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Amir Neori, Muki Shpigel, Lior Guttman*
BRAQCON 2019: WORLD BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE CONFERENCE Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Systems Developed in Israel
לחקר הים קאהןתחנת מוריס
Morris Kahn Marine Research
Station
*Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research National Center for Mariculture Eilat, Israel
Aquaculture takes place by either monoculture or IMTA which includes Polyculture, Partitioned Aquaculture, Aquaponics and other names that people have given to aquaculture systems with species from more than one trophic level.
A recent Chinese shrimp IMTA aquaculture review by ZQ Chang et al. (unpublished), has considered IMTA as a healthy culture approach with higher levels of culture success resources utilization
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Modified from Alok Kumar Jena asfsdsd
The overall scheme of open sea IMTA
Nutrient uptake by
microalgae
Deposit-feeding Fish Modified from Alok Kumar Jena
1. Water: flow-through recirculation 2. Organisms primary, fed (fish or shrimp) secondary, extractive (algae, bivalves /abalone /sea urchin) 3. Nutrient treatment uptake by algae, bacteria, halophytes recycling
At the National Center for Mariculture (NCM) in Eilat, Israel over 4 decades, several models of land-based IMTA have been developed
Principles Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Israel
The overall scheme of land-based IMTA developed in Israel multiple options
Feed
Carnivors
fish shrimp
Primary fed crop
Nutrients
dissolved
sludge
Sun-light
Plankton
microalgae bacteria protozoa
Macrophytes
seaweeds hydroponics
Primary extractive
crop
Planktivores
shellfish fish
brine shrimp zooplankton
Macroalgivores man
abalone sea urchin
fish
Omnivores fish, shrimp sea cucumber
Secondary extractive
crop
Nutrient credits (negative tax)
Waste
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A diagram of an earthen ponds flow-through IMTA with fish – brownwater- oyster deployed in the 1970’s Hughes-Games WL (1977) Growing the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in sub-tropical
seawater fishponds. I. Growth rate, survival and quality index. Aquaculture 11:217-229.
A hard-bottom, semi- recirculated fish – green/brownwater- oysters - macroalgae IMTA concept from the 1980’s Gordin H (1983) Aquaculture: potential development. In: Brewer PG (ed), Oceanography: the present and
future. Springer, NY, pp 347-361.
Fishponds
A hard-bottom, semi- recirculated fish – green/brownwater- oysters - macroalgae IMTA concept from the 1980’s
A semi- recirculated fish – microalgae – oyster - macroalgae IMTA from the 1980-1990’s An improved model – bivalves in a common sedimentation pond Shpigel, M., Neori, A., Popper, D. M., & Gordin, H. (1993). A proposed model for “environmentally clean” land-based culture of fish, bivalves and seaweeds. Aquaculture, 117(1-2), 115-128.
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A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-
recirculated fish –
green/brownwater- oysters -
macroalgae integrated mariculture
concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)
A commercial farm of the last model, PGP 1994 farm Eilat, Southern Israel
Shpigel, M., & Neori, A. (1996). The integrated culture of seaweed, abalone, fish and clams in modular intensive land-based systems: I. Proportions of size and projected revenues. Aquacult Engin, 15, 313-326.
Fish ponds + brownwater (diatoms)
Fish feed + silicate
Seawater
Header tank with clear seawater
Sedimentation
Clams
Bivalves filter out the diatoms
Oysters Artemia
Diatom-rich effluents
Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture
Additional tested scenarios
Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture
Fish-Seaweed Pond IMTA Dimensions (1000 T fish/y)
rounded numbers
Seawater
up to 5800 m3 h-1
Fish 5 ha
50% plus water recirculation
Seawater up to 2900 m3
h-1
Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture
Recirculation saves seawater pumping
Fish 1000 T
Fish-Seaweed pond-IMTA
Production and Income/y
€
5x106 €
1x106
Pollution credits?
Ecosystem Services?
€ ? € ?
Ecologically-Balanced Mariculture
Seawater
Abalone Seaweed
Fish, Abalone, Seaweed IMTA
Fish
Fish feed
Seaweed as abalone feed
Water recirculation
A semi-recirculated fish - macroalgae – abalone IMTA from the 2000’s Schuenhoff, A., Shpigel, M., Lupatsch, I., Ashkenazi, A., Msuya, F. E., & Neori, A. (2003). A semi-recirculating,
integrated system for the culture of fish and seaweed. Aquaculture, 221, 167-181.
A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-
recirculated fish –
green/brownwater- oysters -
macroalgae integrated mariculture
concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)
A semi-recirculated fish - macroalgae – abalone IMTA
asfsdsd
A diagram of a hard-bottom, semi-
recirculated fish –
green/brownwater- oysters -
macroalgae integrated mariculture
concept, Eilat (after Gordin 1983)
Seaor Marine Inc. (now Seakura) On the Mediterranean coast
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Abalone Fish
Sedimentation + detritivores
Biofiltration/ Seaweed production
Seaweed harvest
Fish feed
Seaweed
A commercial IMTA farm in SA I & J Cape Cultured Abalone Pty, Ltd., South Africa
abalone seaweed
Water recirc.
Harvest
Seed production factory for floating alga
Drift ashore
Guide fish rock
Control of floating algae
Moba
Moba Drift ashore
Drift ashore
Harvest
Seed production factory for floating alga
Biomass conversion factory
Seed production factory for floating alga
Biomass conversion factory
Biomass conversion factory
Moba
Moba
Drift ashore
Guide fish rock
Guide fish rock
Harvest
Harvest
Control of floating algae
A futuristic Japanese concept of a nation-wide IMTA M. Notoya
A futuristic concept of desert IMTA: gravity-fed land mariculture G. Garcia Reina
A futuristic concept of desert IMTA: gravity-fed land mariculture G. Garcia Reina
Models include use of periphyton as a biofiolter that can feed fish or shrimp, and shrimp-Salicornia/Sarcocornia farming
Isao Tsutsui
Shrimp IMTA from SE Asia
Salicornia or Sarcocornia plots, fed shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) pond effluents
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Turcios & Papenbrock
FAO WFP, IFAD (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012.
Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition.
How?
Our option in aquaculture
Current aquaculture is tiny, compared with agriculture
But aquaculture grows 7 times faster than agriculture
לא בישראל*
Even with a business as usual scenario, aquaculture will match agriculture by 2100 !
A doubling each decade
Seaweed
fish
Global aquaculture
million ton / Y
FAO
0.01
5.01
10.01
15.01
20.01
25.01
2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110
Ton
s, B
illion
s /
y
Aquaculture growth A doubling / decade
2096
Year
The year aquaculture will match agriculture
Agriculture growth 13% / decade
Projected total production
However, at the current growth rate: aquaculture can match agriculture by 2100 (!)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120
Seaweed production
forecast*
With the current rate of
growth
Data
Forecast
Billion ton**
Hundred million ton
Year
* FAO data **30 million ton protein
An anticipated protein gap for food and feed of half a billion ton by 2050
Closing the entire protein gap requires
15 billion ton seaweed / y
Requires 1.5 million km2 of ocean space 4% of the entire ocean space Is it less practical than a global hunger or the Amazon deforestation?
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A Chinese seaweed farm, M Troell
Thank you !