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GRAMMAR – UNIT 2 LESSONS 18 - 28
Parts of Speech Part 2
NOUNS
NOTE: Things can be
concrete – like rocks or books
or
abstract ideas like courage or
purpose.
• Two types of NOUNS:
–Proper Nouns
–Common Nouns
A noun is a person, place , or thing
A ________ is a word that ________________, _____ another verb to a subject , _______ another verb or merely indicates ___________.
verbshows actionlinks
helps
existence
MOOD
Verbs can be:• commanding (imperative) • matter-of-fact (indicative) • doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)
IMPERATIVE
Close that door!imperativeSquiggly played volleyball by the
sea.indicativeI wish you were here.subjunctive
indicativesubjunctiveCOMMANDING MATTER-OF-FACT DOUBTFUL or WISHFUL
UNIT 2 - LESSON 18------
CRITICAL QUESTION: What are antecedents and how do they relate to pronouns?
• .
PRONOUNS !
•Personal pronouns stand in for nouns.
• They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns
•pronouns—words like he, it, she, we, they, and so on.
Antecedent
•The noun to which a pronoun refers.
• Antecedents are always nouns – some are proper and some are common.
Facts About Antecedents
• Most of the time Pronouns are used in a paragraph AFTER their antecedents.
Facts About Antecedents
SUMMARY
• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.
What are antecedents and how do they relate to pronouns?
GRAMMAR MATTERS ------
UNIT 2 - REVIEW
Topic: Grammar
Parts Of Speech •Nouns•Verbs•Pronouns
MOOD
Verbs can be:• commanding (imperative) • matter-of-fact (indicative) • doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)
Squiggly ate a sandwich.
If only I had a sandwich.
Eat your sandwich.
indicative
subjunctive
imperative
Wash the dog.
If only I had a dog.
Andy bought a dog.
imperative
subjunctive
indicative
•pronouns— they take the place of nouns.
•words like he, it, she, we, they …
Antecedent
•The noun to which a pronoun refers.
Andy bought a dog, and then, he washed it.
antecedents pronouns
UNIT 2 - LESSON 19------
Topic: Grammar
Critical Question:What are verbals?
Verbals -like verbs…-only -different.
3 TYPES:
Gerunds
Participles
Infinitives
3 TYPES of Verbals:
Gerunds
Participles
Infinitives
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB
SUMMARY
• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.
UNIT 2 - LESSON 20------
Topic: Grammar
Critical Question: What are a few facts about verbals?
Gerund
If you add an –ing to a verb and use the word as a noun, that is a gerund.
Acting isn’t as
easy as it looks.
noun
Participle
If you add an –ing to a verb and use the word as an adjective, it is called a participle.
Acting lessons helped
Aardvark land the lead role in the school
play.
adjective
Participlescan also be joined with helping verbs to function as a verb.
She was helping him.
verb
We are jumping rope.
He is smiling today.
Infinitives
An infinitive is a combination of the word to and a bare form of a verb: to go, to run, to split, and so on.
To act was his secret
desire.
Infinitives can function as:oNounsoAdjectivesoAdverbs
To act was his desire.
It is her time to shine.
She sprinted the last ten yards to secure the win.
adjective
adverb
noun
gerund, participle, or infinitive???Aardvark’s singing almost deafened Squiggly.
After you finish this class, you will want everyone to read your writing.
The fallen leaves made a striking pattern.
He was singing before you called.
She wanted to explore.
He needed to believe in himself.
gg
p
pi
i
SUMMARY
• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.
GRAMMAR MATTERS ------
UNIT 2 - LESSON 21------
Topic: Grammar
PARTS OF SPEECH
• Nouns• Pronouns • Verbs
–Verbals •Participle Gerund Infinitive
Review Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech
• Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper
• Gerund – “ing” – nouns
• Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.
PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE
• He was sewing a button onto his coat.
• The sewing machine was broken. • I like your writing. • He wanted to go to the park.
Critical Question:
What is a split infinitive?
To Split or not to Split ????
Some people believe that it is against the “rules” to split an infinitive
MYTH
AGAIN – Latin is to blame for the 19th Century rule . In Latin, there are no two word infinitives and so, it is impossible to split one.
Today though, most agree that it is OK to split infinitives
Split infinitive ….
If you try to unsplit the verb, you might actually change the meaning of the sentence.
Squiggly decided to quickly remove Aardvark’s cats.
removeto
Squiggly decided quickly to remove Aardvark’s cats.
to remove
How does this change the sentence?
Squiggly decided to remove Aardvark’s cats quickly .
to remove
This would be the best rewrite, but it is not necessary.
Split Infinitive????
OK!
To BOLDLY go . . .
SUMMARY
• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.
GRAMMAR MATTERS ------
UNIT 2 - LESSON 22------
PARTS OF SPEECH
• Nouns• Pronouns • Verbs
–Verbals •Participle Gerund Infinitive
Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech
• Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper
• Gerund – “ing” – nouns
• Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.
PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE
•Alex is sparring.
PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE
•The sparring team won.
PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE
•Sparring is her favorite thing to do.
PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE
•She likes to spar.
UNIT 2 - LESSON 22------
CRITICAL QUESTION?
• How can I write a sentence correctly using an antecedent and a pronoun?
Personal Pronouns Antecedent
Personal pronouns stand in for nouns. They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns—words like he, it, she, we they, and so on.
The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the antecedent.
Pronouns !!!
Squiggly was late. He forgot to set the alarm.
The tree fell because it had been attacked by bugs.
Grammar girl is happy because she remembered to bring an eraser.
Pronouns are VITAL~~~~~~~~~
Pronouns are vital. Try not using one for an hour, and you’ll see. I use them constantly as you can tell by these sentences.
Because pronouns come in different shapes and are used for different reasons some official grammar language is necessary. Ready?????
SUMMARY
• Write a creative sentence using an antecedent and its pronoun.
GRAMMAR MATTERS ------
UNIT 2 - LESSON 23------
Topic: Grammar
UNIT 2 - LESSON 23------Critical Question: What are the three cases of pronouns?
Pronouns are bunched together in three cases. (I do not know why the word “case” is used. Categories would work just as well, but off icially they are called cases. Think of each case like a suitcase; it packs all the similar pronouns together.
Pronouns and Their Cases
Pronouns in Their SuitcasesPERSON SUBJECTIVE
CASEOBJECTIVE CASE
POSSESSIVE CASE (weak/strong)
1ST PERSON I Me My/Mine
2ND PERSON You You You/Yours
3RD PERSON - female
She Her Her/Hers
3RD PERSON - male
He Him His/His
3RD PERSON - neutral
It It Its/Its
1ST PERSON (plural)
We Us Our/Ours
2ND PERSON(plural)
You You Your/Yours
3RD PERSON(plural)
They Them Their/Theirs
INTERROGATIVE
Who Whom Whose
The doer of the action; the one who acts
Subjective Case
She ate fi fty hot dogs.
(She did the eating, so she’s taking the action.)
The receiver of the action; the one who sits back and lets it all happen to her (or him).
Objective Case
The judge gave her the prize.
(Her received the prize and is the receiver of the action.)
Shows ownership
Possessive Case
Her dog threw up on my shoes.
(Her indicates the dog belongs to a previously mentioned female.)
I I …
is always and only a subject pronoun.
you …can stand in
for a subject or an object!!!
me … is always
and only a object pronoun.
you me
I threw the beach
ball.
You threw the beach ball.
Squiggly threw me.
Squiggly
threw you.
NOTEYou also fills in for one person or many people (i.e., it’s a singular and a plural pronoun). I say “You should go to Disneyland,” I could be talking to one person or to a group of people. You should be standing in for Squiggly alone, or Squiggle, Aardvark and their families.
SUMMARY
• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.
GRAMMAR MATTERS ------
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