di i i 14 I d t i l P h l• 1946: Division 14: Industrial Psychology• 1956: Management Progress Study at AT&T

Use of Assessment Centers to examine promotions– Use of Assessment Centers to examine promotions• 1964: Civil Rights Act

– Cannot discriminate on the basis of race, color,Cannot discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, & national origin

• 1967: Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)(ADEA)

• 1973: Division 14: I/O Psychology

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History of I/O Psychologyy y gy(1940’s-1980’s)

• 1976: First I/O Handbook• 1978: Uniform Set of Employment1978: Uniform Set of Employment

Guidelines• 1982: SIOP’s Frontiers and Professional• 1982: SIOP s Frontiers and Professional

Practice Series1983 P j t A Id tif th di t f• 1983: Project A – Identify the predictors of good soldiers

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History of I/O Psychology (1990’s)• 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)• 1990 1st of 4 volumes of the Handbooks of I/O• 1990 1st of 4 volumes of the Handbooks of I/O

Psychology• 1991 Civil Rights Act (updated)• 1991 Civil Rights Act (updated)• 1993 Family & Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

1996 History of Applied Psychology documented• 1996 History of Applied Psychology documented in the Journal of Applied Psychology

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History of I/O Psychology:fThe Information Age (1994-Present)

• UAVs• UAVs• Simulations and simulators• Massive multiplayer games• Massive multiplayer games• Internet

UIT– UIT– internet-based training

• “e-learning”g

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