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Adam J. Silagyi, DPMState Survey CoordinatorFlorida CAPS
Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus PsyllidBiology, history in Florida and survey tactics
ObjectivesBiology of the Asian citrus psyllid (ASP).Biology of Huanglongbing (HLB).History of HLB & ACP in Florida.Survey history and tactics for both in
Florida.
Asian citrus psyllidDiaphorina citriKuwayama
Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPI
Biology of the ACP
Asian citrus psyllidDiaphorina citriKuwayama
Biology of the ACP
Adults about 2-3 mmWings have distinct
brownish bars on the top and bottom
Antennae with black tipCovered with whitish,
waxy secretionJumping will distinguish
them from sluggish aphids
Asian citrus psyllidDiaphorina citriKuwayama
Biology of the ACP
Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPIPhoto: Univ of FL
Asian citrus psyllidDiaphorina citriKuwayama
Biology of the ACP
Photo: Univ of FL
Nymphs are small and often difficult to see: (0.25 - 1.7 mm)
Color generally green to yellowish-orange with no abdominal spots
Psyllid nymphs have large wing pads.
Biology of the ACP
Psyllid eggs on petiole
Eggs are 0.3 mm long, elongated, football shaped.
Deposited on new flush with the long axis vertical to surface.
Color begins as pale then to yellow and finally to orange as they reach maturity.
Biology of the ACPFemales lay around 800 eggs during lifetime.Eggs laid on tips of new growth and between unfurling leaves.Eggs hatch in 2-4 days.Optimum developmental temperature 25-28 ºC.Five nymphal instars completed in 11-15 days.
Adult female and nymphal instars
Catling, 1970.
Biology of the ACPLife cycle from 15 to 47 days.Adults can live several months.Nine to 10 generations/year.No diapause
Adult female and nymphal instars
Catling, 1970.
Biology of the ACPLife cycle from 15 to 47 days.Adults can live several months.Nine to 10 generations/year.No diapause
Date1/1 3/1 5/1 7/1 9/1
0
10
20
30 Vero Beach
Mean number of adult psyllids per trap
0
10
20
30 Fort Pierce
Psyllids are found year round in Florida, however populations fluctuate. The graph to the right gives an example of peaking population levels through the year. USDA-ARS
Asian citrus psyllid damage
Photo: Susan Halbert, DPICitrus sp.
Asian citrus psyllids are restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae.
A preferred host is Murrayapaniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida.
Asian citrus psyllid damageAsian citrus psyllids are
restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae.
A preferred host is Murrayapaniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida.
Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey
Orange jasmine: Murraya paniculata
Asian citrus psyllid damage
Mason, 2005 Mason, 2005
Many times psyllids will not be present, but evidence of the feeding can still be found. The notch is a result of prior feeding by the psyllid.
Asian citrus psyllid damage
Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI
Large amounts of honeydew
Moderate amounts of leaf distortion
Notched and curled leaves
In dry weather observations of curled waxy secretions from nymphs
African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae)Only on Citrus and citrus relativesPossibly cause more direct damage than D. citri.Damage looks like early stages of scabNot in Western Hemisphere; yet!
Catling
and Annecke, 1968.
African citrus psyllidOnly on Citrus and citrus relativesPossibly cause more direct damage than D. citri.Damage looks like early stages of scabNot in Western Hemisphere; yet!
Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey
(Trioza erytreae)
African citrus psyllidOnly on Citrus and citrus relativesPossibly cause more direct damage than D. citri.Damage looks like early stages of scabNot in Western Hemisphere; yet!
Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey
Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid
Ellen Tannehill, DPI Inspector
Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid
After Asian citrus psyllid colonized SE Florida (red), it moved on Murraya paniculata to other counties very rapidly via the retail & discount nurseries industry.
D. citri now found all over the State.
Diaphorina citri hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004)Diaphorina citri hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004)Aegle marmelos (L.) Aeglopsis chevalieri SwingleAfraegle gabonensis Engl. Afraegle paniculata (Schaum.) Engl. Atalantia missionis Oliver Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr. Atalantia sp. Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. KellermanCitropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.)Swingle & Kellerm.Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus aurantium L. Citrus deliciosa Tenore Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (C. maxima)Citrus hystrix DC. Citrus jambhiri LushingtonCitrus limon (L.) Burm. Citrus madurensis Loar. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Citrus medica L. Citrus meyeri Tan Citrus x nobilis Lour. Citrus obovoidea Hort. ex Tanaka cv ‘Kinkoji’Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Citrus reticulata Blanco Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Aubert Citrus spp. Clausena anisum-olens Merrill Clausena excavata Burm
Clausena indica Oliver Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Eremocitrus glauca (Lindley) Swingle Eremocitrus hybrid Fortunella crassifolia Swingle Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle Fortunella polyandra (Ridley) Tanaka Fortunella spp.,Limonia acidissima L. Merrillia caloxylon (Ridley) Swingle Microcitrus australasica (F.J. Muell.) SwingleMicrocitrus australis (Planch.) Swingle Microcitrus papuana H.F. Winters Microcitrus sp. ‘Sidney’ Murraya exotica L. Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Naringi crenulata (Royb.) Nicholson Pamburus missionis (Wight) Swingle Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Severinia buxifolia (Poiret) Ten. Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. WilsonVepris lanceolata G. Don Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg..Apparent non-hosts:Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. Zanthoxylum clava-herculis LArtocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck - removed
Liberibacter hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004)Liberibacter hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004)
Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Atalantia missionis Oliver Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf. Calodendrum capensis Thunb. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DonX Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. MooreCitrus amblycarpa Ochse Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) SwingleCitrus aurantium L. Citrus depressa Hayata Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka Citrus hystrix DC. Citrus ichangensis Swingle Citrus jambhiri Lushington Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka Citrus kabuchi Hort. ex Tanaka Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Citrus × limonia Osbeck Citrus x nobilis Lour. ‘Ortanique’ Citrus maxima (pummelo/shaddock) Citrus x nobilis Lour.
Citrus oto Hort. ex Tanaka Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Citrus reticulata Blanco Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka Citrus unshiu (Mack.) Marc Clausena indica Oliver Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Cuscuta australis R. Br. (Convolvulaceae, Cuscutaceae))Fortunella spp. Limonia acidissima L. Microcitrus australasica (F. J. Muell.) SwingleMurraya koenigii (L.) Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr.Toddalia lanceolata Lam Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. WilsonPossible non-hosts:Citrus indica Tanaka Citrus limetta RissoCitrus macroptera Montrons
Movement of pathogen & vectorCitrus & ornamentals
Potted plants
Pot
Movement of pathogen & vectorCitrus & ornamentals
Potted plants
Flight distance???
Safe isolation distance for budwood production?
Movement of pathogen & vectorCitrus & ornamentals
Potted plants
Flight distance???
Safe isolation distance for budwood production?
Canker arc = 1900 ft or 260 acres
Psyllid arc* = 4750 ft or 1,627 acres (6.25x larger)
r=1900 ft
r=4750 ft
*Data based on African citrus psyllid
Biology of Huanglongbing
Symptoms of HLB in pummelo, Florida City
Biology of HuanglongbingCandidatus Liberibacter sp.
Candidatus L. africanusCandidatus L. asiaticusCandidatus L. americanus
Phloem-limited bacteriaNever cultured on artificial mediaCauses symptoms easily confused with abiotic disorders, i.e., nutrition.
Greening in commercial sweet orangePhoto: Susan Halbert
Biology of HuanglongbingAsian: warmer climates, transmitted primarily by Asian citrus psyllid (now in FL)African: cooler climates, transmitted primarily by African citrus psyllidAmerican: the third species was found in Brazil in 2004Both psyllids can transmit Asian and African greening.
Greening in commercial sweet orangePhoto: Susan Halbert
Psyllid feeds on infected citrus
for at least 15-30 min, feedin phloem tissues
Psyllids acquire bacteria
% of population carrying bacteria can be small, varies from
Often confused for HLB
Phytophthora foot rot
Mason
Iron (Fe) deficiency
Zinc (Zn) deficiencyMagnesium (Mg) deficiency
Manganese (Mn) deficiency
Potassium (K) deficiency
Often confused for HLB
Phytophthora foot rot
Ph
oto:
Su
san
Hal
bert
HLB in Florida in sour orange
Ph
oto:
Ph
il M
ason
Citrus greening symptomologyMottle that crosses veins in slightly older leaves
Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI
Citrus greening symptomologyMottle that crosses veins in slightly older leavesEarly symptoms differ from nutrient deficiencies with sectoring of branches
Infected branch
Healthybranches
Citrus greening in Florida lime
Citrus greening in Florida grapefruit
Photos: Susan Halbert
Citrus greening symptomologyMottle that crosses veins in slightly older leavesEarly symptoms differ from nutrient deficiencies with sectoring of branchesSmaller lopsided fruitOften with seed abortionPoor color poor taste
Citrus greening in Florida grapefruit
Photos: Susan Halbert
HLB in Brazil
Reported in Brazil July 2004C. L. asiaticus and americanusHave only D. citri
Fruit symptoms of HLB in Brazil
Photos: Jose Luiz Rodrigues
Discovery of HLBin Florida
2004 & 2005 focused on Tampa & Orlando areas using demographics.
Found August 2005 during a cooperative survey with CAPS, SITC and FDACS-DPI in South Florida.
Quickly launched a unified command of USDA-APHIS-PPQ and FDACS-DPI led Incident Command System (ICS).
HLB ICS ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTCOMMAND STAFF
Co-Incident CommandersM. Brodie – DPI
P. Hornby - USDA
OPS ChiefA. Silagyi – DPI
Planning ChiefT. Wright – DPI
Logistics ChiefJ. Head - USDA
PIOM. Fagan - DPI
Safety OfficerJ. McKee - USDA
IT SpecialistJ. Medina - USDA
Finance/Admin. ChiefS. Fitzgerald - USDA
Security SpecialistC. Lee - USDA
HLB ICS ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTHLB ICS ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTOPERATIONS SECTIONOPERATIONS SECTION
OPS ChiefAdam Silagyi – DPI
Residential SurveyBranch Dir.
E. Varona - USDA
Regulatory StrikeTeam Ldr.
D. Chisholm - DPI
IES Task Force Ldr.M. Conners - USDA
Grove SurveyBranch Dir.
J. Walker - DPI
Group A Supv.B. Saunders - USDA
Group A Supv.S. Mills - USDA
Group B Supv.D. Wolfe - DPI
Group B Supv.M. Meadows - DPI
Strike Team A
Strike Team B
Strike Team C
Strike Team D
Strike Team A
Strike Team B
Strike Team C
Strike Team D
Strike Team A
Strike Team B
Strike Team C
Strike Team D
Strike Team A
Strike Team B
Strike Team C
Strike Team D
Southeast Florida ICSSept 13 to Oct 14, 2005
••2,328 properties surveyed2,328 properties surveyed
••1361 samples taken 1361 samples taken
••179 positive trees179 positive trees
••156 positive properties in 156 positive properties in 80 80 TRS’sTRS’s
Discovery of HLBin Florida
Commercial Citrus Nursery Environ Survey
Nov 1 to Dec 16, 2005
Discovery of HLBin Florida
Commercial Citrus Nursery Environ Survey
Nov 1 to Dec 16, 20051,112 properties surveyed22,074 trees inspected156 TRS’s2 positive propertiesOne residential in
Highlands CountyOne commercial grove in
Desoto County
Discovery of HLBin Florida
Southwest Florida ICSJan 23 to Feb 17, 2006
RESEDENTIAL= 287 TRS’s= 1 positive TRS
GROVE= 305 TRS’s= 11 positive TRS’s= 31, 285 trees
Discovery of HLBin Florida
?
ArizonaD. citri not known to occur in ArizonaD. citri occurs in Texas and MexicoD. citri survives dry areas like Saudi Arabia and YemenSpread by D. citri and Humans (movement of infected material
and grafts)Look out for D. citri
Any psyllids in Citrus sp. are NOT goodRetail & discount stores
Hot Zones of interestAsian farms Demographics
ObjectivesAsian citrus psyllid�Diaphorina citri KuwayamaAsian citrus psyllid�Diaphorina citri KuwayamaAsian citrus psyllid�Diaphorina citri KuwayamaAsian citrus psyllid�Diaphorina citri KuwayamaAsian citrus psyllid damageAsian citrus psyllid damageAsian citrus psyllid damageAsian citrus psyllid damageAfrican citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae)African citrus psyllidAfrican citrus psyllidDiaphorina citri hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004)Liberibacter hosts: (Adapted from Halbert and Manjunath, 2004) Movement of pathogen & vectorMovement of pathogen & vectorMovement of pathogen & vectorBiology of HuanglongbingBiology of HuanglongbingBiology of HuanglongbingOften confused for HLBOften confused for HLBCitrus greening symptomologyCitrus greening symptomologyCitrus greening in Florida limeCitrus greening in Florida grapefruitCitrus greening symptomologyCitrus greening in Florida grapefruitFruit symptoms of HLB in BrazilHLB ICS ORGANIZATIONAL CHART�COMMAND STAFFArizona
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