III. An Early American Surprise Victory!

III. An Early American Surprise Victory!

A. Where? Fort Ticonderoga,

New York

B. Importance of the fort: p136Large fort along

banks of Lake

Champlain;

Only 22 soldiers;

Many cannons;

Controls part of the

waterway to Canada

C. The American force

1. A group of Vermont

volunteers called the

Green Mountain Boys

were upset about the

killings at Lexington/

Concord. They decided

to strike the British on their

own.

2. Leader: Ethan Allen

3. Who joined them?

Benedict Arnold led

some militia.

Allen was the main

person in charge.

D. How did they do it?

They arrived at the fort

early in the morning when the fort was asleep.

They took out the guard

& quietly a rebel climbed into

the fort and opened the

gate.

Quietly Allen sent his men to key places in the fort-

barracks, arsenal, officers

headquarters.

They captured each area.

The commander will have

no choice but surrender.

E. Importance of the win:

Colonials will receive

100+ cannons, gunpowder, & ammunition.

This was an early boost

to the morale of the

patriots.

IV. Second Continental Congress

A. Where?

Philadelphia, Pa.

B. Who?

13 colonies sent reps

eventually.

C. President of the

congress:

John Hancock

D. This group will be the government of

America during much of

the Revolutionary War.

E. Early Decisions

1. Olive Branch Petition

-Olive Branch=symbol for peace.

-Letters will go to the king

& Parliament saying

-America is still loyal but

they demand the repeal of

the Intolerable Acts.

2. They formed the colonial army called:

The Continental Army

• Commandinggeneral of theContinental army:

George Washington

V. The Battle of Bunker Hill

A. Most of the actual battle

took place on

Breed’s Hill

B. Where is Bunker Hill?

Hills next to Charlestown

over looking part of

Boston & Charles River.

C. Goal? Put pressure on the

British in Boston.

If one put cannons on the

hills, they would be a

threat to British ships.

D. American forces: 1200 militia men under

the command of Colonel William Prescott

At first they took position

at Bunker Hill but most

relocated to Breed’s Hill

thinking it a better position. They dug

trenches. A few cannons

& men were left on Bunker

Hill.

E. British forces:

Gen. Howe will send

2400 redcoats on ships

to land and attack the

colonial positions. The

ships fired cannons as

the British marched over

newly plowed fields & over fences to reach the

hills. Part of Charlestown will burn

from the cannon fire.

Diagram:

The British soldiers

carried 125 lbs. field

packs on their backs.

Prescott’s Order: As the British lines

marched closer, he

says “Don’t shoot until

you see the whites of

their eyes.”

1. Why? Each militia member had enough gunpowder

to fire 3 shots. Everyshot must count!

G. First British Charge:Driven back with heavylosses;

H. Second charge:Driven back with heavylosses;

I. Third Charge: British reach the colonial lines. Hand to

hand combat. Americans forced to retreat.

British take both hills.

J. Losses:

1. American: 400/ 1200

2. British: 1000/2400

K. Importance: The British won the

battle but it showed the

Americans can and will

put up a fight. This was

an extremely costly

victory.

Review

1. Why was the capture of Ft. Ticonderoga considered a “prize?”

2. Why did the Comms. Of Correspondence wish word to be spread about Ft. Ticonderoga’s fall?

3. Why did the British view the militia on Breeds and Bunker Hills a threat that must be dealt with?

4. What famous quote came from the Battle of Bunker Hill?

5. What did it mean?

6. British General Clinton said if we win many more battles like Bunker Hill, we will lose the war. What did he mean?

V. Dorchester Heights-Washington Arrives!

A. Location

1. Hills overlooking Boston and its

harbor (by Great

Neck).

B. Leader:George Washington

C. His force: 16,000 people!!-From children to age 80 living in tents & hutsin the hills.Some only had cornknives and rakes.Soldiers often would notobey officers from othercolonies.

D. Washington places 59 cannons in the hillsoverlooking Boston andthe harbor.

they could reach into the city or

hit British ships.

1. Where did theycome from?

Ft. Ticonderoga

Henry Knox had takenthe cannons apart, put them on sleds and brought them 300

milesover rough terrain toWashington.

D. The British &Colonials have afew skirmishes. Howe is trying to see

what he is up against.

E. What will Howe do?

He orders his army to

load ships and he leaves the city of Boston.

1. Where will he go?

Halifax Nova Scotia,

huge British military

base.

F. Boston is freed! Port of Boston

opens again.

VII. Using the Navy

A. King George III orderedthe blockage of all colonial ports.

1. To blockade meansto shut off a port to

keeppeople or supplies

from moving in or out.

VIII. Invasion of Canada

A. How many armies?2

B. Who are the commanders?Richard MontgomeryBenedict Arnold

C. Where did Montgomeryleave from?

Ft. Ticonderoga

D. What Canadian city

did he win?

Montreal

E. MAIN TARGET

of both armies:

Quebec

1. Both armies were to join

Forces to attack.

F. Arnold’s army marched

through what is today the

state of ________in the

winter.

Maine

1. Terrible journey: Reduced to eating

boiled bark, candles, & shoe leather.

G. The Americans hoped

they would receive help

in Canada from whom?

French Canadians

1. Did they?

Not in any large number

H. Both Arnold & Montgomery

attack Quebec during a blinding snow storm on Dec. 31, 1775

Montgomery was killed.

Arnold was seriously wounded. The attack

failed so the armies

The death of Montgomery camped outside the city to lay siege to it.

I. How long did the

siege last?

until May, 1776

British reinforcements

were coming so the

Americans were forced

to retreat.

IX. “Common Sense”

A. A pamphlet written by:

Thomas Paine

B. His main ideas: 1.The colonies are large

& strong enough to be

a country on their own.

2. The colonies have

tried to work it out with

England. The king rejected the Olive Branch Petition.

3. “It is foolish to be

always running 3 or 4

thousand miles with a

tale or a petition, waiting 4 or 5 months for an answer, which when

obtained requires 5 or 6 more to explain it.”

Notes>>>> It is just common sense

to seek independence.

C. It sold 500,000 copies

In 6 months.

D. Importance: It stirred many

colonists to

favor declaring

independence.

(G. Washington will stop toasting the king

At meals).

X. Declaring IndependenceA. What group served asthe govt. of America duringmuch of the Rev. War?

2nd Continental Congress

B. What group commissionedthe writing of a declaration ofindep.?

2nd Continental Congress

C. A committee of 5 people

was chosen to develop

a declaration.

John Adams

Ben Franklin

Thomas Jefferson

Robert Livingston

Roger Sherman

5 man drafting committee

D. Chief Author:

Thomas Jefferson

1. What will the rest of

the committee do?

Help and edit.

2. The committee madevery few changes to Jefferson’s draft. One part was a problem.

Jefferson blamed the king for not getting rid of

slavery. No slavery has been allowed in Englandsince 1689.

1. Why did they objectto this? They were afraid some

colonies with slavery would refuse to support the Declaration.

E. Date Adopted:

July 4, 1776

F. Who was given

the honor of signing

it first?

John Hancock,

President of the Congress

1. Why did he sign it so

boldly? One idea: He wanted the king to be able to see his signature without his glasses.

2nd idea: Others signed

their names smaller.

XI. The Declaration of Indep.-Main Ideas

A. Three Main Ideas expressed

by Jefferson. P 868

B. Main Idea 1> Everyone has certain basic natural rights.

1. He calls these rights:

unalienable rights

2. Unalienable rights are

natural rights we are born with.

3. Three examples:

Life, liberty, and the

pursuit of happiness

(right to own personal

property)

4. How do govts. today

put people in prison, execute

criminals, or may take

property away for the public

good and still respect Jefferson’s

unalienable rights? Governments must

follow fair & established

steps one of which is trial.

C. Main Idea 2: The purpose of govt. is

to protect these basic

rights.

D. Main Idea 3:

If govt. don’t, then the people have a right to change the

government.

E. Wrongs done by the king

source of info for letter

to editor section of project.

XII. Howe’s Return

A. From where?

Halifax, Nova Scotia

B. Size of British force:34,000 regulars

10,000 sailors

400 ships

1. Washington’s army? It was at its peak of 20,000 men.

No navy

C. Where will Howe attack?

Washington believed it

would be a large port

city-Boston? New York?

1. Which port city? Washington guessed

New York City, but wasn’t sure.

D. Washington’s strategy:

He did not know for sure where Howe will attack. Washington divides his army into pieces. He stationed these pieces along the

coast between south of

Boston to New York City area. He has the largest group north of New York City.

When Howe lands, word must be sent to Washington & he will come, besides

sending word to all other groups to reunite.

E. Why is Washington

criticized for this plan?

Dividing the army weakened it.

F. Howe’s army landed

where?

Long Island, NY

1. A small force of 2500

Americans were in the

area. They suffered heavy

losses & were forced

to retreat.

G. Washington will be

unable to save New York

City.

XIII. Nathan Hale

A. He was a 22 yr old

Connecticut captain who

volunteered to stay behind in New York

City to spy.

B. His mission: collect info. about what

the British are doing in

the city? strength?

defenses? Treatment of

the people?

C. His cover: Dutch school teacher

D. He was captured

while returning from

gathering information. There is evidence that a relative who was a Tory may have

turned him in.

E. Punishment:He will be hanged.

1. His famous last words:“I only regret that I

havebut one life to lose

for my country.”

Opinion: Is Nathan Hale a hero?

Why or why not?

XIV. Forgiveness

A. The British offered a pardon to colonists who put down their weapons and swear an oath of loyalty to the king.

B. In New Jersey alone

3,000 farmers took the pardon.

XV. Battle of Trenton,New Jersey

A. Map drawing from board

B. Time of Year:

Christmas time, 1776

1. The British troops had

withdrawn to New York City

to spend the holidays.

Who was left to watch the

Americans? An army of 1400 Hessians

2. What is a Hessian?a hired German mercenary (soldier)

3. Who was the Hessiancommander? Colonel Johann Rall

had little respect forWashington’s leadership. An army of

Hessian reinforcementsHesse was on their way to

Trenton.

C. On Christmas nightWashington & 2400 soldiersdid what?

They crossed the icyDelaware River & surprised the Hessians.

All were either killed or captured. Rall was killed. In his pocket was found a note warning of the attackfrom a Tory.

He had been too busy celebrating to open &

read it.

E. Gen. Howe will send

Gen. Cornwallis & a large army to retake Trenton & capture Washington.

XVI. Escape of the “Old Fox”

A. What difficult situation

did Washington find himself

in? Gen. Cornwallis had

moved his army surprisingly quickly and surrounded Washington’s army at

Trenton.

B. British mistake: The British army was exhausted. Cornwallis decided to wait until the next morning to attack.

C. How did Washingtonsave his army? Washington sent small

groups to sneak through the British lines throughout the night. They would reassemble behind the British lines.

They left their campfires burning and left

their tents behind.

D. Before leaving, what

did Washington & his army

do to the British rear units?

They attacked the British

the British rear units at

Princeton, New Jersey.

E. Washington’s

nickname:

Old Fox

XVIII. Three Pronged Attack PlanA. Author: Gen. Johnnie BurgoyneB. Goal: Use 3 armies doing

different tasks. All 3 will

meet at Albany, NY. If successful, it would cut off New England from

the rest of the colonies. They would conquer New England first, then the rest of the colonies may surrender.

“Divide & Conquer”

C. Who were the 3

British commanders? Gen. John Burgoyne

Gen. Wm. Howe

Gen. Barry St. Leger

D. St. Leger

1. St. Leger was to take an

army by ships down the

St. Lawrence River into Lake

Ontario. They were to land

and take Ft. Stanwix, NY.

Then they were to go to

Albany.

1. What happened?

St. Leger put Ft. Stanwix under siege. He is told by Indian allies of an American army coming to reinforce the fort. He sends part of his army to attack the army. They are defeated

by Gen. Herkimer at ambush sight

Oriskany, NY. St. Leger

hears about the defeat and that another “large” army led by B. Arnold is coming.

2. What does he decide

to do? He retreats back to

Canada.

Prong 1 fails.

E. Gen. Howe

1. Howe was to take a large

army from New York City,

travel up the Hudson River

to Albany.

2. Howe leaves New York

City & travels south

P 170 by ships around the Chesapeake Bay. July, 1777

3. His target:

Philadelphia

4. Why the change in

plan?

The king ordered him to take Phil. first

& then go to Albany.

4. Why? The king had received

the Declaration of Indep. & wanted him

to capture the 2nd Cont. Congress.

5. Did Burgoyne know

about this change? Probably not

6. What will Washington

try to do?

Slow Howe down.

Give Phil. time;

Put Howe’s army

behind schedule.

7. Washington will be

defeated & forced to

retreat at Brandywine & Germantown

8. Howe will take Philadelphia

but will stay there for the

winter. He does not go to

Albany.

F. Gen Burgoyne

1. He was to leave Canada

& retake Ft. Ticonderoga.

Then he is to travel to Albany.

2. Burgoyne reachesFt. Ticonderoga withover 7,000 troops. He retakes it

without firing a shot.

3. What problems did he have as he marched southfrom the fort into the wilderness? His army is moving

too slowly & are running low on

supplies & fresh horses.

Difficult terrain & having

too many baggage carts

are slowing them down.

It took 24 days to go 23 miles.

4. To get more supplies

& fresh horses, what does

he do? He sends an army of

1000 troops to raid the

town of Bennington, VT.

5. They were to catch up

with the main army later.

6. What happens to them?

They never return because they were defeated by an American army.

7. Burgoyne’s army is

being surrounded by 2

armies. They will cut him

off at Saratoga, NY

8. American commanding

general: Gen. Horatio Gates

9. Whose troops prevented

the British from breaking

through the lines & therefore

took heavy casualties?

Benedict Arnold

10.What will Burgoyne do?

He & his entire army

surrender.

11. Credit for the victory:

Gates

XVIII. Importance of Saratoga

A. Saratoga is known

as: “the turning point of the

war.”

B. Meaning: The advantage in the war begins to swing to the Americans.

C. Who was travelingwith both American andBritish armies?

foreign observers from several European countries.

1. What did they see?A great American victory! The

Americansmay have a chance ofwinning after all.

D. After Saratoga, whatEuropean country willdecide to become ourally?

FranceE. Since 1776, who hasbeen living in Paris & tryingto convince the French tohelp us?

Ben Franklin

F. At first, France willsend: secretly, supplies such

as boots & blankets.G. Later, they will send:

openly, weapons, ships,

gunpowder, & men.H. In 1778, France signsthe first

treaty with the United States becoming our first

ally.

France is the first country to recognize

us as a indep. country.

France & Great Britain go to war.

XX. Foreign Help

Name Country Type of HelpLafayette

France Led troops;training

KosciuskoPoland engineer;

designed defenses; advise how to attack

defenses

Pulaski

Poland trained

cavalry;

Galvez Spanish governor

of Louisiana send herd of

cattle.

(Galveston, Tx.)

Von Steuben Prussia (Germany)

training troops in discipline & using the bayonet

XXI. The War in the Westp 175

A. Who is the key Americanleader?

George Rogers Clark

B. He & his small forcewill follow what physicalfeature to reach his targetsin the West?

Ohio River

C. What are the first 2 forts he attacks?

Kaskaskia &Cahokia

1. Today there are in:Illinois

2. Why is Kaskaskia animportant city in Illinois history?

It is our first state capital city.

D. After attacking these

forts, he traveled east 150

miles across Illinois to attack

the powerful fort of

Vincennes,

(Indiana).

E. What trick did he use

to win? He spread his troops in the woods surrounding the fort.

He orders them to make noise: cutting down &

moving branches and trees; talking

1. Outcome: the British thought they

were under siege by a

large army. They surrendered.

XXII War at Sea

A. Key Person:John Paul Jones

Born in Scotland

B. This daring sea captain

liked to patrol in the

North Sea!

1. Where is this? It is east of England

separating it from

Scandinavia.

C. His ship: Bonhomme Richard;

a French trading ship that will be given to

America to make into a

warship.

D. While sailing in the

North Sea, Jones ran across

a convoy of 39 merchant

Ships escorted by the warship

Serapis. Jones in outnumbered

& outgunned. What does he do?

ATTACK!

E. In battle, his ship is

on fire and sinking.

F. The British commander

signaled asking for the

American surrender. Some

of Jones’s crew claimed

he said…

“I have not yet begun

to fight.”

G. Jones moved hisCrippled ship next toThe Serapis. They boarded the ship

& defeated them. Jones watched his old ship sink as he stood

on his new one.300/375 Americans were killed or

wounded died in France in the 3 hr. battle.Tomb:US NavalAcademy –Maryland

XXIII. African-Americans in the WarA. At first, the Continental

Congress would not allow

Blacks to serve in the

Continental army. What

changed their minds? The British offered freedom to any slave who joined to

help them win.

Many pledged loyalty to England.

B. Contributions: 5,000 Afr.-Amers fought

in battle;

They served as spies; guides,

drummers, fifers;

Afr.-Amers. served in all

black units commanded

by white officers.

XXIV. Women in the War

A. Contributions: Ran farms;Served as spies & nurses;Made weapons, clothes, & raised money.

B. Mary Ludwig Hays“Molly Pitcher”took her husband’s place operating a cannon when he was injured.

c. Martha Washington

tended the sick & wounded.

D. Deborah Sampson dressed as a man & fought in several battles.

E. Laura Wolcott made cartridges (bullets) from lead

statue of King George.

XXV. The War in the South

A. Battle of Moore’s Creek

Bridge

1. Location: North Carolina

2. Importance: The British are coming with an invading army to the South. An army of

Tories were traveling

to join them.

They were defeated/captured.

XXVI. The Swamp Fox

A. Who? Francis Marion, U.S. General

B. He & his men slept

in the swamps during the

day & would strike at night.

What type of warfare is this?

Hit & Run or Guerilla

XXVII. Tale of a Traitor

A. A traitor is

one who betrays his country or group.

B. Benedict Arnold

was a brilliant military

leader & was well liked

by his soldiers.

C. Theories about why

He became a traitor.

1. He felt the Cont. Congress

had not treated him fairly.

Other generals who Arnold felt less deserving were

being promoted faster than he.

Others were given credit for his achievements.

-Example?Gates at SaratogaThe Cont. Congress had placed charges on Arnold for using

soldiers as personal servants.

Results of the trial:Not guilty but he usedpoor judgment.

-What did the Cont. Congress

order Gen. Washington

to do? Even though Arnold was found not guilty, Washington had to write a letter of reprimand & give it to Arnold.

2. Arnold’s 2nd wife (& her

parents) may have been Tories.

3. Arnold is deep in debt.

The British offer him a position of general in the army and £20,000.

D. The Betrayal

1. Arnold was the

commander of

Fort West Point, NY

West Point today

2. What was the plot?

As commander of the fort Arnold was

to set the fort up to be not ready for a British attack.

3. Who did he negotiate

with? British Gen. Henry Clinton & Major John

Andre.

4. How was the plot discovered?Andre was stopped & searched by American soldiers because he was acting

suspiciously.Incriminating papers were found hidden in this boots. Eventually G. Washington will be told of the evidence againstArnold. Washington

will come personally to deal with this.

5. Arnold fled & made it To the British lines.6. What will he do for therest of the war? He will become a

brigadier generalin the British army.He will lead the

attack & burning of Richmond, Virginia.

He will be paid £6600.

XXVIII. The Last Major Battle:Yorktown, Virginia

A. Gen. Cornwallis & his

army left the Carolinas &

& moved to Yorktown, VA..

1. Yorktown is located on

a peninsula.

2. Why did he go to the

coast? He is going to link up with a British fleet which may bring him reinforcements, use their cannons to help him, or rescue if needed.

3. Two armies are on their way to Yorktown.

Gen. Rochambeau & G.Washington make up acombined American & French army.Gen. Lafayette commands a smaller Amer. army. Put together they are trying to “cork” the peninsula trapping the British. (16,000 v. 8,000)

4. A French fleet commanded by Adm. DeGrassewill attack the British fleet coming to Yorktown. The British fleet

is forced to retreat.

B. Cornwallis held out forhow long?

After about 3 weeks Cornwallis will surrender.

1. Date: Oct. 19, 1781

2. Importance: This will be the last major battle of the war.

News of this surrender will convince British govt. officials to begin peace talks.

XXIX. The Peace Treaty

A. Negotiations took placewhere?

Paris, FranceB. Name: Treaty of Paris, 1783C. Main Amer. negotiators:

Ben FranklinJohn AdamsJohn JayHenry Laurens

D. Terms: p 182 1. U.S. is an independent

country.2. The borders extend

from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River.

3. They could not settle on a boundary between

the U.S. and Canada.

-What is given toSpain?

Florida returns to Spain.

-What about the Tories?The Tories are free to

leave or stay.The British wanted the

American govt. to pay

the Tories who leave forthe property they left

behind.The U.S. govt. agreed

to ask each state to pay the Tories for lost

property.

-How will this be a future

source of trouble between

the two countries? The govt. asked, but each state refused.

E. Treaty ratified April 15, 1783

1. To ratify means

to approve.

2. What is unusual about

this date?

Lexington/Concord:April 19 Treaty:

April 15

8 long years