Hand Book on First Aid

7/23/2019 Hand Book on First Aid

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HAND BOOK ON

FIRSTAID

Learn First Aid Save Life

Knowledge In First Aid Survival

From Accident

R!AR!D B"

#R$ KAILASH NA%AR

AD#ASHR!! INSTIT&T! OF

N&RSIN%' BAN%ALOR!

1



R!FA(!

In view of growing population throughout the world andincreased use of motor vehicles more and more people suffer

risk of injury, illness. As also natural calamities, resulting

number of casualties thronging for immediate medical help their

survival. Hence the need for “irst Aid !raining" to each

individual is greater forever.

!here is an ever growing demand for irst Aid !raining

among every person to serve the humanity.

!he general public e#pressed a strong desire to have a

compact and comprehensive and can book on first aid which

should be clear and can be read by common men and

understandable.

$



(ONT!NTS

(HAT!R TOI(

I %rinciples and practice of first aid

II &tructure and function of the human body

III 'ressing and bandage

I) (ounds, )leeding and &hock

) Injuries to bone, *oint, and +uscles

)I nconsciousness

)II !ransport

)III -ontent in first aid bo#

I* mergency action.

* )angalore hospitals emergency number list.

RIORIT" OF TR!AT#!NT IN (AS! OF A((ID!NTS

/



!+amination and Diagnosis

(ardio ulmonar, Resuscitation

(ontrol Bleeding

Treat S-oc. / S0ecial (are for

&nconsc &nconscious cases

Fracture Immo1ilisation

2ound 2ound cover wit- clean clot-

#ulti0le' in3uries

Trans0ortation

DRSAB(D action 0lan

In an emergency call on 45678 for an ambulance.

0



D9 DAN%!R

nsure the area is safe for you, others and the patient.

R9 R!SONS!-heck for responseask names2uee3e shoulders

No res0onse Res0onse

4 &end for help. 4 +ake comfortable

4 -heck for injuries

4 +onitor response.

S9 S!ND for -el0

-all on 51678 for an ambulance

or ask another person to make the call.

A9 AIR2A"

O0en mout- if foreign material is present9

4 %lace in the recovery position

4 clear airway with fingers.O0en airwa, by tilting head with chin lift.

B9BR!ATHIN%

(-ec. for 1reat-ing look, listen and feel.

Not normal 1reat-ing Normal 1reat-ing

4 &tart -%:. 4 %lace in recovery

position

4 monitor breathing

4 manage injuries

4 treat for shock.

(R

&tart -%:/6 chest compressions9 $ breaths

-ontinue -%: until help arrivesor patient recovers.

;



D9 D!FIBRILLATION

Apply defibrillator if available

<earn irst Aid = 1/66 />6 0;; =

(HAT!R95

RIN(IL!S AND RA(TI(! OF FIRST AID

!he originator of first aid was a ?erman military surgeon by

name 'r. smarch.

Definition:

irst aid is the immediate help or treatment given to a

victim of an accident, sudden illness or other injury before

medical help is obtained using available materials.

AI#S OF FIRST AID:

1. !o preserve life.

$. !o promote recovery.

/. !o prevent further damage.

0. @uick transport of casualty to a medical facility.

%OLD!N R&L!S OF FIRST AID:

1. Assess, mark safe, get help.

$. A.).-. 5A Airway, ) )reathing, --irculation8.

+aintain clear airway

-heck breathing if stopped, apply artificial

respiration.

-heck pulse if absent, give cardiac compression.

/. &top or control bleeding.

0. !reat for shock and its cause.;. !he recovery position for unconscious casualty.

>



>. Arrange transport to casualty to the hospital.

rinci0les of First Aid

18 :estoration.

$8 -ontrol bleeding./8 !reat shock.

08 !ransport.

;8 )e in control.

>8 Act calmly and logically.

B8 )e gentle but firm. &peak to the casualty kindly but

purposefully.

78 #plain what you are going to do.C8 Answer honestly and say DnoE if you donEt know.

168 Fever leave the casualty alone.

118 Inform the relatives.

B



ig. 1

&keleton &ystem

7



(HAT!R ;II

STR&(T&R! AND F&N(TION OF TH! H&#AN BOD"

Human body is made up of soft and hard tissues are

bones which go to form the skeleton system

SK!L!TON:

Human body has about $6> bones. It gives shape and

firmness to the body. Attachment to the voluntary muscles.

%rotects internal organs and produces red and white blood

corpuscles. !he important bones in the body are the skullconsisting of $$ bones. !here are // vertebras in the bane. !here

are 1$ pair of ribs. $collar bones, $ shoulder blades and two hip

bones. pper limb has one arm bone and two forearm bones.

<ikewise lower e#tremity has one strong thigh bone and two leg

bones. (rist and hand has $B bones and ankle, foot and knee

cap comprises of $B bones, 5refer fig. no.18.

<OINTS:

+eeting of end of two or more bones is called a joint

may be immovable like in skull or movable like shoulder, elbow,

hip, and knee. 5:efer fig .no. $ G /8.

Immovable joint 5&kull8 )all G &ocket joint 5Hip8

C



Hinge joint 5lbow8 &lightly movable joint

ig. /

SOFT TISS&!S

4a8 SKIN:

It covers the body, prevents germ entry into the body,

regulates body temperature and feels sensation.

418 #&S(L!S:

!here are more than ;66 muscles in the human body.

+uscles are two types9

5i8 oluntary muscles 5ii8 Involuntary muscles

oluntary muscles are attached to the skeleton of our body

and are under our control.

!he involuntary muscles go to from the internal organ and

not under our control.

&ome of the important organs are the brain in the skull and

its continuation, the spinal cord.

16



!he trunk is made up of the chest and the abdomen being

separated by a thin diaphragm. -hest the heart has two lungs,

the windpipe, the food pipe and the bold vessels.

!he abdominal cavity has the stomach, <iver, &pleen,idney, rinary bladder, etc.

Human body has two precious fluids i.e. the bold and the

lymph.

F&N(TION OF TH! BOD":

(IR(&LATOR" S"ST!#:

-irculatory system comprises of the heart with four

-hambers and the great blood vessels the lower two chamber of

the heart. 5ig. 0 Heart &tructure8.

11



ig. 0

&.. &ystem ein 5bringing blood from all part of the body to

the heart8

:.A. J :ight Atrium , <.A. J <eft Atrium

:.. J :ight entricle, <.. J <eft entricle.

%.A. J %ulmonary Arteries 5-arrying blood to the lungs8

%.. J %ulmonary ein.

A continuation of aorta distributing blood to the system

arteries of the trunk, lower limbs and the organs in the abdomen

and pelvis.

Heart function like pumps, the upper two chambers act

like supply tanks. !he right side of the heart receives the impure

or venous blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where

it become purified or o#ygenated and comes back to the left side

of the heart. rom here it is pumped to all parts of the body. !he

heart beat at the rate of =6 to 76 0er minute and pumps ;

<itters of blood every minute and weight about /66 gram. Its

si3e is little more than si3e of oneEs fist.

&LS!:

(hen the heart pumps the blood, the arteries e#pand and

contract at each pumping. !his action of the artery is called the

pulse.

!he pulse is generally taken in front of the wrist on the

thumb side by keeping the inde#, middle and ring finger is used

to press the artery and the middle finger is used for actualcounting.

1$



ig. ; &ite of :adial pulse

ig. > &ite of pulse

BLOOD R!SS&R!:

!he pressure of the blood in the arteries is called the

blood pressure and is maintained by the force re2uired to push

the blood to the capillary section of circulation. )lood pressure

is greater in the arteries, less in capillaries and least in the veins.

R!SIRATOR" S"ST!#

!he lungs lie on either side of the heart in the chest.

!hey receive the venous blood from the heart. )y the action of

breathing, blood is purified. !he normal rate of respiration is 1;

to $6 times in adults and /6 to 06 times in an infant per minute.

it has two phase9 the fresh air we breathe in is the inspiratory

phase and the air we breathe out is and get out. 'uring the

respiration ;K o#ygen absorb in lungs and 1>K o#ygen

1/



e#pelled by the lungs. -hest muscles and diaphragm take part in

respiration. Involuntary muscles and vital function of internal

organs.

<ook

(-ec. for 1reat-ing <isten

eel

DI%!STI)! S"ST!#:

!he food we take passed from the mouth to the stomach

through the pipe. In the stomach it is mi#ed with digestive juice

and passed on to intestine. !he food is digested in intestine by

digestive juice.

!he digested food is absorbed in the intestinal wall and the

remaining waste is passed out in the form of stools.

<iver produces greenish bile which helps in the digestion.

ItEs also stores glycogen and renders the poisonous substance

harmless.

N!R)O&S S"ST!#

!here are two types9

5i8 -entral nervous system

5ii8 Autonomous nervous system

)oth of them control and regulate all function of the

body.

10



(!NTRAL N!R)O&S S"ST!#:

!his consists of brain9 1$ pairs of cranial nervous, spinal

cord and /1 pair of spinal nervous.

A&TO N!R)O&S S"ST!#:

!hese are lumps of cell which form a net work and

controls the involuntary muscles and vital functions of internal

organs.

(HAT!R9III

DR!SSIN% AND BANDA%!S

D!FINITION:

'ressing is a protective covering over a wound.

'ressing helps to prevent infection, absorb discharge,

control bleeding and avoid further injury.

BANDA%!S: +ade of cloth, used to control bleeding , in

treating wound, to secure dressing and splints reduce swelling,

to give support to part of the body and assist in carrying

casualties.

!hey are two types9 518 !riangular bandage

5$8 :oller )andage

TRIAN%&LAR BANDA%!:

A triangular bandage can be made by cutting one meter

s2uare piece of cloth diagonally across. !his gives us two such

bandages.

1;



Reef .not should be used. !o make one, take the ends of

the bandages one in each hand, place lift one, place right over

lift, and then turn right. :eef knot are useful because, they are

firm, easy to unite and also comfortable to the casualty.

Slings sed to afford support and to prevent pull by upper

limbs injuries to chest, shoulder and neck.

Arm slings: ; to support the forearm and the hand and when

there are wounds, injuries and in case of the ribs. 5:efer fig. B8.

ig.B

!riangular )andage

1>

Narrow



ig.7

:eef not

ig.C

1B



5!riangular &ling Arm &ling8

ALI(ATIONS OF TRIAN%&LAR BANDA%!S

As a whole cloth to keep dressing in the position. In the

following application of the triangular bandage, which is opened

its full e#tent, a narrow should be turned up along the inside of

the base.

ig. 16

!riangular )andage

17



BANDA%! FOR TH! S(AL

&tand behind the casualty and place the bandage so that the

hem lies on the forehead close to the eyebrow and the point

hangs down at the back of the head.

-arry the ends round the head just above the ears.

-ross the ends over the point of the bandage near the nape of

the neck and bring them forward round the head above the ears.

!ie on the forehead close to the hem of the bandage.

&teady the head with one hand and with the other draw the

point of the bandage downward. !hen turn it up and secure it to

the bandage on the top on the head.

ig. 11

1C



(H!ST 4FRONT )I!28

&tand in front of the casualty. %lease the centre of the

bandage over the dressing with the point on the shoulder of thesame side. -arry the ends round the body and tie them vertically

below the point, leaving one end.

-arry the long end up and tie to the point behind the

shoulder. &tand behind the casualty and proceed as for the front

of the chest.

&tand facing the injured side. In the case of the hip and

groin, first tie a narrow bandage round the waist, knotting it on

the injured side. 5:efer fig.1$8

ig.1$

$6



or the shoulder place a bandage over the shoulder with the

point towards the ear.

or the hip or groin slip the point of a bandage under the knot of

the narrow bandage round the waist.

-arry the hen of the bandage round the middle of the upper arm

or thigh, cross the ends and tie on outer side.

In the case of the shoulder, apply a large arm sling. 'raw

the point over the sling or narrow bandage end secure.

!LBO2 OR KN!!:

%lace the limb in a convenient position. <ay the point of

the bandage on the back of the upper arm 5front of thigh8, the

middle of its base lying on the back of the forearm 5front of

leg8 9 cross the end in front of the elbow 5back of the knee8 then

round the arm 5thigh8 and tie above the joint. inish off by the

point of the bandage over the and secure. 5:efer fig.1/8.

$1



ig.1/ lbow )andaging

ROLL!R BANDA%!:

!he widths of this bandage vary according to the parts of

the body to be bandaged and the si3e of the casualty.

(hen partly unrolled the roll is called the head and the

unrolled part the free end.

!he standard bandage is the rigid open weave type.

A “confirming" bandage is more loosely woven holds dressinglightly but firmly in place, even pressure being maintained.

ig.10

:oller )andage 5<eg8

$$



Details of A00lication:

(hen applying roller bandages for

Hand or oot

orearm or <eg

lbow or nee

pper arm or !high,

!he following details are described for upper limb, but are

e#actly the same method for the lower limb.

HAND:

(ith the palm downwards fi# the bandage by two turns

round the wrist and carry the roll obli2uely over the back of the

hand to the side of the little finger, then round the palm. ncircle

the finger with one hori3ontal turn so that the lower border of

the bandage just reaches the root of the nail of the little finger.

-arry the bandage back again round the palm and then return

obli2uely to the wrist, the figure of eight turn round the wrist

and hand are repeated until the hand is covered. inish with a

spiral turn round the wrist and secure. 5:efer fig.1;8

$/



ig.1; Hand bandage

:ight turn, carrying the bandage over the elbow tip and round

the limb at the elbow level. !he second turn encircles the upper

arm, and the forearm, each being made to cover the margins of

the first turn.

&!R AR#:

!his is bandaged by a succession of simple or figure of

eight turn and the bandage may be carried on from the forearm

of elbow or started independently as convenient.

$0



ig.1> 5pper Arm &ling8

(HAT!R9 I)

2O&NDS' BL!!DIN% AND SHO(K

2O&NDS:

(ound is a break in the continuity of the soft tissues of

the body, mainly skinL it permits blood to escape and germ to

enter the body.

T,0es of wounds9

18 Incised wound caused by sharp edged

instrument.

$;



$8 <acerated wound -aused by tearing of tissues.

/8 -ontused wound -aused by blunt instrument,

skin is not cut.

08 %unctured wound -aused by point instrument.

Treatment:

+ain complication of wound is subse2uent infection.

Hence clean the wound with antiseptic. %ut a sterile dressing, fi#

with bandage or clean cloth and take casualty to a doctor. Fever

keep a wound open.

BL!!DIN%:

)leeding means escape of blood from the blood vessels

by injury.

)leeding may be e#ternal to the skin of the body or

internal when blood escapes from circulation inside the body.)leeding may also be from arteries or veins.

!*T!RNAL BL!!DIN%:

!o stop the bleeding9

1. %ress where the blood is coming from

$. levate arm or leg, if there is no fracture

/. :est and continue to % &!I<< till clot forms and do

not remove the clot.

If the bleeding still continues press more firmly. levate

higher and resort to indirect method, wherein you apply a

constriction above the bleeding point, 5only in the arm and

thigh8. !ake care to keep the pressure only for 1; minutes and

$>



release after 1; minute and reapply if the bleeding continues

after 1 or $ minutes and then take the casualty to the hospital.

INT!RNAL BL!!DIN%:

Internal bleeding may be invisible like that in <ungs,

&tomach, and idney or concealed like that in spleen, liver etc.

it is a medical emergency.

<ook for these signs9 %ale coloured skin and lip, thirst and air

hunger, increased pulse rate feeble pulse

cold and clammy skin.

!reatment9 :est the casualty and ask him to keep still

and take him to hospital as 2uickly as

possible.

DIFF!R!N(!S B!T2!!N ART!RIAL AND )!NO&S

BL!!DIN%:

Arterial 1lood )enous blood

)right red in colour 'ark red in colour

)lood comes out in jerks )lood flows continuously

S!)!R! BL!!DIN%:

a8 &hock is produced with loss of blood.

b8 It may develop at once or be delayed.

c8 )leeding may be seen outside when coming out of a cut

artery or the tear of a varicose vein, or it may be inside9

for e#ample, bleeding into the chest or abdominal cavity.

$B



d8 !he faster the loss of the blood the faster the onset of

shock. )ut beware of slow loss of blood which will

appear simple at first but later may become very serious.

FIRST AID A(TION

For severe e+ternal 1leeding:

wear gloves, if possible, to prevent infection

do not apply a tourni2uet

if an object is embedded in or protruding from a wound apply

pressure either side of the wound and place pads around it before bandaging.

give nothing by mouth.

ig. 1B Fose )leeding

2-at to do

&nconscious casualt,

1. ollow ':&A)-'.

(onscious casualt,

1. ollow ':&A)-'.

$7



$. <ie the casualty down and remove or cut their clothing to

e#pose the wound.

/. Apply direct pressure over the wound using a pad or your

hands 5use gloves if available8. Instruct the casualty to do this if possible.

0. &2uee3e the wound edges together if possible.

;. :aise and support the injured part above the level of the heart.

>. Handle gently if you suspect a fracture.

B. Apply a pad over the wound if not already in place and secure

by bandaging over the padded wound.

7. If bleeding is still not controlled, leave initial pad in place and

apply a second pad and secure with a bandage.

C. -heck circulation below wound.

16. nsure an ambulance has been called

BL!!DIN% FRO# S!(IAL R!SIONS:

NOS!9 make casualty sit upright and bend his head forward.

Ask him to breathe through mouth and pinch the soft part of

nose. Mou can put a cold compress and send for a doctor 5fig.

1B8.

!AR: it may indicate fracture of the base of the skull. 'o not

plug the ear. Incline the head to the affected side. %ut a dressingover the ear. !ransfer to the hospital 2uickly.

BL!!DIN% FRO# )ARI(OS! )!IN:

ery sever in legs and may be fatal.

$C



Treatment: lay the casualty flat. :aise the leg. Apply clean pad

and bandage firmly. <oosen the clothing around waist and

!ransfer to hospital.

SHO(K

Shock is a condition of collapse which should be treated on

top priority second only to attending to obstructed breathing.

&toppage of heart, or severe bleeding, it may lead to death, if nottreated in time.

T,0es and causes of s-oc.:

&hock can be divided into two types9

Nervous s-oc. and True s-oc.$

/6

- Bolt the way of blood supply(veins and arteries)



Fervous shock is due to strong emotional upset, e.g. ear,

%ain, or )ad news9 and not necessarily due to serious injury

5does not need treatment as such8.

Sign and s,m0toms of s-oc.

1. -asualty feel faint or giddy

$. -omplains of blurring of vision.

/. eels cold with clammy skin.

0. ace and lips look pale.

;. %ulse may become slow at first but later always beats faster

but gets feeble.

>. omits 5in many cases8.B. )ecomes unconscious in later stage of shock.

#anagement of s-oc.

1. :eassure the casualty 5when conscious8.

$. %ut him comfortably on his back. #cept in case of injury of

the head, the chest or of the abdomen, lower the head

slightly and turn n to a side. In cases of vomiting place in the

three 2uarter back up position 5fig.8

/. <oosen tight clothing, but do not remove clothing.

0. (rap with light bed sheet or thin rug.

;. Fever use hot water bottles or very warm rugs. 'o not rub

any part of the body with anything.

>. In cases of injuries to chest or abdomen, nothing should be

given by mouth as he may later need an operation or blood

transfusion.

B. Nbserver all the above 2uickly as even minutes delayed

many mean death. there is no chest abdominal injury and

the patient is conscious, give sips of water, hot tea or coffee

or tender coconut water 5never give any alcoholic drinks8.

7. +ost important9 :emove to hospital on top priority.

True s-oc. in seen in t-e following conditions$

/1



$. &: ):F&9 when e#tensive, i.e. when more half the

skin surface is affected.

/. HA: A!!A-&9 (hen the blood supply to the heart is

obstructed.

0. A)'N+IFA< +:?F-I&9 <ike burst appendi#,

perforated stomach, intestinal obstruction etc.

;. <N&& )N'M <I'9 'ue to e#cess of vomiting, diarrhoea,

dysentery etc.

>. -:&HIF*:I&9 An in collapsed building, e#plosion, etc.

B. )A-!:IA< IF-!INF&9 'ischarge of poisons 5to#ins, in

to the blood caused by bacteria8.

TR!AT#!NT:

&top bleeding if possible. :eassure the casualty. eep the

casualty warm. +oisten the lips if they are dry. If due to

dehydration give plenty or oral fluids. %lace casualty in head

low position if there are no head or spinal injuries.

(HAT!R9 )

IN<&R!IS TO BON!S' <OINTS AND #&S(L!S

IN<&RI!S TO BON!S

:A-!:9

A crack or a break in the continuity of a bone is called a

fracture.

-A&&9

/$



18 'irect force9 !he bone breaks at the site of the applied

force. .g. *aw )one fractures.

$8 Indirect force9 !he applied force is at one place and bone

break at another place. .g. fracture of the collar bone.

/8 +uscular contraction9 .g. fracture of the knee cap.

T"! OF FRA(T&R!S9

T-ere seven t,0es of fractures$ T-ree are ver, im0ortant$

18 &imple fracture 5-losed8 )roken ends of the bone do

not cut open skin.

Fo e#ternal wound is seen.$8 -ompound fracture 5Npen8 Here the bone breaks and

protrudes outside. If may cut the muscles and skin and

would communicates with fracture.

/8 -omplicated fracture In addition to fracture the fracture

may injure internal organs. .g. racture of the ribs.

(e can recogni3e the fracture by #cruciation pain,swelling, tenderness, loss of muscle power, deformity, grating

noise and unnatural movements.

//



ig. 17 !ypes of racture

ig. 1C !ype of fracture

/0



ig.$6 -ollar )one racture

/;



ig. $1 pper limb racture

ig.$$ racture of the pelvis

/>



ig.$/ racture of the legs

TR!AT#!NT:

!o reduce the pain and prevent further injury we have

to immobilise the fracture part including the joint above and

below the line fracture. (e can use splints 5or

improvisations8 and bandages for the purpose.

IN<&R" TO <OINT

S0rains:9Is the tearing of the ligament of the joint caused by

sudden movement.

Treatment: %lace the limb in a comfortable position. Apply

firm bandage which should be kept completely moist.

Dislocation: Is the displacement of one or more bones from its

normal position in joints. .g. &houlder, signs and symptoms are

/B



like that of a fracture and the first aider should treat this case

like that of a fracture.

IN<&RI!S TO #&S(L!S

Strain: 9 -aused by over stretching of the muscle resulting in

some muscles fibres torn. It causes sudden pain, swelling and

stiffness.

Treatment: &upport the injured part. Apply cold compress.

irm bandage to be applied.

BLANK!T LIFT:

racture of the spine should be suspected in all cases of

back injury. All patients should be carried face upwards on a

stretcher. or placing the casualty on stretcher )lanket lift is

used.

5!his method is used when a blanket has been placed under the patient8.

I. If poles of good length and rigidity are available, roll the

blanket over the poles until the poles are pressed to the

sides of the casualty.

II. (ith two bearers supporting the neck and ankle, the

others stand to one each side and lift the casualty. Fow

the stretcher is placed e#actly under the casualty, who is

gently lowered on to the stretcher.

III. Fow make sure that neck and back pads in correct

position and supported to avoid undesired movement.

/7



I. If poles are not available, the blanket is rolled tightly up

to the sides of the casualty. If necessary, broad bandages

are placed around the body and at the level of thigh and

another at the level of shoulder. Fow lift the casualty

adopting the same method described above.

ig.$0 )lanket lifting

(HAT!R9 )I

/C



ASH"*IA 4S&FFO(ATION8

Asphy#ia is a condition in which there is continuous want

of o#ygen in the circulation blood and as such the tissues are

starved of o#ygen.

-A&&9

a8 #ternal and internal obstruction to the windpipe,

Hanging, oreign body in the throat or Airway.

b8 Nther causes like 'rawing, chest injuries, injury to brain

which control respiratory activity like poisons, etc.

&I?F AF' &M+%!N+&9

1. :espiratory rate increases.

$. &hallow breathing.

/. <ips, tongue, face, finger become blue 5-yanosis8.

0. orth may appear at the mouth.

;. +ay become unconscious.

+AFA?+F!9

1. :emove the cause if possible.

$. +ake air passages clear.

/. ?ive artificial respiration.

ARTIFI(IAL BR!ATHIN%

06



%lace the casualty face upwards. <ift the jaw upwards thus

straightening the neck.

#O&TH TO #O&TH #!THOD

Npen your mouth wide, take deep breath and in case of9

I. (HILD OR INFANT9 seal your lips around the mouth

and nose and blow gently till the chest rises and then

remove your mouth. :epeat at a rate about 16 times per

minute. 5:efer fig8.

II. AD&LT9 seal your lips around casualtyEs mouth while

closing the nostrils with your fingers and thumb and

blow at a rate of about 16 times per minute.

T-e ot-er met-ods of artificial res0iration:

Holger FeilsonEs method, &ilvesterEs method and &chafferEs

method.

!*T!RNAL H!ART (O#R!SSION

4Or8

(ARDIO&L#ONAR" R!S&S(ITATION 4(R8

#et-od:

18 %lace casualty, face upward on hard surface.

$8 %lace yourself at the side of the casualty.

/8 eel for lower half of the breastbone.

08 %lace the heel of your palm on this part keeping the palm

and fingers off the chest.

;8 -over this hand with the heel of the other hand.

01



>8 (ith arms straight, rock forwards pressing down on the

lower half of the breastbone 5 in an unconscious adult it

can be pressed towards the spine for about one and half

inches 5 0 cm8. 5:efer fig8.

B8 !he :atio of -%: should be /69$ for 0 cycles.

ig.$; +outh to +outh )reathing

0$



ig.$> -ross section through chest

IN AD&LT9 :epeat the pressure at >6 to 76 time per minute.

ig. $B Adult -%:

IF -HI<':F %!N !F MA: <ight pressure with onehand is sufficient and the rate is 76 to C6 times per minute.

0/



IF IFAF! very light pressure with two fingers is enough and

the rate is 166 times per minute.

!he pressure in all cases should be firm but controlled.

rratic or violent action may cause damage to the ribs or the

internal organs.

-heck the effectiveness of the compression of the heart by9

(atching for an improvement in the casualtyEs colour.

Fothing the si3e of the pupils, which should become smaller with effective treatment.

ig. $7 Infant -%:

eeling the neck pulse, which will become apparent with each

compression.

mergency resuscitation may have to be continued until the

casualty reaches hospital.

00



Fig$>6 AB( #aintenance

0;



(HAT!R9 )II

&N(ONS(IO&SN!SS

Any interference with the normal functioning of the brain cause

loss of consciousness.

nconsciousness is of two kinds9

4a8 artial called stu0or 418 (om0lete called (oma

In stupor the casualty when spoken to can be roused with

difficult, but in coma there is no response at all. In coma the

pupils do not react to light and some time they may be widely

dilated.

(auses of unconsciousness:

518 Head injuries 5$8 stroke5/8 Infantile convulsions 508 poisoning

5;8 ainting 5>8 &un stroke and Heart #haustion

5B8 'iabetic -oma or Insulin over dose

578 Heart attack 5168 Hysteria

5118 pilepsy 51$8 &hock

51/8 Asphy#ia

#ANA%!#!NT OF &N(ONS(IO&SN!SS:

1. nsure supply of fresh air and that the air passages are

free, :emove casualty from harmful places, remove false

teeth, if wearing.

$. <oosen clothing at neck, chest and waist. eep him

warm by covering him with blankets or similar articles.

0>



/. If breathing has stopped or is feeble, start artificial

respiration at once.

0. If breathing is noisy, turn him to three 2uarter prone.

;. Apply specific treatment for the cause.

>. 'o not give him the hospital.B. !ransport him to the hospital.

7. 'o not try to induce vomiting.

TRANSORT

458 Su00ort 1, a single -el0er:a8 H+AF -:A'< 5to be used only for light casualty or

children89 Nne of your arms beneath the knees and the

other support the back.

b8 H+AF -:!-H9 &tanding on the injured side 5pper

limb8 put your arm round his waist, grasp the clothing at

his hip and place his arm round your neck and hold his

hand with your free hand. If the lower limbs are injuredand his other hand is free the casualty may gain

additional help by walking stick.

4?8 If two or more -el0er availa1le:

HAF' &A!&9

a8 !wo handed seat with hook grip.

b8 our handed seatc8 ore and apt method.

4>8 STR!T(H!R 9 ordinary standard stretcher and

telescopic handled stretcher

4@8 2H!!L!D TRANSSORT: Ambulance van or any

other conveyance.

0B



ig./1 Human -rutch

07



ig./$ Human -radle

ig.// Human -radle

0C



ig./0 lifting casualty

(ONT!NTS OF A FIRST:9 AID BO*

18 +edium si3e 5'ust proof8

$8 Nne set of first Aid splints 5(ooden8

/8 1$ !riangular )andages

08 / %ackets of &terili3ed -otton wool

;8 > irst J Aid 'ressing 5/ <arge, / +edium8

>8 C :oller )andages assortedB8 / )urns 'ressings

78 $ ye pads

C8 1 %acket of safety pins.

168 1 &pool Adhesive %laster

118 1 &cissor

1$8 1 !ube -etavlon

1/8 1 )ottle 'ettol108 1 !ube ye Nintment of sulphacetamide

1;8 1 <oose (oven ?au3e

;6



1>8 1 )ottle Aspirin 5$0 !ablets8

1B8 1 &cribbling pas with a pan

178 1 !orch.

ig. /; irst Aid )o# Articles.

!#!R%!N(" A(TION

In any situation, you must first take three essential steps9

<ook for 'anger, :emove any 'anger, and assess the situation.

Nnly then you can decide to use chart shown below as whataction should take.

;1



An unconscious casualty always takes priority9 ever if

resuscitation is not necessary, an unconscious person needs

immediate attention to ensure that he or she can breathe. Nnly

then you should begin to assess and treat any injuries, and any

other, conscious casualties.

nless you are alone with a casualty whose heart has

stopped, call for help and if found safe to leave the casualty you

may do so.

;$



;/

NO



DOs AND DONTs ON FISRT AID

DOs:

1. Attend to the casualty as 2uickly as possible.

$. !ake through history of the accident./. +ake the casualty and yourself comfortable while giving

first JAid

0. ncover an unconscious casualty in a O prone position

;. !ransport an unconscious casualty as little as possible.

>. !ransport a lower jaw fracture casualty with the face

downward position or sitting position.

B. &top bleeding first7. !reat the fracture on the spot

C. !reat the shock

16. A casualty with the fracture of the spine, pelvis or leg

must be lifted with the blanket lift or the emergency.

11. (hen in double treat the injured part as a fracture.

1$. If you use a constrictive band take care to loosen it every

1; minute.

DONTs:

1. 'o not try to set right a dislocated joint.

$. Avoid using splints as far as possible

/. 'o not use spirit near the eye or an open wound

0. 'o not apply bandage too tight so as to impede

circulation.;. 'o not induce the vomiting where a casualty is

unconscious.

>. 'o not attempt to do too much and take the

responsibilities of a 2ualified doctor.

B. 'o not feed a casualty when you suspect an internal

injury or when he is unconscious.

;0



7. 'o not waste time in a condition of internal bleeding

or head injury but transport the casualty as 2uickly as

possible to a Hosp

BAN%ALOR! HOSITALS LIST 4(ALL IN (AS! OF

!#!R%!N("8

18 In a medical emergency call on 51678 for an ambulance.

$8 :oad traffic accident call on 516/8

/8 !raffic police 51668

08 +anipal hospital )angalore 5 676$$$$11118;8 &akra world hospital )angalore 56760C>C0C>C8

>8 -hild victim 516C78

B8 ?lobal hospital )angalore 5676$>$;;;;;8

78 )?& hospital 5676$>$;;;;;8

C8 H hospital 56CC666/B0718

168 &hreya hospital )angalore 5676$;C67C;78

%LOSSAR"

;;



-%: 9 -ardiopulmonary :esuscitation

A)- 9 Airway, )reathing, -irculation

:)- 9 :ed )lood -ell

()- 9 (hite )lood -ell

H) 9 Haemoglobin

A 9 irst Aid

:I- 9 :est, Ice, -ompress, levate

-& 9 -ardiovascular &ystem

-F& 9 -entral Fervous &ystem

--- 9 -heck, -all, -are

R!F!R!N(!S

;>



5$ *ones and )artlett. irst aid and -%:. ourth edition.

*ones and )artlett publisher. -anada. $666.

?$ <.-. ?upta. +anual of irst Aid +anagement. irst

edition. *aypee )rothers publication, Few 'elhi. $660.>$ Ajay &ingh. irst Aid And emergency -are. ighth

dition. F.:. )rothers %ublication. Indore, $660.

@$ 'r. F.:. -avale. Hand book on first aid. ; th edition. &t.

*ohn Ambulance. $611.

$ an de elde &, :oe# A, angronsveld , Fie3ink <, an

%raet , Heselmans A, et al. -an training improve

laypersons helping behaviour in first aidP A randomised

controlled deception trial. mergency +edicine *ournal

Qserial on the InternetR. $61$9 Available from9

http9SSwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govSpubmedS$$;>$6B6P

doptT-itation.

=$ &wor :, han I, 'omeier :, Honeycutt <, -hu ,

-ompton &. -%: training and -%: performance9 do -%:

trained bystanders perform -%:P Academic mergency

+edicine. $66>L 1/5>89;C>>61.

$ International ederation of :ed -ross and :ed -rescent

&ocieties. International first aid and resuscitation guidelines

$611. &wit3erland9 I:-L $611.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22562070?dopt=Citation




Documents

Hand Book on First Aid