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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 16 “How China Became Chinese”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
__________ Determinism （環境決定論/地理的決定論）
Geographic Determinism （環境決定論/地理的決定論）
How did China become “Chinese?”
or
How did China stay Chinese for so long?
How did China become “Chinese?”
China has remained
l__________
China has remained
linguistically
China has remained
linguistically
China has remained
culturally
linguistically
China has remained
culturally
politically
linguistically
China has remained
culturally
politically
similar over the last 2,000 years
Other countries have gone through so many changes
Other countries have gone through so many changes
China is actually unusual
Huge g_________ differences in the country
Huge geographic differences in the country
Long from north to s____
Huge geographic differences in the country
Long from north to south
Huge geographic differences in the country
Northern China’s climate - very dry and cold
Southern China - wet and quite w___
Southern China - wet and quite warm
If e__________ is so important then why is China China?
If environment is so important then why is China China?
If environment is so important then why is China China?
Why is it not 5 or 6 different countries, each with a different culture and language?
La_________ in China
Languages in China
When two regions of China share some of the same languages (or at least words)
When two regions of China share some of the same languages (or at least words)
=It’s likely the two regions in________ with one another in the past
When two regions of China share some of the same languages (or at least words)
=It’s likely the two regions interacted with one another in the past
Hundreds of “minor languages” in China
Hundreds of “minor languages” in China
1,000’s or 10,000’s of speakers
“Minor languages” in China
“Minor languages” in China
Similar to the “major languages” in …
“Minor languages” in China
Similar to the “major languages” in …
V______ Laos
M______ Cambodia
“Minor languages” in China
Similar to the “major languages” in …
Vietnam Laos
M______ Cambodia
“Minor languages” in China
Similar to the “major languages” in …
Vietnam Laos
Myanmar Cambodia
Reason:
Reason:
People of many Southeast A____ countries
Reason:
People of many Southeast Asian countries
Reason:
People of many Southeast Asian countries
Descended (…の子孫である, 血統である) from people who once lived in parts of China
Chinese History
Chinese History
Northern and Southern Chinese may have developed a_________ independently
Chinese History
Northern and Southern Chinese may have developed agriculture independently
Conditions for agriculture to develop:
Conditions for agriculture to develop:
Temperate climate (温暖な気候)
Conditions for agriculture to develop:
Temperate climate (温暖な気候)
availability of crops
Conditions for agriculture to develop:
Temperate climate (温暖な気候)
availability of crops
large m_______ (哺乳動物) to be domesticated
Conditions for agriculture to develop:
Temperate climate (温暖な気候)
availability of crops
large mammals (哺乳動物) to be domesticated
Agriculture ——>
Agriculture ——>
development of metallurgy (冶金学/術)
development of metallurgy (冶金学/術) ——>
development of metallurgy (冶金学/術) ——>
other complex te___________
development of metallurgy (冶金学/術) ——>
other complex technologies
How did the different parts of China interact with one another?
Network of large r______
Network of large rivers
People could travel north and south fairly easily =
Network of large rivers
People could travel north and south fairly easily =
More easily than in the Americas or Africa
Network of large rivers
Result:
Many technologies d______ (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
rice growing
Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
rice growing w______
Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
rice growing writing
Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China
Result:
rice growing writing ironwork(鉄製)
Diamond’s rule:
a) Diffusion is easier from east to west
b) Diffusion is easier from north to south
Diamond’s rule:
a) Diffusion is easier from east to west
b) Diffusion is easier from north to south
Diamond’s rule:
Because, generally similar cl_____, similar day lengths etc.
Diamond’s rule:
Because, generally similar climate, similar day lengths etc.
However… in China
However… in China
Diffusion in all directions …
However… in China
Diffusion in all directions …
especially from north to south
However… in China
Diffusion in all directions …
especially from north to south mostly due to r_____
However… in China
Diffusion in all directions …
especially from north to south mostly due to rivers
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
Powerful weapons
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
Powerful weapons Advanced ag_________
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
Powerful weapons Advanced agriculture
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
United with Chinese in the s____
Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China
United with Chinese in the south
Chinese peoples in the north and the south
Chinese peoples in the north and the south
Similar c______
Chinese peoples in the north and the south
Similar cultures
Chinese peoples in the north and the south
Similar cultures History of exchanging crops
Chinese peoples in the north and the south
Many of the same technologies (agriculture, ironwork, writing…)
Easily na________ (航行可能な) rivers allowed
Chinese in the north and south to unify
Easily navigable (航行可能な) rivers allowed
Chinese in the north and south to unify
Unified ethnic Chinese drove out non-ethnic Chinese people
Unified ethnic Chinese drove out non-ethnic Chinese people
Pushed non-ethnic Chinese people south (Vietnam, Myanmar Laos, Cambodia)
Eliminated non-ethnic Chinese culture
Eliminated non-ethnic Chinese culture
Many early Chinese emperors burned b____ in non-Chinese languages
Eliminated non-ethnic Chinese culture
Many early Chinese emperors burned books in non-Chinese languages
Superior te_________ and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…
Superior technology and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…
Superior technology and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…
make Chinese culture unusually monolithic（完全に統制されて、 一枚岩的な）
Chapter 17 “Speedboat to Polynesia”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in C____…
In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in China…
New Guinea has a lot of diversity
In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in China…
Different ethnicities and cultures are hostile to one another
In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in China…
Javans, Highlanders, Lowlanders and Chinese …
In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in China…
Why?
Why?
Difficult ge________, not easy to travel
long distance by river, people isolated
Why?
Difficult geography, not easy to travel
long distance by river, people isolated
Austronesian expansion - Starting from about 6,000 years ago
Austronesian expansion - Starting from about 6,000 years ago
“Austronesia” = Taiwan, The Philippines, In_______,
New Guinea & many of the Pacific Islands
Austronesian expansion - Starting from about 6,000 years ago
“Austronesia” = Taiwan, The Philippines, Indonesia,
New Guinea & many of the Pacific Islands
Austronesian expansion - Starting from about 6,000 years ago
“Austronesia” = Taiwan, The Philippines, Indonesia,
New Guinea & many of the Pacific Islands
Earliest agriculture in Austronesia came from…
Earliest agriculture in Austronesia came from…
A) Taiwan
B) Japan
C) Australia
D) India
Earliest agriculture in Austronesia came from…
A) Taiwan
B) Japan
C) Australia
D) India
What enabled people from T_____ (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
What enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
What enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
(Answer to come later)
They brought…
They brought…
a__________ techniques
They brought…
agricultural techniques
They brought…
agricultural techniques domesticated animals
They brought…
agricultural techniques
pottery…
domesticated animals
Probably traveled through Austronesian is______ using small boats and canoes
Probably traveled through Austronesian islands using small boats and canoes
Probably traveled through Austronesian islands using small boats and canoes
Probably traveled through Austronesian islands using small boats and canoes
Present-day Austronesians are probably descendants of
agriculturalists who spread through Austronesia 6,000 years ago
So, what enabled people from T_____ (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
So, what enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
So, what enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
Knowledge of a________
So, what enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?
Knowledge of agriculture
Knowledge of agriculture
Knowledge of agriculture
Agriculture encouraged people to or______ ——>
Knowledge of agriculture
Agriculture encouraged people to organize ——>
Agriculture encouraged people to organize ——>
Agriculture encouraged people to organize
discover new technologies
——>
discover new technologies ——>
Agriculture encouraged people to organize ——>
discover new technologies ——>
_____ ——>
discover new technologies ——>
boats ——>
discover new technologies ——>
used to colonize Austronesia ——>
boats ——>
Evidence:
Agricultural practices
Evidence:
Agricultural practices Crops
Evidence:
Agricultural practices Crops
Evidence:
Animals
Further Evidence:
L_________
Further Evidence:
Languages
Further Evidence:
Example from another part of the world
- the word for “sheep” in many Indo-European languages …
Further Evidence:
インドヨーロッパ語族
“sheep” in…
(Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Lithuanian) is very similar
(Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Lithuanian) is very similar
“sheep” in…
Ancient peoples of these cultures traded sheep with each other
=
Similarly,…
オーストロネシア語族
Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Ta________ languages
オーストロネシア語族
Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Taiwanese languages
オーストロネシア語族
Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Taiwanese languages
Farmers spread their crops and technologies through Austronesia starting from Taiwan
オーストロネシア語族
Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …
オーストロネシア語族
Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …
Agriculture
Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …
Agriculture Technology
Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …
La________
Agriculture Technology
Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …
Languages
Agriculture Technology
About 1500 B.C - People reached New Guinea
About 1500 B.C - People reached New Guinea
However, they did not “c______” New Guinea,
as they did other places
About 1500 B.C - People reached New Guinea
However, they did not “conquer” New Guinea,
as they did other places
Why?
Why?
- New Guineans are noticeably physically different from other Austronesians
- New Guineans are noticeably physically different from other Austronesians
New Guineans Maori
- New Guineans speak l________ not closely related to ancient Austronesian languages
- New Guineans speak languages not closely related to ancient Austronesian languages
So, why didn’t Austronesians “conquer” New Guinea?
- New Guineans already had some agriculture
So, why didn’t Austronesians “conquer” New Guinea?
- New Guineans already had some agriculture
=Te__________
So, why didn’t Austronesians “conquer” New Guinea?
- New Guineans already had some agriculture
=Technology
So, why didn’t Austronesians “conquer” New Guinea?
Technology ——>
Technology
Political organization
——>
Technology
Political organization
——>
Also…
Technology
Political organization
——>
Resistance to t_______ diseases like malaria Also…
Technology
Political organization
——>
Resistance to tropical diseases like malaria Also…
New Guineans’ advances in agriculture protected them from both…
New Guineans’ advances in agriculture protected them from both…
Ancient Au_________ expansion
New Guineans’ advances in agriculture protected them from both…
Ancient Austronesian expansion
New Guineans’ advances in agriculture protected them from both…
Ancient Austronesian expansion
European colonization in the modern era
Differences in the colonization of different Austronesian islands
Differences in the colonization of different Austronesian islands
Explains the importance of agriculture in a
society’s ability to c________ other places
Differences in the colonization of different Austronesian islands
Explains the importance of agriculture in a
society’s ability to colonize other places
Agriculture
Agriculture = huge advantage
It gives people …
Agriculture = huge advantage
t_________
It gives people …
Agriculture = huge advantage
technology
It gives people …
Agriculture = huge advantage
technology organization
It gives people …
Agriculture = huge advantage
Agriculture =
It gives people …
technology organization germs
huge advantage
Result:
Austronesian islands where colonization largely failed already had their own forms of __________
Result:
Austronesian islands where colonization largely failed already had their own forms of agriculture
Result:
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