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7/23/2019 Hand Book on First Aid
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HAND BOOK ON
FIRSTAID
Learn First Aid Save Life
Knowledge In First Aid Survival
From Accident
R!AR!D B"
#R$ KAILASH NA%AR
AD#ASHR!! INSTIT&T! OF
N&RSIN%' BAN%ALOR!
1
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R!FA(!
In view of growing population throughout the world andincreased use of motor vehicles more and more people suffer
risk of injury, illness. As also natural calamities, resulting
number of casualties thronging for immediate medical help their
survival. Hence the need for “irst Aid !raining" to each
individual is greater forever.
!here is an ever growing demand for irst Aid !raining
among every person to serve the humanity.
!he general public e#pressed a strong desire to have a
compact and comprehensive and can book on first aid which
should be clear and can be read by common men and
understandable.
$
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(ONT!NTS
(HAT!R TOI(
I %rinciples and practice of first aid
II &tructure and function of the human body
III 'ressing and bandage
I) (ounds, )leeding and &hock
) Injuries to bone, *oint, and +uscles
)I nconsciousness
)II !ransport
)III -ontent in first aid bo#
I* mergency action.
* )angalore hospitals emergency number list.
RIORIT" OF TR!AT#!NT IN (AS! OF A((ID!NTS
/
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!+amination and Diagnosis
(ardio ulmonar, Resuscitation
(ontrol Bleeding
Treat S-oc. / S0ecial (are for
&nconsc &nconscious cases
Fracture Immo1ilisation
2ound 2ound cover wit- clean clot-
#ulti0le' in3uries
Trans0ortation
DRSAB(D action 0lan
In an emergency call on 45678 for an ambulance.
0
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D9 DAN%!R
nsure the area is safe for you, others and the patient.
R9 R!SONS!-heck for responseask names2uee3e shoulders
No res0onse Res0onse
4 &end for help. 4 +ake comfortable
4 -heck for injuries
4 +onitor response.
S9 S!ND for -el0
-all on 51678 for an ambulance
or ask another person to make the call.
A9 AIR2A"
O0en mout- if foreign material is present9
4 %lace in the recovery position
4 clear airway with fingers.O0en airwa, by tilting head with chin lift.
B9BR!ATHIN%
(-ec. for 1reat-ing look, listen and feel.
Not normal 1reat-ing Normal 1reat-ing
4 &tart -%:. 4 %lace in recovery
position
4 monitor breathing
4 manage injuries
4 treat for shock.
(R
&tart -%:/6 chest compressions9 $ breaths
-ontinue -%: until help arrivesor patient recovers.
;
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D9 D!FIBRILLATION
Apply defibrillator if available
<earn irst Aid = 1/66 />6 0;; =
(HAT!R95
RIN(IL!S AND RA(TI(! OF FIRST AID
!he originator of first aid was a ?erman military surgeon by
name 'r. smarch.
Definition:
irst aid is the immediate help or treatment given to a
victim of an accident, sudden illness or other injury before
medical help is obtained using available materials.
AI#S OF FIRST AID:
1. !o preserve life.
$. !o promote recovery.
/. !o prevent further damage.
0. @uick transport of casualty to a medical facility.
%OLD!N R&L!S OF FIRST AID:
1. Assess, mark safe, get help.
$. A.).-. 5A Airway, ) )reathing, --irculation8.
+aintain clear airway
-heck breathing if stopped, apply artificial
respiration.
-heck pulse if absent, give cardiac compression.
/. &top or control bleeding.
0. !reat for shock and its cause.;. !he recovery position for unconscious casualty.
>
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>. Arrange transport to casualty to the hospital.
rinci0les of First Aid
18 :estoration.
$8 -ontrol bleeding./8 !reat shock.
08 !ransport.
;8 )e in control.
>8 Act calmly and logically.
B8 )e gentle but firm. &peak to the casualty kindly but
purposefully.
78 #plain what you are going to do.C8 Answer honestly and say DnoE if you donEt know.
168 Fever leave the casualty alone.
118 Inform the relatives.
B
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ig. 1
&keleton &ystem
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(HAT!R ;II
STR&(T&R! AND F&N(TION OF TH! H&#AN BOD"
Human body is made up of soft and hard tissues are
bones which go to form the skeleton system
SK!L!TON:
Human body has about $6> bones. It gives shape and
firmness to the body. Attachment to the voluntary muscles.
%rotects internal organs and produces red and white blood
corpuscles. !he important bones in the body are the skullconsisting of $$ bones. !here are // vertebras in the bane. !here
are 1$ pair of ribs. $collar bones, $ shoulder blades and two hip
bones. pper limb has one arm bone and two forearm bones.
<ikewise lower e#tremity has one strong thigh bone and two leg
bones. (rist and hand has $B bones and ankle, foot and knee
cap comprises of $B bones, 5refer fig. no.18.
<OINTS:
+eeting of end of two or more bones is called a joint
may be immovable like in skull or movable like shoulder, elbow,
hip, and knee. 5:efer fig .no. $ G /8.
Immovable joint 5&kull8 )all G &ocket joint 5Hip8
C
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Hinge joint 5lbow8 &lightly movable joint
ig. /
SOFT TISS&!S
4a8 SKIN:
It covers the body, prevents germ entry into the body,
regulates body temperature and feels sensation.
418 #&S(L!S:
!here are more than ;66 muscles in the human body.
+uscles are two types9
5i8 oluntary muscles 5ii8 Involuntary muscles
oluntary muscles are attached to the skeleton of our body
and are under our control.
!he involuntary muscles go to from the internal organ and
not under our control.
&ome of the important organs are the brain in the skull and
its continuation, the spinal cord.
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!he trunk is made up of the chest and the abdomen being
separated by a thin diaphragm. -hest the heart has two lungs,
the windpipe, the food pipe and the bold vessels.
!he abdominal cavity has the stomach, <iver, &pleen,idney, rinary bladder, etc.
Human body has two precious fluids i.e. the bold and the
lymph.
F&N(TION OF TH! BOD":
(IR(&LATOR" S"ST!#:
-irculatory system comprises of the heart with four
-hambers and the great blood vessels the lower two chamber of
the heart. 5ig. 0 Heart &tructure8.
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ig. 0
&.. &ystem ein 5bringing blood from all part of the body to
the heart8
:.A. J :ight Atrium , <.A. J <eft Atrium
:.. J :ight entricle, <.. J <eft entricle.
%.A. J %ulmonary Arteries 5-arrying blood to the lungs8
%.. J %ulmonary ein.
A continuation of aorta distributing blood to the system
arteries of the trunk, lower limbs and the organs in the abdomen
and pelvis.
Heart function like pumps, the upper two chambers act
like supply tanks. !he right side of the heart receives the impure
or venous blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where
it become purified or o#ygenated and comes back to the left side
of the heart. rom here it is pumped to all parts of the body. !he
heart beat at the rate of =6 to 76 0er minute and pumps ;
<itters of blood every minute and weight about /66 gram. Its
si3e is little more than si3e of oneEs fist.
&LS!:
(hen the heart pumps the blood, the arteries e#pand and
contract at each pumping. !his action of the artery is called the
pulse.
!he pulse is generally taken in front of the wrist on the
thumb side by keeping the inde#, middle and ring finger is used
to press the artery and the middle finger is used for actualcounting.
1$
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ig. ; &ite of :adial pulse
ig. > &ite of pulse
BLOOD R!SS&R!:
!he pressure of the blood in the arteries is called the
blood pressure and is maintained by the force re2uired to push
the blood to the capillary section of circulation. )lood pressure
is greater in the arteries, less in capillaries and least in the veins.
R!SIRATOR" S"ST!#
!he lungs lie on either side of the heart in the chest.
!hey receive the venous blood from the heart. )y the action of
breathing, blood is purified. !he normal rate of respiration is 1;
to $6 times in adults and /6 to 06 times in an infant per minute.
it has two phase9 the fresh air we breathe in is the inspiratory
phase and the air we breathe out is and get out. 'uring the
respiration ;K o#ygen absorb in lungs and 1>K o#ygen
1/
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e#pelled by the lungs. -hest muscles and diaphragm take part in
respiration. Involuntary muscles and vital function of internal
organs.
<ook
(-ec. for 1reat-ing <isten
eel
DI%!STI)! S"ST!#:
!he food we take passed from the mouth to the stomach
through the pipe. In the stomach it is mi#ed with digestive juice
and passed on to intestine. !he food is digested in intestine by
digestive juice.
!he digested food is absorbed in the intestinal wall and the
remaining waste is passed out in the form of stools.
<iver produces greenish bile which helps in the digestion.
ItEs also stores glycogen and renders the poisonous substance
harmless.
N!R)O&S S"ST!#
!here are two types9
5i8 -entral nervous system
5ii8 Autonomous nervous system
)oth of them control and regulate all function of the
body.
10
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(!NTRAL N!R)O&S S"ST!#:
!his consists of brain9 1$ pairs of cranial nervous, spinal
cord and /1 pair of spinal nervous.
A&TO N!R)O&S S"ST!#:
!hese are lumps of cell which form a net work and
controls the involuntary muscles and vital functions of internal
organs.
(HAT!R9III
DR!SSIN% AND BANDA%!S
D!FINITION:
'ressing is a protective covering over a wound.
'ressing helps to prevent infection, absorb discharge,
control bleeding and avoid further injury.
BANDA%!S: +ade of cloth, used to control bleeding , in
treating wound, to secure dressing and splints reduce swelling,
to give support to part of the body and assist in carrying
casualties.
!hey are two types9 518 !riangular bandage
5$8 :oller )andage
TRIAN%&LAR BANDA%!:
A triangular bandage can be made by cutting one meter
s2uare piece of cloth diagonally across. !his gives us two such
bandages.
1;
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Reef .not should be used. !o make one, take the ends of
the bandages one in each hand, place lift one, place right over
lift, and then turn right. :eef knot are useful because, they are
firm, easy to unite and also comfortable to the casualty.
Slings sed to afford support and to prevent pull by upper
limbs injuries to chest, shoulder and neck.
Arm slings: ; to support the forearm and the hand and when
there are wounds, injuries and in case of the ribs. 5:efer fig. B8.
ig.B
!riangular )andage
1>
Narrow
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ig.7
:eef not
ig.C
1B
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5!riangular &ling Arm &ling8
ALI(ATIONS OF TRIAN%&LAR BANDA%!S
As a whole cloth to keep dressing in the position. In the
following application of the triangular bandage, which is opened
its full e#tent, a narrow should be turned up along the inside of
the base.
ig. 16
!riangular )andage
17
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BANDA%! FOR TH! S(AL
&tand behind the casualty and place the bandage so that the
hem lies on the forehead close to the eyebrow and the point
hangs down at the back of the head.
-arry the ends round the head just above the ears.
-ross the ends over the point of the bandage near the nape of
the neck and bring them forward round the head above the ears.
!ie on the forehead close to the hem of the bandage.
&teady the head with one hand and with the other draw the
point of the bandage downward. !hen turn it up and secure it to
the bandage on the top on the head.
ig. 11
1C
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(H!ST 4FRONT )I!28
&tand in front of the casualty. %lease the centre of the
bandage over the dressing with the point on the shoulder of thesame side. -arry the ends round the body and tie them vertically
below the point, leaving one end.
-arry the long end up and tie to the point behind the
shoulder. &tand behind the casualty and proceed as for the front
of the chest.
&tand facing the injured side. In the case of the hip and
groin, first tie a narrow bandage round the waist, knotting it on
the injured side. 5:efer fig.1$8
ig.1$
$6
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or the shoulder place a bandage over the shoulder with the
point towards the ear.
or the hip or groin slip the point of a bandage under the knot of
the narrow bandage round the waist.
-arry the hen of the bandage round the middle of the upper arm
or thigh, cross the ends and tie on outer side.
In the case of the shoulder, apply a large arm sling. 'raw
the point over the sling or narrow bandage end secure.
!LBO2 OR KN!!:
%lace the limb in a convenient position. <ay the point of
the bandage on the back of the upper arm 5front of thigh8, the
middle of its base lying on the back of the forearm 5front of
leg8 9 cross the end in front of the elbow 5back of the knee8 then
round the arm 5thigh8 and tie above the joint. inish off by the
point of the bandage over the and secure. 5:efer fig.1/8.
$1
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ig.1/ lbow )andaging
ROLL!R BANDA%!:
!he widths of this bandage vary according to the parts of
the body to be bandaged and the si3e of the casualty.
(hen partly unrolled the roll is called the head and the
unrolled part the free end.
!he standard bandage is the rigid open weave type.
A “confirming" bandage is more loosely woven holds dressinglightly but firmly in place, even pressure being maintained.
ig.10
:oller )andage 5<eg8
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Details of A00lication:
(hen applying roller bandages for
Hand or oot
orearm or <eg
lbow or nee
pper arm or !high,
!he following details are described for upper limb, but are
e#actly the same method for the lower limb.
HAND:
(ith the palm downwards fi# the bandage by two turns
round the wrist and carry the roll obli2uely over the back of the
hand to the side of the little finger, then round the palm. ncircle
the finger with one hori3ontal turn so that the lower border of
the bandage just reaches the root of the nail of the little finger.
-arry the bandage back again round the palm and then return
obli2uely to the wrist, the figure of eight turn round the wrist
and hand are repeated until the hand is covered. inish with a
spiral turn round the wrist and secure. 5:efer fig.1;8
$/
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ig.1; Hand bandage
:ight turn, carrying the bandage over the elbow tip and round
the limb at the elbow level. !he second turn encircles the upper
arm, and the forearm, each being made to cover the margins of
the first turn.
&!R AR#:
!his is bandaged by a succession of simple or figure of
eight turn and the bandage may be carried on from the forearm
of elbow or started independently as convenient.
$0
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ig.1> 5pper Arm &ling8
(HAT!R9 I)
2O&NDS' BL!!DIN% AND SHO(K
2O&NDS:
(ound is a break in the continuity of the soft tissues of
the body, mainly skinL it permits blood to escape and germ to
enter the body.
T,0es of wounds9
18 Incised wound caused by sharp edged
instrument.
$;
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$8 <acerated wound -aused by tearing of tissues.
/8 -ontused wound -aused by blunt instrument,
skin is not cut.
08 %unctured wound -aused by point instrument.
Treatment:
+ain complication of wound is subse2uent infection.
Hence clean the wound with antiseptic. %ut a sterile dressing, fi#
with bandage or clean cloth and take casualty to a doctor. Fever
keep a wound open.
BL!!DIN%:
)leeding means escape of blood from the blood vessels
by injury.
)leeding may be e#ternal to the skin of the body or
internal when blood escapes from circulation inside the body.)leeding may also be from arteries or veins.
!*T!RNAL BL!!DIN%:
!o stop the bleeding9
1. %ress where the blood is coming from
$. levate arm or leg, if there is no fracture
/. :est and continue to % &!I<< till clot forms and do
not remove the clot.
If the bleeding still continues press more firmly. levate
higher and resort to indirect method, wherein you apply a
constriction above the bleeding point, 5only in the arm and
thigh8. !ake care to keep the pressure only for 1; minutes and
$>
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release after 1; minute and reapply if the bleeding continues
after 1 or $ minutes and then take the casualty to the hospital.
INT!RNAL BL!!DIN%:
Internal bleeding may be invisible like that in <ungs,
&tomach, and idney or concealed like that in spleen, liver etc.
it is a medical emergency.
<ook for these signs9 %ale coloured skin and lip, thirst and air
hunger, increased pulse rate feeble pulse
cold and clammy skin.
!reatment9 :est the casualty and ask him to keep still
and take him to hospital as 2uickly as
possible.
DIFF!R!N(!S B!T2!!N ART!RIAL AND )!NO&S
BL!!DIN%:
Arterial 1lood )enous blood
)right red in colour 'ark red in colour
)lood comes out in jerks )lood flows continuously
S!)!R! BL!!DIN%:
a8 &hock is produced with loss of blood.
b8 It may develop at once or be delayed.
c8 )leeding may be seen outside when coming out of a cut
artery or the tear of a varicose vein, or it may be inside9
for e#ample, bleeding into the chest or abdominal cavity.
$B
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d8 !he faster the loss of the blood the faster the onset of
shock. )ut beware of slow loss of blood which will
appear simple at first but later may become very serious.
FIRST AID A(TION
For severe e+ternal 1leeding:
wear gloves, if possible, to prevent infection
do not apply a tourni2uet
if an object is embedded in or protruding from a wound apply
pressure either side of the wound and place pads around it before bandaging.
give nothing by mouth.
ig. 1B Fose )leeding
2-at to do
&nconscious casualt,
1. ollow ':&A)-'.
(onscious casualt,
1. ollow ':&A)-'.
$7
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$. <ie the casualty down and remove or cut their clothing to
e#pose the wound.
/. Apply direct pressure over the wound using a pad or your
hands 5use gloves if available8. Instruct the casualty to do this if possible.
0. &2uee3e the wound edges together if possible.
;. :aise and support the injured part above the level of the heart.
>. Handle gently if you suspect a fracture.
B. Apply a pad over the wound if not already in place and secure
by bandaging over the padded wound.
7. If bleeding is still not controlled, leave initial pad in place and
apply a second pad and secure with a bandage.
C. -heck circulation below wound.
16. nsure an ambulance has been called
BL!!DIN% FRO# S!(IAL R!SIONS:
NOS!9 make casualty sit upright and bend his head forward.
Ask him to breathe through mouth and pinch the soft part of
nose. Mou can put a cold compress and send for a doctor 5fig.
1B8.
!AR: it may indicate fracture of the base of the skull. 'o not
plug the ear. Incline the head to the affected side. %ut a dressingover the ear. !ransfer to the hospital 2uickly.
BL!!DIN% FRO# )ARI(OS! )!IN:
ery sever in legs and may be fatal.
$C
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Treatment: lay the casualty flat. :aise the leg. Apply clean pad
and bandage firmly. <oosen the clothing around waist and
!ransfer to hospital.
SHO(K
Shock is a condition of collapse which should be treated on
top priority second only to attending to obstructed breathing.
&toppage of heart, or severe bleeding, it may lead to death, if nottreated in time.
T,0es and causes of s-oc.:
&hock can be divided into two types9
Nervous s-oc. and True s-oc.$
/6
- Bolt the way of blood supply(veins and arteries)
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Fervous shock is due to strong emotional upset, e.g. ear,
%ain, or )ad news9 and not necessarily due to serious injury
5does not need treatment as such8.
Sign and s,m0toms of s-oc.
1. -asualty feel faint or giddy
$. -omplains of blurring of vision.
/. eels cold with clammy skin.
0. ace and lips look pale.
;. %ulse may become slow at first but later always beats faster
but gets feeble.
>. omits 5in many cases8.B. )ecomes unconscious in later stage of shock.
#anagement of s-oc.
1. :eassure the casualty 5when conscious8.
$. %ut him comfortably on his back. #cept in case of injury of
the head, the chest or of the abdomen, lower the head
slightly and turn n to a side. In cases of vomiting place in the
three 2uarter back up position 5fig.8
/. <oosen tight clothing, but do not remove clothing.
0. (rap with light bed sheet or thin rug.
;. Fever use hot water bottles or very warm rugs. 'o not rub
any part of the body with anything.
>. In cases of injuries to chest or abdomen, nothing should be
given by mouth as he may later need an operation or blood
transfusion.
B. Nbserver all the above 2uickly as even minutes delayed
many mean death. there is no chest abdominal injury and
the patient is conscious, give sips of water, hot tea or coffee
or tender coconut water 5never give any alcoholic drinks8.
7. +ost important9 :emove to hospital on top priority.
True s-oc. in seen in t-e following conditions$
/1
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$. &: ):F&9 when e#tensive, i.e. when more half the
skin surface is affected.
/. HA: A!!A-&9 (hen the blood supply to the heart is
obstructed.
0. A)'N+IFA< +:?F-I&9 <ike burst appendi#,
perforated stomach, intestinal obstruction etc.
;. <N&& )N'M <I'9 'ue to e#cess of vomiting, diarrhoea,
dysentery etc.
>. -:&HIF*:I&9 An in collapsed building, e#plosion, etc.
B. )A-!:IA< IF-!INF&9 'ischarge of poisons 5to#ins, in
to the blood caused by bacteria8.
TR!AT#!NT:
&top bleeding if possible. :eassure the casualty. eep the
casualty warm. +oisten the lips if they are dry. If due to
dehydration give plenty or oral fluids. %lace casualty in head
low position if there are no head or spinal injuries.
(HAT!R9 )
IN<&R!IS TO BON!S' <OINTS AND #&S(L!S
IN<&RI!S TO BON!S
:A-!:9
A crack or a break in the continuity of a bone is called a
fracture.
-A&&9
/$
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18 'irect force9 !he bone breaks at the site of the applied
force. .g. *aw )one fractures.
$8 Indirect force9 !he applied force is at one place and bone
break at another place. .g. fracture of the collar bone.
/8 +uscular contraction9 .g. fracture of the knee cap.
T"! OF FRA(T&R!S9
T-ere seven t,0es of fractures$ T-ree are ver, im0ortant$
18 &imple fracture 5-losed8 )roken ends of the bone do
not cut open skin.
Fo e#ternal wound is seen.$8 -ompound fracture 5Npen8 Here the bone breaks and
protrudes outside. If may cut the muscles and skin and
would communicates with fracture.
/8 -omplicated fracture In addition to fracture the fracture
may injure internal organs. .g. racture of the ribs.
(e can recogni3e the fracture by #cruciation pain,swelling, tenderness, loss of muscle power, deformity, grating
noise and unnatural movements.
//
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ig. 17 !ypes of racture
ig. 1C !ype of fracture
/0
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ig.$6 -ollar )one racture
/;
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ig. $1 pper limb racture
ig.$$ racture of the pelvis
/>
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ig.$/ racture of the legs
TR!AT#!NT:
!o reduce the pain and prevent further injury we have
to immobilise the fracture part including the joint above and
below the line fracture. (e can use splints 5or
improvisations8 and bandages for the purpose.
IN<&R" TO <OINT
S0rains:9Is the tearing of the ligament of the joint caused by
sudden movement.
Treatment: %lace the limb in a comfortable position. Apply
firm bandage which should be kept completely moist.
Dislocation: Is the displacement of one or more bones from its
normal position in joints. .g. &houlder, signs and symptoms are
/B
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like that of a fracture and the first aider should treat this case
like that of a fracture.
IN<&RI!S TO #&S(L!S
Strain: 9 -aused by over stretching of the muscle resulting in
some muscles fibres torn. It causes sudden pain, swelling and
stiffness.
Treatment: &upport the injured part. Apply cold compress.
irm bandage to be applied.
BLANK!T LIFT:
racture of the spine should be suspected in all cases of
back injury. All patients should be carried face upwards on a
stretcher. or placing the casualty on stretcher )lanket lift is
used.
5!his method is used when a blanket has been placed under the patient8.
I. If poles of good length and rigidity are available, roll the
blanket over the poles until the poles are pressed to the
sides of the casualty.
II. (ith two bearers supporting the neck and ankle, the
others stand to one each side and lift the casualty. Fow
the stretcher is placed e#actly under the casualty, who is
gently lowered on to the stretcher.
III. Fow make sure that neck and back pads in correct
position and supported to avoid undesired movement.
/7
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I. If poles are not available, the blanket is rolled tightly up
to the sides of the casualty. If necessary, broad bandages
are placed around the body and at the level of thigh and
another at the level of shoulder. Fow lift the casualty
adopting the same method described above.
ig.$0 )lanket lifting
(HAT!R9 )I
/C
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ASH"*IA 4S&FFO(ATION8
Asphy#ia is a condition in which there is continuous want
of o#ygen in the circulation blood and as such the tissues are
starved of o#ygen.
-A&&9
a8 #ternal and internal obstruction to the windpipe,
Hanging, oreign body in the throat or Airway.
b8 Nther causes like 'rawing, chest injuries, injury to brain
which control respiratory activity like poisons, etc.
&I?F AF' &M+%!N+&9
1. :espiratory rate increases.
$. &hallow breathing.
/. <ips, tongue, face, finger become blue 5-yanosis8.
0. orth may appear at the mouth.
;. +ay become unconscious.
+AFA?+F!9
1. :emove the cause if possible.
$. +ake air passages clear.
/. ?ive artificial respiration.
ARTIFI(IAL BR!ATHIN%
06
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%lace the casualty face upwards. <ift the jaw upwards thus
straightening the neck.
#O&TH TO #O&TH #!THOD
Npen your mouth wide, take deep breath and in case of9
I. (HILD OR INFANT9 seal your lips around the mouth
and nose and blow gently till the chest rises and then
remove your mouth. :epeat at a rate about 16 times per
minute. 5:efer fig8.
II. AD<9 seal your lips around casualtyEs mouth while
closing the nostrils with your fingers and thumb and
blow at a rate of about 16 times per minute.
T-e ot-er met-ods of artificial res0iration:
Holger FeilsonEs method, &ilvesterEs method and &chafferEs
method.
!*T!RNAL H!ART (O#R!SSION
4Or8
(ARDIO&L#ONAR" R!S&S(ITATION 4(R8
#et-od:
18 %lace casualty, face upward on hard surface.
$8 %lace yourself at the side of the casualty.
/8 eel for lower half of the breastbone.
08 %lace the heel of your palm on this part keeping the palm
and fingers off the chest.
;8 -over this hand with the heel of the other hand.
01
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>8 (ith arms straight, rock forwards pressing down on the
lower half of the breastbone 5 in an unconscious adult it
can be pressed towards the spine for about one and half
inches 5 0 cm8. 5:efer fig8.
B8 !he :atio of -%: should be /69$ for 0 cycles.
ig.$; +outh to +outh )reathing
0$
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ig.$> -ross section through chest
IN AD<9 :epeat the pressure at >6 to 76 time per minute.
ig. $B Adult -%:
IF -HI<':F %!N !F MA: <ight pressure with onehand is sufficient and the rate is 76 to C6 times per minute.
0/
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IF IFAF! very light pressure with two fingers is enough and
the rate is 166 times per minute.
!he pressure in all cases should be firm but controlled.
rratic or violent action may cause damage to the ribs or the
internal organs.
-heck the effectiveness of the compression of the heart by9
(atching for an improvement in the casualtyEs colour.
Fothing the si3e of the pupils, which should become smaller with effective treatment.
ig. $7 Infant -%:
eeling the neck pulse, which will become apparent with each
compression.
mergency resuscitation may have to be continued until the
casualty reaches hospital.
00
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Fig$>6 AB( #aintenance
0;
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(HAT!R9 )II
&N(ONS(IO&SN!SS
Any interference with the normal functioning of the brain cause
loss of consciousness.
nconsciousness is of two kinds9
4a8 artial called stu0or 418 (om0lete called (oma
In stupor the casualty when spoken to can be roused with
difficult, but in coma there is no response at all. In coma the
pupils do not react to light and some time they may be widely
dilated.
(auses of unconsciousness:
518 Head injuries 5$8 stroke5/8 Infantile convulsions 508 poisoning
5;8 ainting 5>8 &un stroke and Heart #haustion
5B8 'iabetic -oma or Insulin over dose
578 Heart attack 5168 Hysteria
5118 pilepsy 51$8 &hock
51/8 Asphy#ia
#ANA%!#!NT OF &N(ONS(IO&SN!SS:
1. nsure supply of fresh air and that the air passages are
free, :emove casualty from harmful places, remove false
teeth, if wearing.
$. <oosen clothing at neck, chest and waist. eep him
warm by covering him with blankets or similar articles.
0>
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/. If breathing has stopped or is feeble, start artificial
respiration at once.
0. If breathing is noisy, turn him to three 2uarter prone.
;. Apply specific treatment for the cause.
>. 'o not give him the hospital.B. !ransport him to the hospital.
7. 'o not try to induce vomiting.
TRANSORT
458 Su00ort 1, a single -el0er:a8 H+AF -:A'< 5to be used only for light casualty or
children89 Nne of your arms beneath the knees and the
other support the back.
b8 H+AF -:!-H9 &tanding on the injured side 5pper
limb8 put your arm round his waist, grasp the clothing at
his hip and place his arm round your neck and hold his
hand with your free hand. If the lower limbs are injuredand his other hand is free the casualty may gain
additional help by walking stick.
4?8 If two or more -el0er availa1le:
HAF' &A!&9
a8 !wo handed seat with hook grip.
b8 our handed seatc8 ore and apt method.
4>8 STR!T(H!R 9 ordinary standard stretcher and
telescopic handled stretcher
4@8 2H!!L!D TRANSSORT: Ambulance van or any
other conveyance.
0B
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ig./1 Human -rutch
07
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ig./$ Human -radle
ig.// Human -radle
0C
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ig./0 lifting casualty
(ONT!NTS OF A FIRST:9 AID BO*
18 +edium si3e 5'ust proof8
$8 Nne set of first Aid splints 5(ooden8
/8 1$ !riangular )andages
08 / %ackets of &terili3ed -otton wool
;8 > irst J Aid 'ressing 5/ <arge, / +edium8
>8 C :oller )andages assortedB8 / )urns 'ressings
78 $ ye pads
C8 1 %acket of safety pins.
168 1 &pool Adhesive %laster
118 1 &cissor
1$8 1 !ube -etavlon
1/8 1 )ottle 'ettol108 1 !ube ye Nintment of sulphacetamide
1;8 1 <oose (oven ?au3e
;6
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1>8 1 )ottle Aspirin 5$0 !ablets8
1B8 1 &cribbling pas with a pan
178 1 !orch.
ig. /; irst Aid )o# Articles.
!#!R%!N(" A(TION
In any situation, you must first take three essential steps9
<ook for 'anger, :emove any 'anger, and assess the situation.
Nnly then you can decide to use chart shown below as whataction should take.
;1
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An unconscious casualty always takes priority9 ever if
resuscitation is not necessary, an unconscious person needs
immediate attention to ensure that he or she can breathe. Nnly
then you should begin to assess and treat any injuries, and any
other, conscious casualties.
nless you are alone with a casualty whose heart has
stopped, call for help and if found safe to leave the casualty you
may do so.
;$
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DOs AND DONTs ON FISRT AID
DOs:
1. Attend to the casualty as 2uickly as possible.
$. !ake through history of the accident./. +ake the casualty and yourself comfortable while giving
first JAid
0. ncover an unconscious casualty in a O prone position
;. !ransport an unconscious casualty as little as possible.
>. !ransport a lower jaw fracture casualty with the face
downward position or sitting position.
B. &top bleeding first7. !reat the fracture on the spot
C. !reat the shock
16. A casualty with the fracture of the spine, pelvis or leg
must be lifted with the blanket lift or the emergency.
11. (hen in double treat the injured part as a fracture.
1$. If you use a constrictive band take care to loosen it every
1; minute.
DONTs:
1. 'o not try to set right a dislocated joint.
$. Avoid using splints as far as possible
/. 'o not use spirit near the eye or an open wound
0. 'o not apply bandage too tight so as to impede
circulation.;. 'o not induce the vomiting where a casualty is
unconscious.
>. 'o not attempt to do too much and take the
responsibilities of a 2ualified doctor.
B. 'o not feed a casualty when you suspect an internal
injury or when he is unconscious.
;0
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7. 'o not waste time in a condition of internal bleeding
or head injury but transport the casualty as 2uickly as
possible to a Hosp
BAN%ALOR! HOSITALS LIST 4(ALL IN (AS! OF
!#!R%!N("8
18 In a medical emergency call on 51678 for an ambulance.
$8 :oad traffic accident call on 516/8
/8 !raffic police 51668
08 +anipal hospital )angalore 5 676$$$$11118;8 &akra world hospital )angalore 56760C>C0C>C8
>8 -hild victim 516C78
B8 ?lobal hospital )angalore 5676$>$;;;;;8
78 )?& hospital 5676$>$;;;;;8
C8 H hospital 56CC666/B0718
168 &hreya hospital )angalore 5676$;C67C;78
%LOSSAR"
;;
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-%: 9 -ardiopulmonary :esuscitation
A)- 9 Airway, )reathing, -irculation
:)- 9 :ed )lood -ell
()- 9 (hite )lood -ell
H) 9 Haemoglobin
A 9 irst Aid
:I- 9 :est, Ice, -ompress, levate
-& 9 -ardiovascular &ystem
-F& 9 -entral Fervous &ystem
--- 9 -heck, -all, -are
R!F!R!N(!S
;>
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5$ *ones and )artlett. irst aid and -%:. ourth edition.
*ones and )artlett publisher. -anada. $666.
?$ <.-. ?upta. +anual of irst Aid +anagement. irst
edition. *aypee )rothers publication, Few 'elhi. $660.>$ Ajay &ingh. irst Aid And emergency -are. ighth
dition. F.:. )rothers %ublication. Indore, $660.
@$ 'r. F.:. -avale. Hand book on first aid. ; th edition. &t.
*ohn Ambulance. $611.
$ an de elde &, :oe# A, angronsveld , Fie3ink <, an
%raet , Heselmans A, et al. -an training improve
laypersons helping behaviour in first aidP A randomised
controlled deception trial. mergency +edicine *ournal
Qserial on the InternetR. $61$9 Available from9
http9SSwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govSpubmedS$$;>$6B6P
doptT-itation.
=$ &wor :, han I, 'omeier :, Honeycutt <, -hu ,
-ompton &. -%: training and -%: performance9 do -%:
trained bystanders perform -%:P Academic mergency
+edicine. $66>L 1/5>89;C>>61.
$ International ederation of :ed -ross and :ed -rescent
&ocieties. International first aid and resuscitation guidelines
$611. &wit3erland9 I:-L $611.
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