Groundwater Resources of the World, 1:25.000 · Victoria Lake Tanganyika Lake Tana N i l e Lake...

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BBi Bi

HH H H H

Tunguska

Danube

LakeVolta

WhiteVolta

LakeAlbert

LakeVictoria

LakeTanganyika

Lake Tana

Lake Nasser

Lake Edward

Lake Kivu

LakeTurkana

Lake Mweru

Lake Malawi

Lake KaribaOkavango

Lake Chad

Vänern

Vättern

Lake Ladoga

Lake Onega

Lake RybinskLake Peipus

Lake Kuybyshev

Aral Sea

Lake Balqash

Issyk Kul

LakeTiticaca

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

Lake Huron

Lake Michigan

Lake Superior

Lake Nipigon

Lake Winnipeg

Lake Althabasca

Great Slave Lake

Great Bear Lake

Ganges

Irtysh

Lake Baikal

Lake Taymyr

Tuloma

Angara

Kemijoki

Great Salt Lake

Ayeyarwady

Phr aya

Chang Jiang

Pilcomayo

Desaguadero

Orange

Webi Shabeelle

Dnipro

Xiliao He

Chisinau

Tallinn

Vilnius

Astana

Bishkek

Kano Aden

UlsanKaraj

AccraLagos

HanoiMecca

DhakaAswan

DubaiPatna

TampaDelhi

LhasaCairo

RabatKabul

KyotoTokyo

Tunis Adana

TurinMilan

Putian

Fuyang

Suzhou

YantaiAthens

Samara

Noumea

Taipei

Multan

Meerut

Indore

XuzhouSuzhou

Ningbo

Anadyr

Jeddah

Baotou

Tehran

Vienna

Bogota

Sofiya

Hobart

Sydney

Durban

Maseru

Maputo

Harare

CairnsLa Paz

Cuiaba Lusaka

Darwin

Maceio

Luanda

Recife

Manaus

Kigali

DoualaBangui

KumasiIbadan

Panama City

Kaduna

Bamako ChennaiNiamey

Manila

Asmara

Puebla MumbaiToluca

Merida

Nagpur

KhulnaHavanaMuscat

Riyadh

Murzuq FuzhouKanpur

Jaipur

Kuwait

ShirazAustin Lahore

Dallas

Beirut

Aleppo

Taejon

TabrizSendai

LisbonDalian

DenverAnkara

MadridNaples

Boston

Almaty

Urumqi

Ottawa Harbin

Quebec

Munich

Prague

London WarsawBerlin

Dublin

Moscow

Juneau

Huainan

Torreon

Tijuana

DhanbadAsansol

Wenzhou

Shantou

Huludao

Kwangju

Ushuaia

Rosario

Cordoba

Vitoria

Goiania

Honiara

Bandung

JakartaKananga

Iquitos

Nairobi

Kampala

Yaounde

CayenneAbidjan

Colombo

Conakry

MaduraiMaracay Caracas

Managua

Bangkok

Yangon

Nanning

Karachi

KunmingGuiyang

Thimphu

Tindouf

Houston Chengdu

Nanjing

EsfahanTripoli Baghdad

Phoenix FukuokaAtlanta

Memphis

Lanzhou QingdaoMashhad

Algiers Inch'on

TaiyuanSmyrana Tianjin

BeijingYerevan

Chicago

Detroit

SapporoToronto Halifax

Seattle

Kharkiv

Calgary

Irkutsk

Hamburg

Magadan

Yakutsk

Godthab

Norilsk

Makassar

Vadodara

Ludhiana

Jabalpur

Dongguan

Campinas

Kinshasa

Monrovia

Brussels

Auckland

Canberra

Adelaide

Santiago

Brisbane

PretoriaCuritiba

Asuncion

Gaborone

Windhoek

Brasilia

LilongweSalvador

Surabaya

Medellin

San Jose Valencia

N'Djamena

KhartoumTimbuktu

Belmopan

San Juan

Haiphong

HonoluluKolkata

Varanasi

ChangshaNanchang

Hangzhou

AmritsarBenghazi

DamascusPeshawar

Srinagar

San JoseAshgabat

Dushanbe

Columbus New York

Istanbul TashkentT'bilisi

Shenyang

Belgrade

PortlandMontreal

Budapest

Winnipeg

Edmonton

Helsinki

Murmansk

Changzhou

Las Vegas

Faridabad

Allahabad

Zaozhuang

Hong Kong

Goose Bay

Stockholm

Anchorage

Reykjavik

Jerusalem

Singapore

Melbourne

Cape Town

Sao Paulo

Fortaleza PalembangGuayaquil

KisanganiMogadishu

Maracaibo

Bangalore

Guatemala

HyderabadVientiane

Ahmadabad Guangzhou

T'aichungAbu Dhabi

Monterrey

Kathmandu

Chongqing

San Diego

HiroshimaZhengzhou

Al Mawsil

St. LouisPyongyangBaltimore

BarcelonaCleveland

Milwaukee Marseille

ChangchunBucharest

Astrakhan

Volgograd

Vancouver

Rotterdam

Churchill

Gujranwala

Vijayawada

Jamshedpur

Coimbatore

Aurangabad

Libreville

Nouakchott

Copenhagen

Montevideo

Lubumbashi

ParamariboBenin City

Georgetown

Phnom Penh

ChittagongKaoshsiung

Alexandria Faisalabad

CasablancaRawalpindi

SacramentoCincinnati

Pittsburgh

Providence

Khabarovsk

Birmingham

Arkangelsk

Antofagasta

Livingstone

Brazzaville

Bucaramanga

Addis Ababa

Ouagadougou

Tegucigalpa

Mexico City

Guadalajara

Tamanrasset

San AntonioNew Orleans

Los Angeles

Kansas City

Vladivostok

Minneapolis

Ulaanbaatar

NovosibirskChelyabinsk

Buenos Aires

Port Moresby

Christchurch

Porto Alegre

Johannesburg

Antananarivo

Kuala Lumpur

Barquisimeto

Barranquilla

San Salvador

Shijiazhuang

IndianapolisPhiladelphia

Yekaterinburg

Ciudad Juarez

Alice Springs

Dar es Salaam

Santo Domingo

Tel Aviv-Yafo

San Francisco

Rostov-na-Donu

Rio de Janeiro

Belo Horizonte

Vishakhapatnam

Port-au-Prince

Nizhniy Novgorod

Washington D.C.

Dnipropetrovs'k

Ho Chi Minh City

Saint Petersburg

Santa Cruz de La Sierra

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy

Bhopal

Nagoya

Lucknow

Shanghai

Tangshan

Hyderabad

Amsterdam

Copper Creek

Juruenda

Warrego

WhiteNile

Amazonas

Kuskokwim

Yenisey

Gascoyne

Murchison

Georgina

KolymaYukon

Mamore

Parana

Vilyuy

Ashburton

Podkamennaya

Yenisey

Madeira

St.Law

Sao Francisco

Victoria

Araguaia

Maranon

Caroni

Anadyr

issippi

Missou

Shilka

Pechora

Orinoco

Branco

Mitchell

Guaviare

Yenisey

Putumayo

Syr Darya

Paraguay

Fraser

Parnaiba

Lugend

Lomami

Salween

Caqueta

antina

RhoneSn

Sungai

BaykalLake

Chindwin

Dall ol Boss o

Platte

Darlin

Tocantins

Colorado

Omolon

Dnist er

Daugava

Irtysh

Euphrates

Sacramento

Tapajos

Karkheh

Severn

Porcupi

Thelon

Ussuri

Murray

Arkansas

Thlewiaza

Dn i pr o

Godavari

Albany

Angara

Kalixaelven

Churchill

Paranaiba

Huallaga

Fortescue

Uruguay

Yalong Jiang

Chubut

Han Shui

Alabam

Chulym

Cunene

Colorado

Parana

Maranon

AmuDarya

Nizhnyaya Tunguska

Tocantins

Cauvery

Mahanadi

Huang He

Bandama

WhiteNile

Como e

Colorado

Pyasina

Fitzroy

Indigirka

Ogooue

Hongshui

Angerman

Magdalena

Teles Pires

Columbia

Olenek

Missouri

Atbara

Guapore

Saskatche

Euphrates

Stewart

Krishna

Mekong

Sutlej

Zambezi Sh

Clutha

Tennes

Mackenzie

Mississippi

Seleng

Oelfusa

Guadiana

Cuanza

Nelson

Eastmain

Batang

Kwango

Mekong

Kizili

Olekma

Ghaghara

Brahmaputra

Senegal

Brazos

Limpopo

Krishna

Flinders

Essequibo

Ucayali

Athabasca

SaoFrancisco

Webi Jubba

Danube

Orinoco

Oubangui

Tigris

Saskatchew

Yarkant

Kamchatka

Yellowston

Zambezi

Grande Riviere

Cuando

Gambia

Tigris

t Ruaha

Lachla

Salado

major river basin land area with minor or inactive river basins

Sources:Basins selected, derived and adjusted byGlobal Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007,based on HYDRO1K by USGS;Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt/Main and Kassel 2007;Rivers and lakes by GRDC & WHYMAP 2007

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990)

River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990)

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

Source:Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set,Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC),Offenbach 2007

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

Sources:Gridded Population of the World (GPW), Version 3Center for International Earth Science InformationNetwork (CIESIN), Columbia University;United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) &Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 2005

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

Sources:Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt/Main & Kassel 2007;Population data based on GPW - Version 3,Center for International Earth Science Information Network(CIESIN) 2005

Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000)

Population Density (2000)

Groundwater Resources of the World

Legend

Special groundwater features

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 1 : 25 000 000

www.whymap.org

selected wetland, mostly groundwater related

Geography and Climate

selected city

country boundary

boundary of continuous permafrost

selected city,partly dependent on groundwater

area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l total dissolved solids (TDS))

natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions

area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation

area of groundwater mining

Surface water

continuous ice sheet

large freshwater lake

large saltwater lake

major river

180°160° e. G.140°120°100°80°60°40°20°0°20°40°60°80°100°120°140°160° w. G.

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

I N D I A N

O C E A N

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

Arct ic Circle

Antarct ic Circle

Scale 1 : 25 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarct ic Circle

Equator

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory,city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives no warranty, expressedor implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of loss, damage,injury or other occurrences however caused.

The data and information on this map are protected under the copyright of Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)and UNESCO. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever or stored in a retrievalsystem of any nature without the prior written permission of BGR and UNESCO.

extracted from:World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP)

Gu l fo f Gu i nea

A r a b i a nS e a

B a yo f B e n g a l

RedSea

S o u t h

C h i n a

E a s t

C h i n a

Ye l l owSea

S e a o f

J a p a n

S e a o f

O k h o t s k

B e r i n g S e a

E a s t S i b e r i a n S e a

L a p t e v S e aK a r a S e a

B a r e n t s S e a

Baltic

N o r t hS e a

Black Sea

Me d i t e r r a ne an

B a f f i nB a y

H u d s o n

Ber i ngSea Gu l f

o f A l a s k a

G u l f o f M e x i c o

C a r i b b e a n S e a

S c o t i a S e a

W e d d e l l S e a

T a s m a n S e a

Population in persons/km2

0 5 25 250 1000 no data

Casp ian

country boundary

Within the past decades the interest in groundwater has increased considerably due to water shortage problems onlocal, regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it isnecessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment, and to determinethe chemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and AssessmentProgramme (WHYMAP) was created in 1999 as a contribution to the world-wide efforts to improve the managementof the earth's water resources including groundwater.WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and NaturalResources (BGR).It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwaterrelated information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisibleunderground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional,national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geographicinformation system (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised.

This Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAP and combinesthe related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments in their arealextent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systems usually inlarge sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areas havecomplex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions in closevicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local and shallowaquifers.Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their modelledrecharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year. Dark colours (dark blue, green and brown) representareas with very high recharge rates while light blue, green and brown colours outline regions with very low rechargepotential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer to the period1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1f, provided bythe University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany (Doell et al., 2006).Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining areas of groundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g.endorheic basins or "chotts" and "sebkhas").

Groundwater resources frequently sustain important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands with a surface largerthan 500 hectares which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing data baselisting wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis).Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater.Therefore, known areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater miningare mapped. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with a population estimated at more than 1 million inhabitants in2005 according to the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs) known to have at least 25 % ofthe total water consumption supplied by groundwater have been identified by a special symbol.Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated foodproduction. Areas where salinity of groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching.

The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons ofclarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at thescale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues of "Mean Annual Precipitation", "RiverBasins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita".Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help tounderstand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight into their pressures, inparticular the priority use for drinking purposes. Essential geographic differences are revealed over the globe in thedistribution and amount of rainfall, the most important input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwaterreplenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour shades. The rainfall map is based on datafrom the Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface watersituation, a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global RunoffData Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classifiedaccording to their mean annual discharge. This picture complements with the main map, particularly in the dry regionsof the world, where no surface water is available but luckily some of the biggest aquifer systems are located.Population density also varies largely on earth and is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on thecontinents. This information combined with the amount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006)provides categories of mean annual groundwater recharge per capita. On this map, large countries have beensubdivided into individual sub-regions or states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation.Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet to be published soon.See also: www.whymap.org

WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000

Groundwater resources and recharge (mm/year)

in major groundwater basins

in areas withcomplex hydrogeological structure

in areas with local and shallow aquifers

very high high medium low very low0220100300

180°150° e.G.60°30°0° 120°30°60°120°150° w.G.

180°0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°

30°60°90°120°150°

90°90°

150° w.G. 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° e.G. 180°

180°150° e.G.120°90°60°30°0°30°60°90°120°150°

Precipitation in mm/year

0 10 50 100 200 1000500 2500 no data

no data

Groundwater recharge in m3/person/year(aggregated for countries or subnational units)

0 250 500 1000 1500 100003000

Lake EyreBalonn

Mahakam

Sungai

The WHYMAP initiative has been supported by the IHP Councilwithin the framework of the IHP VI programme (2002-2007).

Topographic base map

CGMW / UNESCO (2000):UN (2006):ESRI (2006):NASA / USGS (2006):GRDC (2007):

Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd editionCartographic DataData & MapsShuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30)Rivers & Lakes

Under the auspices of

UNESCO / IHPUNESCO / IGCPBGRCGMWIAEAIAH

Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice AureliRobert MissottenHans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm StruckmeierJean-Paul Cadet and Philippe RossiPradeep Aggarwal and Andy GarnerStephen Foster and Jiri Krasny

Prepared by

Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors),Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander,William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca,Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat,Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera,Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter,Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser modified by BGR (2007/2008)

Map projection

Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E,spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates

Cartographical editing / GIS

BGR Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts

Mean river discharge in km3/year

5 - 10

10 - 50

50 - 100

100 - 500

500 - 800

800 - 1200

1200 - 2000

2000 - 3000

> 3000

Groundwater Resources of the World, 1:25.000 · Victoria Lake Tanganyika Lake Tana N i l e Lake...

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