HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Unit 4 1. Chapter 16 Primate Evolution 2

HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Unit 4

1

2

Chapter 16

Primate Evolution

3

16.1 Primates

Main Idea Primates share several behavioral &

biological characteristics indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor.

4

16.2 Hominoids to Hominins

Main Idea Hominoids evolved into hominins likely

in response to climate changes of the Miocene.

5

16.3 Human Ancestry

Main Idea Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo

is important if we are to understand humans, the only living species of Homo.

6

Chapter 17

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Big Idea:Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.

7

17.1 The History of Classification

Main Idea Biologists use a system of classification

to organize information about the diversity of living things.

8

Early Systems of Classification Aristotle’s System (394-322B.C.)

9

Early Systems of Classification Linnaeus’s

System (1707-1778)

Taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature

Bird of prey

Wading bird

Perching bird

10

Early Systems of Classification Binomial

Nomenclature

1. Genus name2. Species name

Cardinalis cardinalisC. cardinalis

11

Early Systems of Classification Modern Classification Systems

12

Taxonomic Categories

Ursus americanusAmerican black bear

Ursus thibetanusAsiatic black bear

Melursus ursinusSloth bear

Ursid

a

e

13

Taxonomic Categories

Ursidae Ursus americanusAmerican black bear

Felidae Panthera LeoLion

Carnivora

Canidae Canis lupus Pitbull

14

Taxonomic Categories

15

Systematics Applications

Dichotomous Key

16

17

17.1 Vocabulary

Binomial Nomenclature

Class

Classification

Division

Domain

Family

Genus

Kingdom

Order

Phylum

Taxon

Taxonomy

18

17.1 Key Concepts

Aristotle developed the 1st widely accepted biological classification system

Linnaeus used morphology & behavior to classify plants & animals.

Binomial nomenclature uses Latin genus & specific name to give an organism a scientific name.

Organisms are classified according to a nested hierarchical system

19

17.2 Modern Classification

Main Idea Classification systems have changed

over time as information has increased.

20

Determining Species

Typological Species Concept

types that have characteristics or traits in common

Common Goldfish

Fancy Goldfish

different?

21

Determining Species

Biological Species Concept Interbreed

Fertile Offspring Zorse = Sterile

Phylogenetic Species Concept Evolutionary History

22

Determining Species

23

Characters

Morphological Characters

Biochemical Characters

24

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Character Types Ancestral Derived

25

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Cladograms

26

17.2 Vocabulary

Character

Cladistics

Cladogram

Molecular Clock

Phylogeny

27

17.2 Key Concepts

The definition of species has changed over time.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species, evidence for which comes from a variety of studies.

A molecular clock uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny & rate of evolutionary change.

Cladistic analysis models evolutionary relationships based on sequencing derived characters.

28

17.3 Domains & Kingdoms

Main Idea The most widely used biological

classification system has 6 kingdoms within 3 domains.

29

30

Grouping Species

3 Domains Prokaryote versus Eukaryote

6 Kingdoms

31

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Algae, Protozoans, Euglenoids

Kingdom Fungi

32

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

33

17.3 Vocabulary

Archaea

Eubacteria

Fungus

Protist

34

17.3 Key Concepts

Domains Bacteria & Archaea contain prokaryotes.

Organisms are classified at the kingdom level based on cell type, structures, & nutrition.

Domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes.

Because viruses are not living, they are not included in the biological classification system.