Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Systems

Amir Neori, Muki Shpigel, Lior Guttman*

BRAQCON 2019: WORLD BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE CONFERENCE Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Systems Developed in Israel

לחקר הים קאהןתחנת מוריס

Morris Kahn Marine Research

Station

*Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research National Center for Mariculture Eilat, Israel

Aquaculture takes place by either monoculture or IMTA which includes Polyculture, Partitioned Aquaculture, Aquaponics and other names that people have given to aquaculture systems with species from more than one trophic level.

A recent Chinese shrimp IMTA aquaculture review by ZQ Chang et al. (unpublished), has considered IMTA as a healthy culture approach with higher levels of culture success resources utilization

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Modified from Alok Kumar Jena asfsdsd

The overall scheme of open sea IMTA

Nutrient uptake by

microalgae

Deposit-feeding Fish Modified from Alok Kumar Jena

1. Water: flow-through recirculation 2. Organisms primary, fed (fish or shrimp) secondary, extractive (algae, bivalves /abalone /sea urchin) 3. Nutrient treatment uptake by algae, bacteria, halophytes recycling

At the National Center for Mariculture (NCM) in Eilat, Israel over 4 decades, several models of land-based IMTA have been developed

Principles Jordan

Saudi Arabia

Israel

The overall scheme of land-based IMTA developed in Israel multiple options

Feed

Carnivors

fish shrimp

Primary fed crop

Nutrients

dissolved

sludge

Sun-light

Plankton

microalgae bacteria protozoa

Macrophytes

seaweeds hydroponics

Primary extractive

crop

Planktivores

shellfish fish

brine shrimp zooplankton

Macroalgivores man

abalone sea urchin

fish

Omnivores fish, shrimp sea cucumber

Secondary extractive

crop

Nutrient credits (negative tax)

Waste

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A diagram of an earthen ponds flow-through IMTA with fish – brownwater- oyster deployed in the 1970’s Hughes-Games WL (1977) Growing the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in sub-tropical

seawater fishponds. I. Growth rate, survival and quality index. Aquaculture 11:217-229.

A hard-bottom, semi- recirculated fish – green/brownwater- oysters - macroalgae IMTA concept from the 1980’s Gordin H (1983) Aquaculture: potential development. In: Brewer PG (ed), Oceanography: the present and

future. Springer, NY, pp 347-361.

Fishponds

A hard-bottom, semi- recirculated fish – green/brownwater- oysters - macroalgae IMTA concept from the 1980’s

A semi- recirculated fish – microalgae – oyster - macroalgae IMTA from the 1980-1990’s An improved model – bivalves in a common sedimentation pond Shpigel, M., Neori, A., Popper, D. M., & Gordin, H. (1993). A proposed model for “environmentally clean” land-based culture of fish, bivalves and seaweeds. Aquaculture, 117(1-2), 115-128.

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A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-

recirculated fish –

green/brownwater- oysters -

macroalgae integrated mariculture

concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)

A commercial farm of the last model, PGP 1994 farm Eilat, Southern Israel

Shpigel, M., & Neori, A. (1996). The integrated culture of seaweed, abalone, fish and clams in modular intensive land-based systems: I. Proportions of size and projected revenues. Aquacult Engin, 15, 313-326.

Fish ponds + brownwater (diatoms)

Fish feed + silicate

Seawater

Header tank with clear seawater

Sedimentation

Clams

Bivalves filter out the diatoms

Oysters Artemia

Diatom-rich effluents

Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture

Additional tested scenarios

Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture

Fish-Seaweed Pond IMTA Dimensions (1000 T fish/y)

rounded numbers

Seawater

up to 5800 m3 h-1

Fish 5 ha

50% plus water recirculation

Seawater up to 2900 m3

h-1

Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture

Recirculation saves seawater pumping

Fish 1000 T

Fish-Seaweed pond-IMTA

Production and Income/y

€

5x106 €

1x106

Pollution credits?

Ecosystem Services?

€ ? € ?

Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture

Seawater

Abalone Seaweed

Fish, Abalone, Seaweed IMTA

Fish

Fish feed

Seaweed as abalone feed

Water recirculation

A semi-recirculated fish - macroalgae – abalone IMTA from the 2000’s Schuenhoff, A., Shpigel, M., Lupatsch, I., Ashkenazi, A., Msuya, F. E., & Neori, A. (2003). A semi-recirculating,

integrated system for the culture of fish and seaweed. Aquaculture, 221, 167-181.

A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-

recirculated fish –

green/brownwater- oysters -

macroalgae integrated mariculture

concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)

A semi-recirculated fish - macroalgae – abalone IMTA

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A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-

recirculated fish –

green/brownwater- oysters -

macroalgae integrated mariculture

concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)

Seaor Marine Inc. (now Seakura) On the Mediterranean coast

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Abalone Fish

Sedimentation + detritivores

Biofiltration/ Seaweed production

Seaweed harvest

Fish feed

Seaweed

A commercial IMTA farm in SA I & J Cape Cultured Abalone Pty, Ltd., South Africa

abalone seaweed

Water recirc.

Harvest

Seed production factory for floating alga

Drift ashore

Guide fish rock

Control of floating algae

Moba

Moba Drift ashore

Drift ashore

Harvest

Seed production factory for floating alga

Biomass conversion factory

Seed production factory for floating alga

Biomass conversion factory

Biomass conversion factory

Moba

Moba

Drift ashore

Guide fish rock

Guide fish rock

Harvest

Harvest

Control of floating algae

A futuristic Japanese concept of a nation-wide IMTA M. Notoya

A futuristic concept of desert IMTA: gravity-fed land mariculture G. Garcia Reina

A futuristic concept of desert IMTA: gravity-fed land mariculture G. Garcia Reina

Models include use of periphyton as a biofiolter that can feed fish or shrimp, and shrimp-Salicornia/Sarcocornia farming

Isao Tsutsui

Shrimp IMTA from SE Asia

Salicornia or Sarcocornia plots, fed shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) pond effluents

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Turcios & Papenbrock

FAO WFP, IFAD (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012.

Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition.

How?

Our option in aquaculture

Current aquaculture is tiny, compared with agriculture

But aquaculture grows 7 times faster than agriculture

לא בישראל*

Even with a business as usual scenario, aquaculture will match agriculture by 2100 !

A doubling each decade

Seaweed

fish

Global aquaculture

million ton / Y

FAO

0.01

5.01

10.01

15.01

20.01

25.01

2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110

Ton

s, B

illion

s /

y

Aquaculture growth A doubling / decade

2096

Year

The year aquaculture will match agriculture

Agriculture growth 13% / decade

Projected total production

However, at the current growth rate: aquaculture can match agriculture by 2100 (!)

1

10

100

1000

10000

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120

Seaweed production

forecast*

With the current rate of

growth

Data

Forecast

Billion ton**

Hundred million ton

Year

* FAO data **30 million ton protein

An anticipated protein gap for food and feed of half a billion ton by 2050

Closing the entire protein gap requires

15 billion ton seaweed / y

Requires 1.5 million km2 of ocean space 4% of the entire ocean space Is it less practical than a global hunger or the Amazon deforestation?

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A Chinese seaweed farm, M Troell

Thank you !