History of Artificial Intelligence

Kelsey Ruminer

What is it?

l  Theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.

-  Visual perception -  Speech recognition -  Decision-making -  Translation between languages.

Where do we see it?

l  Game playing l  Expert systems l  Natural language l  Neural networks

-  Most popular today

l  Robotics

Ancient History

l  Greek mythology describes mechanical devices that behave with some intelligence.

l  4th century-Aristotle develops first formal deductive reasoning system: syllogistic logic.

l  15th-16th century-clocks (first modern measuring system) -  walking mechanical animals/novelties http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jBkwCWxaic

l  17th century-Step Reckoner (1673), divide and multiply -  envisioned to be a universal calculus of reasoning

by which arguments could be decided mechanically.

AI's beginnings l  Early 1950's:

l  Alan Turing introduces “The Universal Turing Machine” l  Norbert Wiener theorized intelligent behavior was the result of

feedback mechanisms.

l  1955: Newell and Simon developed “The Logic Theorist”, considered by many to be the first AI program.

l  1956: John McCarthy, “Father of AI”

l  1957: General Problem Solver l  1960s: Research in the US is heavily funded by the

Department of Defense and laboratories are established around the world.

l  1974: “AI winter”

Modern History

l  1990: AI shows success in logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis & other areas.

l  1997: Deep Blue, first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

l  2005: Stanford robot drives autonomously for 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail.

l  2011: Watson defeats two greatest Jeopardy champions

Today-the Second Machine Age

•  Netflix/Amazon •  Search Engines •  Medical Diagnosis •  Data Analysis •  Voice Recognition •  Remote Control •  Military Support

To Infinity & Beyond!

•  Computers will most likely be smarter than us in 2 decades

•  EmoSPARK; personal assistant with emotions •  Facebook currently working on image recognition •  Google+NASA; working on Quantum AI

•  Google drops 14 million on DeepMind

•  Current goals; machine vision, cognitive prostheses, and robotic scientists

Will AI turn on us?

Pros •  Reprogram cells to prevent aging

•  Super endurance

•  Computer implants in humans

•  Port our brains

Cons •  Reprogram themselves

•  http://www.roboearth.org/index.html%3Fp=1272.html

•  Shared information

•  Seek to avoid failure modes

•  Develop drives of self protection

•  Beg, borrow, and steal

Sources

l  http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/projects/history-ai.pdf

l  http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/history.html l  http://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history l  http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/

artificial_intelligence.html l  http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/

2014/02/the-dawn-of-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/283730/

l  http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/timeline-of-various-developments-in-artificial-intelligence/1990s/slideshow/21543788.cms