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History of Artificial Intelligence
Kelsey Ruminer
What is it?
l Theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.
- Visual perception - Speech recognition - Decision-making - Translation between languages.
Where do we see it?
l Game playing l Expert systems l Natural language l Neural networks
- Most popular today
l Robotics
Ancient History
l Greek mythology describes mechanical devices that behave with some intelligence.
l 4th century-Aristotle develops first formal deductive reasoning system: syllogistic logic.
l 15th-16th century-clocks (first modern measuring system) - walking mechanical animals/novelties http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jBkwCWxaic
l 17th century-Step Reckoner (1673), divide and multiply - envisioned to be a universal calculus of reasoning
by which arguments could be decided mechanically.
AI's beginnings l Early 1950's:
l Alan Turing introduces “The Universal Turing Machine” l Norbert Wiener theorized intelligent behavior was the result of
feedback mechanisms.
l 1955: Newell and Simon developed “The Logic Theorist”, considered by many to be the first AI program.
l 1956: John McCarthy, “Father of AI”
l 1957: General Problem Solver l 1960s: Research in the US is heavily funded by the
Department of Defense and laboratories are established around the world.
l 1974: “AI winter”
Modern History
l 1990: AI shows success in logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis & other areas.
l 1997: Deep Blue, first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
l 2005: Stanford robot drives autonomously for 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail.
l 2011: Watson defeats two greatest Jeopardy champions
Today-the Second Machine Age
• Netflix/Amazon • Search Engines • Medical Diagnosis • Data Analysis • Voice Recognition • Remote Control • Military Support
To Infinity & Beyond!
• Computers will most likely be smarter than us in 2 decades
• EmoSPARK; personal assistant with emotions • Facebook currently working on image recognition • Google+NASA; working on Quantum AI
• Google drops 14 million on DeepMind
• Current goals; machine vision, cognitive prostheses, and robotic scientists
Will AI turn on us?
Pros • Reprogram cells to prevent aging
• Super endurance
• Computer implants in humans
• Port our brains
Cons • Reprogram themselves
• http://www.roboearth.org/index.html%3Fp=1272.html
• Shared information
• Seek to avoid failure modes
• Develop drives of self protection
• Beg, borrow, and steal
Sources
l http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/projects/history-ai.pdf
l http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/history.html l http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history l http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/
artificial_intelligence.html l http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/
2014/02/the-dawn-of-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/283730/
l http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/timeline-of-various-developments-in-artificial-intelligence/1990s/slideshow/21543788.cms
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