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Horizon 2020Future lines in functional printing
and printed electronics
Stéphane CrosCEA DRT LITEN LMPV
INES, France
What is printed electronic?
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Source: O-EA, Merck, manroland, Infineon, FhG ISEChemistry
Printed Electronics
Microelectronics
Printing
Outline
I / O-EA
� Roadmaps� Technology� Key challenges
II/ Flexnet
� Overview NoE FlexNet� Research Advisory service
III/ Focus on OPV
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
I/
O-EA
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Organic and Printed Electronics, a Future Multi-Billion $ Market
� Organic electronics enables new applications and opens up new markets
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Organic and Printed Electronics
Semiconductors
Flat PanelDisplays
Bn. US$
© OE-A 2011
Sources: WSTS, DisplaySearch, SIA von Custer, IDTechEx
� 2010: 2 Bn US$, predominately by OLED displays
� Potential for a 50 Bn US $ market within the next 10 years driven by OPV, lighting, displays, logic, memory/RFID, sensors
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
� Represents the common perspectives of the OE-A members
� Clustering analog to the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for EC"Towards Green Electronics in Europe"
� More transparency of the field by groups of 5 clusters
� Organic Photovoltaics
� Displays
� Lighting
� Electronics and Components
� Integrated Smart Systems (ISS)
Fourth Edition OE-A Roadmap 2011for Organic and Printed Electronics
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Organic Photovoltaic – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: Konarka, Schott Solar
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Flexible Display – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: Plastic Logic
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
OLED Lighting – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: OSRAM, Blackbody, Philips
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Flexible Battery – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: Enfucell, HdM/VARTA Microbattery
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Smart Objects – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: OE-A, Schreiner Group
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Smart Textiles – Roadmap 2011
Picture sources: FRANCITAL ENVIRONNEMENT
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Technology: Functional Materials
• Conductor:• Polymer• Metal filled pastes• Carbon nanotubes• Metallic nanoparticles
• Semiconductors: • Small molecules• Amorphous polymers• Semi-crystalline polymers• Carbon nanotubes
• Substrates• Paper, cardboard, film, foil, thin glass,
stainless steel
Additional functional materialssince the last OE-A roadmap cycle
• Dielectrics Thermoplastic to thermosetting plastic polymers
• Encapsulation Hybride organic/inorganic barrier
The material best suited for specific application depends on process conditions, surface roughness, thermal expansion, barrier properties
Source: Heraeus Clevios, Bayer Materialscience
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Technology : Large Area Patterning Techniques
Many candidates
• Offset, screen, gravure, flexography, ink-jet, aerosol jet printing
• Laser ablation, large-area optical lithography, soft lithography, other
• Solution coating techniques like slot- die, wire bar or curtain coating
• No single standard process today
• Combination of different processes needed
Source: 3D-Micromac
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Technology:Large Area Patterning Techniques
Smallest feature size typically 20-100 µm depending on process throughput, substrate and ink properties
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Key Challenges
� Materials� Charge carrier mobilities of printable commercially
available material above 5 – 10 cm²/Vs would enabling more complex devices
� Improved processability
� Improved environmental stability is needed to enable operation in robust environment
� Process and Equipment
� Higher resolution, registration and process stability of the patterning processes needed
� High-throughput inline electrical characterization is necessary
Additional challenges since the last OE-A roadmap cycle
� Encapsulation� Flexible, transparent barriers at low cost with improved barrier properties
� Standards and Regulations� Defining new standards which reflects the needs of organic and printed
electronics applications
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12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
II/
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Network of excellence for FOLAEresearch in EU
http://www.noe-flexnet.eu/
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
� Support Europe’s world leadership in
the field of FOLAE
� Overcome fragmentation of the
research landscape
� Foster transfer from science to
industry within the EU
� Incentivize subsequent commercial
exploitation of FOLAE-based systems
knowledge, especially through SMEs
FIGURES
� Network of Excellence “FlexNet”
� FP7 grant agreement n° 247745
� Max. EC Contribution: 4 Mio. EUR
� Budget total 4.7 Mio. EUR
� 17 partners from 11 EU countries
� Started 01 / 2010
� Duration: 36 months
Figures
NoE Flexnet
Aims
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
NoE Flexnet
“…scientific focus on FOLAE-specific
Organic Semiconductors as well as
Supporting Materials for OTFTs including
Interface Properties, Barrier Materials,
Characterisation, and OTFT Device
Integration into Systems.“
“…support the integration process of
scientific excellence of FOLAE-oriented
European research on Materials,
Devices and Systems.“
“…South-Eastern European partners”
“…knowledge will actively be made
available to European stakeholders
from research and industry, especially
SMEs in Southern and Eastern
Europe.“
“…Modelling and Design of Systems,
and Manufacturing Processes for
Systems.“
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
17 FlexNet Partners across Europe
• CEA -LITEN – France
• VTT – Finland
• Politechnika Lodzka (TUL) – Poland
• Università degli Studi di Catania (UNICT) – Italy
• Aristotelio Paneptistimio Thessalonikis (AUTH) – Greece
• Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti (UPB) – Romania
• ENEA – Italy
• Univesidade do Algarve (UALG) – Portugal
• Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) – Spain
• Politechnika Warszawska (WUT) – Poland
• CNRS Bordeaux – France
• Ustav Makromolekularni Chemie AV CR, v.v.i. (IMC) – CZ Rep.
• University of Patras (UPAT) – Greece
• CSEM – Switzerland
• Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) – Spain
• Technische Universität Chemnitz (TUC) – Germany
• VDI/VDE-IT – Germany
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
FlexNet is organized in 5 WPs
7 critical issues to be addressed
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Air stability of materials and device fabrication
Lifetime
Measure and increase channel mobility
Determine material properties - evaluate ultimate performance
Evaluate and decrease performance dispersion
Foil to foil integration
On-foil integration
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
WP 2 and 3 – Materials, Devices and Systems Integrations
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
WP 4 – Knowledge, Dissemination and Transfer to Industry
� Scientific Watch Reports
� Summer Schools
� Incentive Regional Workshops
� Web Portal FOLAE higher education
�Research Advisory Services
Responsible : Fabien Guillot (CEA)
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Scientific Watch Reports
• Group of experts that share their scientific watch
• coming from a variety of European institutes
• covering a large spectrum in Flexible Organic & large Area Electronics
• meeting twice a year
• EOOE management (OMNT)• Based on former experience of the
French Observatory of Micro & Nano Technology
Responsible : Fabien Guillot (CEA)
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Summer Schools
Responsible : Chritoforos Gravalidis (Auth)
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Incentive Workshops
• Foster involvement of companies in FOLAE
• Presentations and workshops for local audience, partly or entirely in native language
•Gather local stakeholders, SMEs, regional interest groups
• Engage in a process of identification of opportunities through FOLAE
• Workshops held in Greece, Spain, Poland, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, France, and Italy.
“Bring local research and industry together”
Responsible: Bertrand Fillon (CEA)
• Conducting internet research
• Incorporating the results of PolyNet
• Managed to identify 533 research groups in 27 different countries active in FOLAE
• Web portal is constantly being updated with the findings of the mapping and questionnaire results have been included.
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Web Portal FOLAE Higher Education
Web portal: http://digitech.mb.tu-chemnitz.de/FlexNet-Education/?location=homepage
Responsible: Anh-Tuan Tran-Le (Chemnitz University)
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
66
5
4
14
11
8830
217
22
10
161
2
• 329 groups in20 EU-countries
• 80 groups inNorth-America
• additional groupsin Asia
Web Portal FOLAE Higher Education
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Research Advisory Service
• Facilitate company involvement in FOLAEProvide companies an easy access, single interface portal to
FlexNet expert resources and infrastructure
• Give a clear picture of scientific achievements, techno logypossibilities and restrictions, and future trends
Technology demonstrators betweenFlexNet partners and European companies
► Help and encourage companies totake up FOLAE technologies
Responsible: Terho Kololuoma (VTT)
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Low complexity foil-to-foil integrated light indica tor In case of the low complexity foil-to-foil integrated system demonstrator, an OTFT manufactured on foil will function as a switch. The system contains four on-foil fabricated OPV modules, one printed resistor and two on-foil integrated batteries. In addition to these FOLAE components, a very low current classical LED will be used in the system.
Research Advisory Service / demonstrator
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
III/Focus on OPV
Plan
I/ Organic photovoltaic> Principle> Roadmap
II/ Active polymers> Efficiency> Stability
III/ Other materials> Substrates> Electrodes> Encapsulation
> Bulk heterojunction between 2 semiconductors:polymer : donnorcompatibilized C60 (PCBM) : acceptor
I/ Principle
10 nm
Ag
P3HT/PCBM
Inject. h+
Inject. e-ITO
PET
50/100 nm
100/200 nm
10/20 nm300/600 nm
50/200 µm
Liquid processLow T°Flexibility
Low conversion efficenciesInsufficient lifetime
I/ Process
High throughputLow cost
‘Standardised’ product(Fixed Layout )
Projet Oscar
Partenariat
> roll to roll
Mass market
Relatively low throughputMiddle price
Projet Inflexo
Partenariat
> Ink Jet
Sheet to sheet
Niche market
High design flexibility(shape, elec. Carc.)
Applications efficiencies
(%)
lifetime
Nomade
<<<< 5 1-3 years
effective
Recreative
5-8 3-5 years
>2012
Intégration bâtiment
5-12 >>>> 10 years
>>>>2014
Connecté réseau
>>>> 10 >>>>10 years
>2018
I/ Le photovoltaïque organique, Roadmap
II/ Active polymers / efficiency
> Lateral chains (solubility)
> Conjugated structure
> Band structure compatible with solar spectrum and acceptor material
Beaupré et al, Macromol. Theory Simul. (2011)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
2
Polymer "low ban gap" P3HT
Longeur d'onde (nm)
Ab
sorb
ance
0
20
40
60
80
100
rende
men
t de co
nversion m
ax thé
orique(si absorbance de 1 et rendem
ent quantique interne de 1)
OR1
RO n
S
C6H13
n
N
SN
SS
N
C8H17C8H17
n
7 5
S
S S
SO
O
O C H1
HE
EH
F
n
8.3 %
Données NREL
> Continuous improvement of efficiencies since 10 years
> But needs good processability and stability
II/ Active polymers / efficiency
Diagramme de bandes d’une cellule tandem(2 sous cellules connectées en série)
> Tandem structure : 2 sub cells to improve light absorption (for efficiencies > 12%)
T. Ameri & al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 347– 363
II/ Active polymers/ efficiency
Combined action of H 2O, O2 ,hνννν and elements interdiffusion
> Metal Electrode Degradation (water)> Polymer photo-oxydation> TCO Degradation du TCO > Interface degradation couche interfaciale
+ Morphological instability, mecanichal degradation
M. Jørgensen et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells
II/ Active polymer, Stability
II/ Active polymer, Stability
> Intrinsic instability of MDMO-PPV / P3HT� liaisons Vinylene � Groupements ether
> Excellent stabilty of P3HT/PCBM without oxygen
nO
O R
Rivaton et al, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2010)
Photo-oxydationPhotolysis���� P3HT/PCBMO MDMO-PPV/PCBM
•••• P3HT∆ MDMO-PPV
III/ Other materials, Substrates
0 1000 2000 3000 40000,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
PMMA choc
PMMA
PET stabilisé UV
PEN
PC
∆ A
Bso
rban
ce 4
00 n
m
Temps d'irradiation (h)
PET
Analyse UV-Visible
0 1000 2000 3000 40000,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
PMMA chocPMMA
PET stabilisé UV
PEN
PC
PET
For
mat
ion
des
prod
uits
hyd
roxy
lés
Temps d'irradiation (h)
Analyse IR
YellowingPET, PC et PEN
Good perf.Stabilzed PET, PMMA
> Cost> Photochemical stability> Light Transmission> Gas barrier> Thermal expansion
Thèse Julien Gaume, LPMM, Uniuversité Blaise Pascal , Clermont Fd
III/ Matériaux supports, Substrates
> Cellulose nanofibers
� Good osygen barrier performances (water?)� Low thermal expansion
Fukuzumi & al., Biomacromolecules, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2009
> Paper
� Low cost� opaque
Arved Hübler & al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, XX, 1– 5
III/ Other materials, electrodes
> Britlleness ITO, cost, need to be patterned> Conductive polymers + metal grids, direct patterning
> Blend poly(3,4-ethylen-dioxythiophen) (PEDOT)
and sodium poly(styrène sulfonate) de sodium
B. Zimmermann et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Sol ar Cells 95 (2011) 1587–1589
> 02/H20 protection necessary : gas barrier packaging
+ light transmission, flexibility, transparency and cost ! (15€/m2 )
How improve barrier properties
?
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 101 102
polymèresBarrière standardHaute barrièreUltra hautebarrière
OLED
WVTR (g.m-2.j-1)
LCDe-paper Alimentaire
OPV
III/ Other materials, encapsulation
> Inorganic deposition (SiOx) on polymer substrates
Da Silva, A. et al., J.Vac. Sci and Tech A, 2000, 18, (1), 149-157.
> Defects : limited barrier improvment (except ALD)
Substrat polymère (20/100 microns)Couche inorganique (100/200 nanometres)
III/ Other materials, encapsulation
> Multilayers (organic/inorganic)
Couches polymères minces (qqls microns)
Substrat polymèreDépôt inorganique (≈ 100/200 nanometres)
> Decorellation of defects > Tortuosity
Barix® exemple (Vitex)
> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1
> High cost !!!
III/ Other materials, encapsulation
>Tera Barrier Film ® : use of nanoparticle in organic layers
> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1
> Lower number of layers (nanoparticules)
> Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)Source Picosun®
> Emergence of new barrier films with medium barrier properties :Mitsubishi X Barrier, 3M Ultrabarrier solar film, Toppan, Amcor..etc)Other possibility : flexible glass !
> wvtr = 10-6 g.m-2.d-1
> 1 layer
> « batch » process (high cost)
III/ Other materials, encapsulation
12/03/07 II Workshop 3NEO
Thank you for your attention