Improving*beanproduc1onindrought prone

Celestina Jochua, Magalhaes Miguel, Soares Xerinda - IIAM

Juan Carlos Rosas - ZamoranoJill Findeis, Jonathan Lynch - Penn State

Improving  bean  produc1on  in  drought-­‐prone,  low  fer1lity  soils  of  Africa  and  

La1n  America-­‐  An  integrated  approach

Lynch and Jones, CIAT report

3

bad genotypes

Root architecture and P efficiency

more adventitious roots

shallower basal roots

longer, denser hairs

more taproot laterals

topsoil

subsoilmore dispersed laterals

aerenchyma

basal root whorls

good genotypes

Shallow vs deep root architecture in two bean genotypes grown in the field in Honduras

bean genotypes vary greatly for root hair length

Miguel et al., 2004

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

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ase

in p

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bi

omas

s un

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ow P

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

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57.7

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3

additive=147

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline

actual=298.9***

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3

additive=147

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline

Whorl 1

Whorl 2Whorl 3

Basal roots arise from distinct whorls

Genotype A: 3 whorls

Genotype B: 1 whorl

More basal roots = more soil volume explored

2 whorls, up to 8 basal roots 3 whorls, up to 12 basal roots

Number of basal roots determined by number of whorls (about 4 roots/whorl)

0

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4

wild cultivated

number of whorls

num

ber o

f bas

al ro

ots

!

Low P soilSussundenga, Mozambique

research of Magalhaes Miguel

more whorls = 60% greater growth at low P

Low P soilSussundenga, Mozambique

research of Magalhaes Miguel

Two QTL explain 42-50% of phenotypic variation in BRWN

more whorls = 60% greater growth at low P

does BRWN improve growth under drought?

research of Katy Barlow

does BRWN improve growth under drought?

research of Katy Barlow

0"

4"

8"

12"

16"

20"

24"

1" 2" 3"

Shoo

t%Dry%W

eight%(g)%

Basal%Root%Whorl%Number%

Drought" Control"

a a a

bb

cc

More whorls =>70 % greater growth under drought

drought workshopCIAT 2006

high throughput phenotyping of root

architecture in the field

2 min/genotype

10,000 lines/yrbean, maize, sorghum,

cowpea, groundnut, potato

Shovelomics

Breeding progress- Mozambique

Breeding progress- Mozambique

• Developed and validated a rapid method for root phenotyping in the field– stable across sites and years

Breeding progress- Mozambique

• Developed and validated a rapid method for root phenotyping in the field– stable across sites and years

• Identified sources of P efficiency and drought in Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools– 10x yield variation under P stress– mesos 50% better than Andeans under low P– contrasting, possibly complementarity root

traits

Sources of tolerance for low P•Andean accessions

• Many BRWN and BR (53%: >2.5 BRWN and >8 BRN): 29/55

• Shallow BRGA (≤ 30) – 25% (14/55)

•Mesoamerican accessions

• 50% greater yield under low P

•Many adventitious roots (35%) – 35/100 > 25 roots

•Long and dense root hairs (18% accessions from Meso): 31/165 (≥ 0.6mm)

Sources of tolerance to drought

•Mesoamerican

•Steeper and deeper basal roots (19% of 100: >60o)

•Andean

•Long and branched primary roots (56%: >16cm (31/55)

Breeding progress- Mozambique

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed

Breeding progress- Mozambique

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed

n Identified sources with good root traits for low P and drought stress adaptability

Breeding progress- Mozambique

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed

n Identified sources with good root traits for low P and drought stress adaptability

n Low P: Cal 143, Sug 131, 13 lines from Lichinga, AFR 298, Carioca, Kakhi, Doutor, Catarina, D. Calima, PVA 773, Cal 96, 10 Bilfa lines (33)

Breeding progress- Mozambique

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed

n Identified sources with good root traits for low P and drought stress adaptability

n Low P: Cal 143, Sug 131, 13 lines from Lichinga, AFR 298, Carioca, Kakhi, Doutor, Catarina, D. Calima, PVA 773, Cal 96, 10 Bilfa lines (33)

n Drought: Tio canela, BAT 477, SEQ 1003, VAX 1, Ser 16, 12 Bilfa lines (17)

Breeding progress- Mozambique

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed

n Identified sources with good root traits for low P and drought stress adaptability

n Low P: Cal 143, Sug 131, 13 lines from Lichinga, AFR 298, Carioca, Kakhi, Doutor, Catarina, D. Calima, PVA 773, Cal 96, 10 Bilfa lines (33)

n Drought: Tio canela, BAT 477, SEQ 1003, VAX 1, Ser 16, 12 Bilfa lines (17)

n Currently we are increasing seed for yield evaluation on-station and on-farm

Breeding progress- Mozambique

Capacity  Building          • Development  of  lab  at  Sussendenga  

• Degree  and  short  term  training  of  IIAM  staff

• support  for  Sussundenga  lab• establishment  of  field  facili1es  for  drought,  low  P  studies  

representa1ve  of  stressful  African  soils

Breeding  Progress  -­‐  Central  America                  

• Improved  bean  lines  with  enhanced  levels  of  tolerance  to  drought  and  low  P  released  and  disseminated  for  Central  America.  

• Inbred  backcross  (IB)  popula1ons  from  small  red    improved  cul1vars  developed  and  tested  in  Honduras  (IB  lines  with  different  root  traits  iden1fied  for  mul1line  trials).

Development  and  Release  of  Improved  Bean  Cul1vars  and  

Breeding  Lines  during    FY11  &  FY12    Releases  of  tolerant  cul.vars    (collabora.on  with  CIAT,  DGPC/UPR  Project  and  CA/C-­‐  Bean  Research  Network):

•      Five  small  red  cul.vars  tolerant  to  drought/low  soil            fer.lity  ,  resistant  to  BGMYV  and  BCMV,  released  in            Nicaragua  (2010),  El  Salvador  and  Honduras  (2012).

• Two  small  red  drought  tolerant,  BGYMV  and  BCMV  resistant  cul.vars,  with  >10%  higher  iron  content,  released  in  Nicaragua  (2010),  El  Salvador  (2011)  and  Honduras  (2012).  

• Four  small  black  drought/low  fer.lity  tolerant,  BGMYV  and  BCMV  resistant  cul.vars  released  in  Hai.  (2009-­‐11)  and  Guatemala  (2010).    

Development  and  Release  of  Improved  Bean  Cul1vars  and  

Breeding  Lines  during    FY11  &  FY12    Dissemina.on  of  improved  lines:• More  than  50  drought,  low  fer1lity  and/or  heat  tolerant  trials  

(ERSEQ,  ERSEBAF,  PASEBAF,  ERSAT)  distributed  for  tes1ng  to  Bean  Research  Network    CA/C  collaborators  (2007-­‐11)  .

•  50  small  red  and  black  lines  sent  to  Julie  G.  Lauren  (Cornell  U)  for  tes1ng  in  Kenya  (2008).

•  Drought/low  fer1lity  tolerant  IBC  and  RBF  small  red  and        black  lines  sent  for  tes1ng  in  Angola  (2008).

•  50  small  red,  black  and  white  lines  sent  to  IIAM,                                              Mozambique  (2010).  

• IB  lines  (Amadeus  77  background)  tested  in                                  Honduras  and  PSU  (2011).

Capacity  Building          • Purchase  of  equipment  (Winrhizo)  to  conduct  root  traits  

studies  at  Zamorano.  

• Soil  cylinder  and  pot  systems  established  for  bean  root  phenotyping  studies  under  drought/low  P  stress  at  EAP.

• Research  plots  to  study  tolerance  to  drought  and  low  P  at  EAP/Zamorano  (3  PSU  graduate  and  6  senior  EAP  students  have  conducted  their  field  research  at  this  site).

Henry et al 2010

P runoff reduced 50-70%

Henry et al 2010

new bean lines have less soil erosion

P-efficient beans reduce soil runoff in Northern Mozambique by 33%

new bean lines have less soil erosion

P-efficient beans increase BNF in Northern Mozambique by 2-4x

P-­‐efficient P-­‐inefficient

N2  fi

xa/o

n,  kg  ha

-­‐1

a

b

c cc

d

lime  +  inoculum

lime  

inoculum  

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion

new bean lines perform well in maize intercrops

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion

new bean lines perform well in maize intercrops

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion

new bean lines perform well in maize intercrops

P efficient beans did not reduce maize yields at low P

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion

new bean lines perform well in maize intercrops

P efficient beans did not reduce maize yields at low P

checking if new bean lines utilize RP better

do new bean lines benefit people?

Socio-economics findings

Background: Baseline research

n Total 8 research sites: 2 per region in Angonia, Gurue, Lichinga, Sussundenga n Total of 4 baseline survey instruments. n Focus on: trait preferences decision-making (technology uptake) seed access – different channels economic and social networks seed sharing behaviors

Baseline research

Observations from baseline: nAccess historically limited at sites: more than 70% of households report never having received improved seed. nAsked about perception of availability of good bean seed: only 6% on average of women report no problem. Higher among men (but signif. diffs. across sites) nAdult male/female preferences differ for some -- but not all attributes. Males more likely to focus on: complementary input requirements return from spatially differentiated markets Females more likely to focus on: bean traits preferred for household consumption specific varieties marketable directly by them (sell to door-to-door traders, etc.)

Agricultural sharing networks – regional differences observed (intra-region differences less pronounced)

The challenge of translational research

genome

which genes?regulation?

interactions?

The challenge of translational research

agronome

productivity?resource use?

species interactionssustainability?

equity?

genome

which genes?regulation?

interactions?

The challenge of translational research

agronome

productivity?resource use?

species interactionssustainability?

equity?

phenome

which traits?costs & benefits?

tradeoffs?integrated phenotypes

genome

which genes?regulation?

interactions?

The challenge of translational research

Summary

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

• Breeding programs in Central America (Juan Carlos Rosas) and Mozambique (Celestina Jochua) are integrating root phenotyping into their selection regimes

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

• Breeding programs in Central America (Juan Carlos Rosas) and Mozambique (Celestina Jochua) are integrating root phenotyping into their selection regimes

• Bean lines with root traits enhancing P acquisition have several agroecological benefits, including reduced erosion, greater BNF, and benign intercropping effects that should preserve and enhance soil fertility over time

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

• Breeding programs in Central America (Juan Carlos Rosas) and Mozambique (Celestina Jochua) are integrating root phenotyping into their selection regimes

• Bean lines with root traits enhancing P acquisition have several agroecological benefits, including reduced erosion, greater BNF, and benign intercropping effects that should preserve and enhance soil fertility over time

• Socioeconomic analysis confirms need for improved lines as well as constraints to dissemination

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

• Breeding programs in Central America (Juan Carlos Rosas) and Mozambique (Celestina Jochua) are integrating root phenotyping into their selection regimes

• Bean lines with root traits enhancing P acquisition have several agroecological benefits, including reduced erosion, greater BNF, and benign intercropping effects that should preserve and enhance soil fertility over time

• Socioeconomic analysis confirms need for improved lines as well as constraints to dissemination

• Poised for serious progress