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Historical Research Methods: Telling the Stories of
New Orleans Nursing History
Deborah Garbee PhD, APRN, BC
&
Dianna Hutto Douglas DNS APRN-CNS
Historical Research Defined
Integrated Written Record of Past
that Weaves in Multiple Factors e.g.
Social, Political, & Economic
Probing for Explanations &
Relationships , Effects or Trends
Purpose is to Understand the Past
to Explain the Present or Future
Historical Research Traditions
Positivistic
Attempt to categorize information
and show cause-effect
Idealist
Try to Understand Thoughts of
Individuals in an Event Along with
Time, Place, and Situation
Historical Design Define the Study Topic or Focus
There May be a Hypotheses, Questions,
or Theoretical Orientation
Climate of the Time Period
ROL, Major Works on Topic
Identify Themes and Ambiguities
Formulate Questions
Organize Data (Full Reference,
Archive and/or Library)
Data Collection Primary Sources
Personal Letters Diaries Organizational
Records Photographs
Secondary Sources Newspaper Journal articles Textbooks
Archives Unpublished Material, Records,
Manuscripts, Papers
Finding Aids
Collections, Record Group,
Series, Subseries
Linear Cubic Feet
On-site Use Only
Pencil & Paper Only
Confirming Sources
Genuineness
Authenticity
External Criticism
Internal Criticism
Corroborating Evidence
Data Analysis Based on Questions, Themes,
and Conceptual Framework
Discover New Truths
Researcher Bias & Other Bias
Bias
Researcher Bias Identified
Present-Mindedness
Ideological Bias
Ethical Issues
Right to Privacy v.
Right to Know
Infringement on
Historical
Reputation
Interpretation
Researchers Tell the Story
Explain What, How and Why
Explore Relationships
Historical Research Voice
Creatively Render Events,
Findings, & Supporting Ideas
Plan the Story Using Themes
Weave Together Historical Facts
Go Beyond Facts
Develop New Knowledge, Ideas,
and Meanings
Example
Evolving Standards for Nursing
Curriculum and Nursing
Faculty in Louisiana
1920-1950
Research Questions
How did Louisiana, New Orleans specifically,
respond to national calls for nursing reform?
What changes were made to nursing school
curricula at Charity Hospital School of Nursing
(CHSN) in New Orleans?
Primary Sources
CHSN reports to Committee on Grading of
Nursing Schools (Jan. & Oct., 1932)
National League of Nursing Education
(NLNE) Facts About Your School (1935,
1939, 1943, & 1945)
Secondary Sources Goldmark Report, Nursing and Nursing
Education in the United States (1923) Nursing Schools Today and Tomorrow
(Committee on the Grading of Nursing Schools, 1934)
CHSN Yearbooks
Caps and Capes (1938, 1942, & 1950) CHSN Bulletin (1958-1959) Louisiana State University (LSU) Register
(1940-1941) LSU Bulletin (1942-1943).
National Calls for Reform
Improve Nursing School Curriculum
Without Duplication of Learning
Improve Faculty Qualifications to Teach
at a School of Nursing with College
Graduates as Faculty
Eliminate Non-Nursing Duties
National Themes Free Labor, A Win-Lose Situation
Anyone Can Teach – Raising the Bar for
Nursing Faculty
Folding Linen, Washing Lettuce, &
Cleaning Bathrooms
Local Perspective“Story”
Nursing N’Awlins Style
Sister Servants, CHSN Faculty
Snapshot
Nursing Students: White Caps, White
Stockings, & White Shoes
Discussion CHSN Similar to Nursing Schools Across America
Students Worked Long Hours A non-nurse board Same Person over Hospital Nursing Service &
SON CHSN Ahead of Other Nursing Schools
Staff Performed Non-Nursing Duties Large, Varied Patient Population Increased Number of Graduate Nurses at Bedside Presence of BSN Ed Students.
Regardless of hard work, CHSN Students Seemed
to Love Their Experience.
Conclusions So what?
Efforts to professionalize and improve nursing
image & education continues today.
The image of clinging to an instructors skirt the
first day on a nursing unit rings true today in that
students are innocent & young.
Just as nurses before us, nursing faculty do not
want to sacrifice what we perceive as quality
education in the process of reform.
What Topic do you
Want to Research
from New Orleans
Nursing History?
References Glesne, C. (1999). Becoming Qualitative
Researchers An Introduction. (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
Kyvig, D.E. & Marty, M.A. (2000). Nearby History. (2nd ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.
Speziale, H.J. & Carpenter, D.R. (2007). Qualitative Research in Nursing Advancing the Humanistic Imperative.
(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
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