Horizon 2020 Future lines in functional printing and ... · • Solution coating techniques like...

Horizon 2020Future lines in functional printing

and printed electronics

Stéphane CrosCEA DRT LITEN LMPV

INES, France

What is printed electronic?

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Source: O-EA, Merck, manroland, Infineon, FhG ISEChemistry

Printed Electronics

Microelectronics

Printing

Outline

I / O-EA

� Roadmaps� Technology� Key challenges

II/ Flexnet

� Overview NoE FlexNet� Research Advisory service

III/ Focus on OPV

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I/

O-EA

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Organic and Printed Electronics, a Future Multi-Billion $ Market

� Organic electronics enables new applications and opens up new markets

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Organic and Printed Electronics

Semiconductors

Flat PanelDisplays

Bn. US$

© OE-A 2011

Sources: WSTS, DisplaySearch, SIA von Custer, IDTechEx

� 2010: 2 Bn US$, predominately by OLED displays

� Potential for a 50 Bn US $ market within the next 10 years driven by OPV, lighting, displays, logic, memory/RFID, sensors

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� Represents the common perspectives of the OE-A members

� Clustering analog to the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for EC"Towards Green Electronics in Europe"

� More transparency of the field by groups of 5 clusters

� Organic Photovoltaics

� Displays

� Lighting

� Electronics and Components

� Integrated Smart Systems (ISS)

Fourth Edition OE-A Roadmap 2011for Organic and Printed Electronics

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Organic Photovoltaic – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: Konarka, Schott Solar

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Flexible Display – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: Plastic Logic

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OLED Lighting – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: OSRAM, Blackbody, Philips

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Flexible Battery – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: Enfucell, HdM/VARTA Microbattery

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Smart Objects – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: OE-A, Schreiner Group

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Smart Textiles – Roadmap 2011

Picture sources: FRANCITAL ENVIRONNEMENT

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Technology: Functional Materials

• Conductor:• Polymer• Metal filled pastes• Carbon nanotubes• Metallic nanoparticles

• Semiconductors: • Small molecules• Amorphous polymers• Semi-crystalline polymers• Carbon nanotubes

• Substrates• Paper, cardboard, film, foil, thin glass,

stainless steel

Additional functional materialssince the last OE-A roadmap cycle

• Dielectrics Thermoplastic to thermosetting plastic polymers

• Encapsulation Hybride organic/inorganic barrier

The material best suited for specific application depends on process conditions, surface roughness, thermal expansion, barrier properties

Source: Heraeus Clevios, Bayer Materialscience

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Technology : Large Area Patterning Techniques

Many candidates

• Offset, screen, gravure, flexography, ink-jet, aerosol jet printing

• Laser ablation, large-area optical lithography, soft lithography, other

• Solution coating techniques like slot- die, wire bar or curtain coating

• No single standard process today

• Combination of different processes needed

Source: 3D-Micromac

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Technology:Large Area Patterning Techniques

Smallest feature size typically 20-100 µm depending on process throughput, substrate and ink properties

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Key Challenges

� Materials� Charge carrier mobilities of printable commercially

available material above 5 – 10 cm²/Vs would enabling more complex devices

� Improved processability

� Improved environmental stability is needed to enable operation in robust environment

� Process and Equipment

� Higher resolution, registration and process stability of the patterning processes needed

� High-throughput inline electrical characterization is necessary

Additional challenges since the last OE-A roadmap cycle

� Encapsulation� Flexible, transparent barriers at low cost with improved barrier properties

� Standards and Regulations� Defining new standards which reflects the needs of organic and printed

electronics applications

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II/

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Network of excellence for FOLAEresearch in EU

http://www.noe-flexnet.eu/

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� Support Europe’s world leadership in

the field of FOLAE

� Overcome fragmentation of the

research landscape

� Foster transfer from science to

industry within the EU

� Incentivize subsequent commercial

exploitation of FOLAE-based systems

knowledge, especially through SMEs

FIGURES

� Network of Excellence “FlexNet”

� FP7 grant agreement n° 247745

� Max. EC Contribution: 4 Mio. EUR

� Budget total 4.7 Mio. EUR

� 17 partners from 11 EU countries

� Started 01 / 2010

� Duration: 36 months

Figures

NoE Flexnet

Aims

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NoE Flexnet

“…scientific focus on FOLAE-specific

Organic Semiconductors as well as

Supporting Materials for OTFTs including

Interface Properties, Barrier Materials,

Characterisation, and OTFT Device

Integration into Systems.“

“…support the integration process of

scientific excellence of FOLAE-oriented

European research on Materials,

Devices and Systems.“

“…South-Eastern European partners”

“…knowledge will actively be made

available to European stakeholders

from research and industry, especially

SMEs in Southern and Eastern

Europe.“

“…Modelling and Design of Systems,

and Manufacturing Processes for

Systems.“

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17 FlexNet Partners across Europe

• CEA -LITEN – France

• VTT – Finland

• Politechnika Lodzka (TUL) – Poland

• Università degli Studi di Catania (UNICT) – Italy

• Aristotelio Paneptistimio Thessalonikis (AUTH) – Greece

• Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti (UPB) – Romania

• ENEA – Italy

• Univesidade do Algarve (UALG) – Portugal

• Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) – Spain

• Politechnika Warszawska (WUT) – Poland

• CNRS Bordeaux – France

• Ustav Makromolekularni Chemie AV CR, v.v.i. (IMC) – CZ Rep.

• University of Patras (UPAT) – Greece

• CSEM – Switzerland

• Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) – Spain

• Technische Universität Chemnitz (TUC) – Germany

• VDI/VDE-IT – Germany

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FlexNet is organized in 5 WPs

7 critical issues to be addressed

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Air stability of materials and device fabrication

Lifetime

Measure and increase channel mobility

Determine material properties - evaluate ultimate performance

Evaluate and decrease performance dispersion

Foil to foil integration

On-foil integration

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WP 2 and 3 – Materials, Devices and Systems Integrations

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WP 4 – Knowledge, Dissemination and Transfer to Industry

� Scientific Watch Reports

� Summer Schools

� Incentive Regional Workshops

� Web Portal FOLAE higher education

�Research Advisory Services

Responsible : Fabien Guillot (CEA)

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Scientific Watch Reports

• Group of experts that share their scientific watch

• coming from a variety of European institutes

• covering a large spectrum in Flexible Organic & large Area Electronics

• meeting twice a year

• EOOE management (OMNT)• Based on former experience of the

French Observatory of Micro & Nano Technology

Responsible : Fabien Guillot (CEA)

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Summer Schools

Responsible : Chritoforos Gravalidis (Auth)

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Incentive Workshops

• Foster involvement of companies in FOLAE

• Presentations and workshops for local audience, partly or entirely in native language

•Gather local stakeholders, SMEs, regional interest groups

• Engage in a process of identification of opportunities through FOLAE

• Workshops held in Greece, Spain, Poland, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, France, and Italy.

“Bring local research and industry together”

Responsible: Bertrand Fillon (CEA)

• Conducting internet research

• Incorporating the results of PolyNet

• Managed to identify 533 research groups in 27 different countries active in FOLAE

• Web portal is constantly being updated with the findings of the mapping and questionnaire results have been included.

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Web Portal FOLAE Higher Education

Web portal: http://digitech.mb.tu-chemnitz.de/FlexNet-Education/?location=homepage

Responsible: Anh-Tuan Tran-Le (Chemnitz University)

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66

5

4

14

11

8830

217

22

10

161

2

• 329 groups in20 EU-countries

• 80 groups inNorth-America

• additional groupsin Asia

Web Portal FOLAE Higher Education

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Research Advisory Service

• Facilitate company involvement in FOLAEProvide companies an easy access, single interface portal to

FlexNet expert resources and infrastructure

• Give a clear picture of scientific achievements, techno logypossibilities and restrictions, and future trends

Technology demonstrators betweenFlexNet partners and European companies

► Help and encourage companies totake up FOLAE technologies

Responsible: Terho Kololuoma (VTT)

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Low complexity foil-to-foil integrated light indica tor In case of the low complexity foil-to-foil integrated system demonstrator, an OTFT manufactured on foil will function as a switch. The system contains four on-foil fabricated OPV modules, one printed resistor and two on-foil integrated batteries. In addition to these FOLAE components, a very low current classical LED will be used in the system.

Research Advisory Service / demonstrator

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III/Focus on OPV

Plan

I/ Organic photovoltaic> Principle> Roadmap

II/ Active polymers> Efficiency> Stability

III/ Other materials> Substrates> Electrodes> Encapsulation

> Bulk heterojunction between 2 semiconductors:polymer : donnorcompatibilized C60 (PCBM) : acceptor

I/ Principle

10 nm

Ag

P3HT/PCBM

Inject. h+

Inject. e-ITO

PET

50/100 nm

100/200 nm

10/20 nm300/600 nm

50/200 µm

Liquid processLow T°Flexibility

Low conversion efficenciesInsufficient lifetime

I/ Process

High throughputLow cost

‘Standardised’ product(Fixed Layout )

Projet Oscar

Partenariat

> roll to roll

Mass market

Relatively low throughputMiddle price

Projet Inflexo

Partenariat

> Ink Jet

Sheet to sheet

Niche market

High design flexibility(shape, elec. Carc.)

Applications efficiencies

(%)

lifetime

Nomade

<<<< 5 1-3 years

effective

Recreative

5-8 3-5 years

>2012

Intégration bâtiment

5-12 >>>> 10 years

>>>>2014

Connecté réseau

>>>> 10 >>>>10 years

>2018

I/ Le photovoltaïque organique, Roadmap

II/ Active polymers / efficiency

> Lateral chains (solubility)

> Conjugated structure

> Band structure compatible with solar spectrum and acceptor material

Beaupré et al, Macromol. Theory Simul. (2011)

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

2

Polymer "low ban gap" P3HT

Longeur d'onde (nm)

Ab

sorb

ance

0

20

40

60

80

100

rende

men

t de co

nversion m

ax thé

orique(si absorbance de 1 et rendem

ent quantique interne de 1)

OR1

RO n

S

C6H13

n

N

SN

SS

N

C8H17C8H17

n

7 5

S

S S

SO

O

O C H1

HE

EH

F

n

8.3 %

Données NREL

> Continuous improvement of efficiencies since 10 years

> But needs good processability and stability

II/ Active polymers / efficiency

Diagramme de bandes d’une cellule tandem(2 sous cellules connectées en série)

> Tandem structure : 2 sub cells to improve light absorption (for efficiencies > 12%)

T. Ameri & al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 347– 363

II/ Active polymers/ efficiency

Combined action of H 2O, O2 ,hνννν and elements interdiffusion

> Metal Electrode Degradation (water)> Polymer photo-oxydation> TCO Degradation du TCO > Interface degradation couche interfaciale

+ Morphological instability, mecanichal degradation

M. Jørgensen et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells

II/ Active polymer, Stability

II/ Active polymer, Stability

> Intrinsic instability of MDMO-PPV / P3HT� liaisons Vinylene � Groupements ether

> Excellent stabilty of P3HT/PCBM without oxygen

nO

O R

Rivaton et al, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2010)

Photo-oxydationPhotolysis���� P3HT/PCBMO MDMO-PPV/PCBM

•••• P3HT∆ MDMO-PPV

III/ Other materials, Substrates

0 1000 2000 3000 40000,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

PMMA choc

PMMA

PET stabilisé UV

PEN

PC

∆ A

Bso

rban

ce 4

00 n

m

Temps d'irradiation (h)

PET

Analyse UV-Visible

0 1000 2000 3000 40000,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

PMMA chocPMMA

PET stabilisé UV

PEN

PC

PET

For

mat

ion

des

prod

uits

hyd

roxy

lés

Temps d'irradiation (h)

Analyse IR

YellowingPET, PC et PEN

Good perf.Stabilzed PET, PMMA

> Cost> Photochemical stability> Light Transmission> Gas barrier> Thermal expansion

Thèse Julien Gaume, LPMM, Uniuversité Blaise Pascal , Clermont Fd

III/ Matériaux supports, Substrates

> Cellulose nanofibers

� Good osygen barrier performances (water?)� Low thermal expansion

Fukuzumi & al., Biomacromolecules, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2009

> Paper

� Low cost� opaque

Arved Hübler & al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, XX, 1– 5

III/ Other materials, electrodes

> Britlleness ITO, cost, need to be patterned> Conductive polymers + metal grids, direct patterning

> Blend poly(3,4-ethylen-dioxythiophen) (PEDOT)

and sodium poly(styrène sulfonate) de sodium

B. Zimmermann et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Sol ar Cells 95 (2011) 1587–1589

> 02/H20 protection necessary : gas barrier packaging

+ light transmission, flexibility, transparency and cost ! (15€/m2 )

How improve barrier properties

?

10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 101 102

polymèresBarrière standardHaute barrièreUltra hautebarrière

OLED

WVTR (g.m-2.j-1)

LCDe-paper Alimentaire

OPV

III/ Other materials, encapsulation

> Inorganic deposition (SiOx) on polymer substrates

Da Silva, A. et al., J.Vac. Sci and Tech A, 2000, 18, (1), 149-157.

> Defects : limited barrier improvment (except ALD)

Substrat polymère (20/100 microns)Couche inorganique (100/200 nanometres)

III/ Other materials, encapsulation

> Multilayers (organic/inorganic)

Couches polymères minces (qqls microns)

Substrat polymèreDépôt inorganique (≈ 100/200 nanometres)

> Decorellation of defects > Tortuosity

Barix® exemple (Vitex)

> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1

> High cost !!!

III/ Other materials, encapsulation

>Tera Barrier Film ® : use of nanoparticle in organic layers

> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1

> Lower number of layers (nanoparticules)

> Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)Source Picosun®

> Emergence of new barrier films with medium barrier properties :Mitsubishi X Barrier, 3M Ultrabarrier solar film, Toppan, Amcor..etc)Other possibility : flexible glass !

> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1

> 1 layer

> « batch » process (high cost)

III/ Other materials, encapsulation

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Thank you for your attention