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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 18 “Hemispheres Colliding”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
What is a “hemisphere”?
_________
What is a “hemisphere”?
半球
Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)
develop more sophisticated t_________ or societal
centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?
Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)
develop more sophisticated technology or societal
centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?
Reason 1
Reason 1
No large do___________ mammals (except the Llama)
=
Reason 1
No large domesticable mammals (except the Llama)
=
Reason 1
Native American societies had no genetic defenses against germs
=
Reason 1
European di_______ like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans
=
Reason 1
European diseases like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans
=
Reason 2
Reason 2
Ag_________ wasn’t common in the New World
Reason 2
Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World
Reason 2
Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World
because of…
Reason 2
few reliable sources of grain (穀物)
Reason 2
infertile soil (肥沃でない土壌)
Reason 2
Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical r_________)
Reason 2
Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical rainforests)
Reason 2
Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)
because of those geographic b_______
Reason 2
Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)
because of those geographic barriers
Result
Result
Europe had a big advantage over the New World
Europe
Specialization of society
Europe
Specialization of society
Centralization of g_________
Europe
Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Europe
Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Europe
Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Discovery of new
t_________
Europe
Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Discovery of new
technology
Europe
Allowed European explorers to travel to the New World and conquer Native Americans
Eurasia -
Eurasia -
advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of c__________
Eurasia -
advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of civilization
Plant domestication
______ domestication
Animal domestication
Metallurgy (冶金術)
Foundation of centralized states
_______
Writing
All happened in Eurasia before the Americas
Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
ge_________ ba_________
Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
geographic ba_________
Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
geographic barriers
and because…
and because…
the Americas are longest from north to _____
and because…
the Americas are longest from north to south
Eurasia is longest from ____ to west
Eurasia is longest from east to west
Eurasia is longest from east to west
=
more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate
more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate
=
once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it d______ to other parts of the continent relatively quickly
once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it diffused to other parts of the continent relatively quickly
Crops, domesticated animals and technology did not spread from Mesoamerica to Peru
east —> west diffusion = e_____
east —> west diffusion = easier
east —> west diffusion = easier
north —> south diffusion = difficult
Between 10th and 15th centuries
Between 10th and 15th centuries
Europeans (V_____) came to the New World
Between 10th and 15th centuries
Europeans (Vikings) came to the New World
The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support a_________
The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture
The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture
too cold, poor soil…
After 1492 A.D
European societies explored the N__ W____ —>
European societies explored the New World —>
Used their advantages (guns and swords and germs) —>
Defeated Native A________ —>
Defeated Native Americans —>
How?
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior w______
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government w______
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government writing
Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
before New World societies
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government writing
Chapter 19 “How Africa Became Black”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or r____, in Africa
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
Blacks - Mostly in Sub-_______ Africa
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
Blacks - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Whites - Mostly in Northern Africa
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
African Pygmies - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - small size, dark skin
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Khoisan - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - lighter (yellowish) skin and tightly coiled hair
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
A_____ - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)
Before 1500
Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Asians - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)
Before 1500
Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural d________
Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural diversity
Western culture related to Middle Eastern culture (The Bible, Semitic languages セム語)
Archaeological and l________ evidence
Archaeological and linguistic evidence
Semitic languages originated in North Africa
Semitic language and culture ——> A______ origins
Semitic language and culture ——> African origins
African Bantu Languages
Conquered their Khoisan and Pygmy neighbors
Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient B____ speakers from North Africa
Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient Bantu speakers from North Africa
Why did the Bantu peoples engulf/conquer their neighbors, instead of the other way around?
Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in N____ A_____
Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in North Africa
North Africans (Bantu languages/peoples) had a big advantage
Shows the centrality of geography and c______ in determining the development of a society over time
Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time
Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time
and
the importance of d_______ in human history
the importance of diffusion in human history
When African societies did develop agriculture, they often did so because of interactions with neighboring societies
11,000 years ago
Bantu peoples
Farming in the Sahara desert (not a desert at the time)
Bantu peoples
Detour to Ma________
Detour to Madagascar
How could Austronesian’s travel all the way there?
I_____ Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar
Indian Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar
Shows the importance of t____ and diffusion in human history
Shows the importance of trade and diffusion in human history
Asian societies were able to travel all the way to sub-Saharan Africa
Why?
Strong e_______ incentive for trade
Strong economic incentive for trade
Back to North Africans (Bantu people)
These a__________ spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages
These agriculturalists spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages
North African - “Bantu” expansion
Had a military industrial package
Had a military industrial package
agriculture
Had a military industrial package
social centralization
Had a military industrial package
_________
Had a military industrial package
weaponry
Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their c______
Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their climate
Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of g_________ in history
Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of geography in history
The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
superior technology (including iron weapons)
The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
possibly their immunities to certain deadly d_______ (malaria)
The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
possibly their immunities to certain deadly diseases (malaria)
All these advantages were mostly due to agriculture
However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?
However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Access to military t________
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Access to military technology
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Immunity to diseases
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Widespread li______
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Widespread literacy
Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Centralized government
Why did Europe develop these advantages rather than sub-Saharan Africans?
1) Europeans had access to domesticable _______,
whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not
1) Europeans had access to domesticable animals,
whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not
2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable ______
2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans
=
=
they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans
2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
able to acquire important technologies
and innovations from its n________
3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
able to acquire important technologies
and innovations from its neighbors
Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)
Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)
No communication with North Africa due to Sahara Desert
Europe’s colonization of Africa
Europe’s colonization of Africa
Used by racists as proof that E_______ are superior to other races
Europe’s colonization of Africa
Used by racists as proof that Europeans are superior to other races
Actually had nothing to do with racial superiority
Due to a series of geographic coin_________
Due to a series of geographic coincidences
Europeans became stronger due to “geographic ____” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”
Europeans became stronger due to “geographic luck” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”
No innate superiority that led Europeans to “engulf” other cultures
Just a complex combination of external f______
Just a complex combination of external factors
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