Global Trends in Waste Management...2014/11/01  · Facility Glass Manufacturing Papermill 100 % MSW...

Global Trends in Waste Management

Klaus Fricke and Christiane Pereira

Inhabitants

83 million (total) 192 million (total)

226 / km² 22.4 / km²

Federal Republic of Germany – Basic Data

• 43 Mio t MSW

• 518 kg waste potential capita*a (1,32 kg/d)

• 326 kg recycling /capita*a

• 192 kg remaining rest waste

Trend Determining Influences

• Waste composition

• Environmental and resource protection

• Economics and markets

• Legal framework

• Available finances

Trend Determining Influences - Brasil

Waste Composition

Waste Compositions

% Germany

avarage

China Brazil Thailand India

Paper /

Cardboard

20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5

Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2

Organic 42 64 67 62 75

Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9

Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1

Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1

Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0

Water

content

Calorific V

kJ/ kg

Waste Compositions

% Germany

avarage

China Brazil Thailand India

Paper /

Cardboard

20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5

Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2

Organic 42 63,9 67.1 62.0 75.2

Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9

Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1

Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1

Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0

Water

content

35 - 45 42 - 60 46- 58 41 - 53 42 - 60

Calorific V

kJ/ kg

8.500 4 - 7.300 3 - 6.900 4 - 7.500 < 4.000

Waste with a calorific value lower 3.500 - 4.000

kJ/kg needs additional fuel for combustion

efficiently burning >> 6.000 kJ/kg

Trend Setting Influences - Consequences

Waste composition

• Efficiently waste incineration for entire MSW not usefull

and not possible

• Mechanical pre-treatment is required (Splitting and

sorting)

• Waste drying

• Biological treatment for 60 - 70% of the waste suitable

• Development

• packagages production e.g.

• reduction of glas and metals

• Increase plastic

• Reduction of calorific value due to increasing

material recycling

• Reduction of Print media

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Billio

n D

ollar

*

1850 1900 1950 2000

BIP

Globale Dynamics - Markets

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

Gig

ab

arr

el

Ölä

qu

iva

len

t/a

1850 1900 1950 2000

Need of Resources

287

306

324

343

361

380

399

pp

m

1850 1900 1950 2000

CO2-

Konzentration

Globale Dynamics

Securing of Resources

…what can we do?

World Bank:

One approach to

solve the problem is

>90% Recycling

Trend Determining Influences

Environmental and resource protection

What is the most sustainable strategy?

Material recycling or energy recovery or

disposal?

Waste management in EU and Germany

Result: Material Recycling versus Energy Recovery

• Regarding resource efficiency, material recycling shows

significant advantages compared to energy recovery and

disposal (Paper, Plastics)

• Higher energy efficiency corresponds to lower climate

effects (CO2-Emissions)

Trend Setting Influences - Consequences

Environmental and Resouce Protection

• Improve Material Recycling by means of

• upgrading separate collecton

• establishing assorting facilities

GHG-Emission Mitigation by Means of Material Recycling,

Energy Recovery and Treatment before Landfill[k

g C

O2

eq

/ t

]

1700

1100

100

-420

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

landfill landfill with

gas collection

after pre-treatment

(MBT)

material recycling

and

energy recovery

8-12 % of GHG-

Emissionen are generated

by landfills!!!!

Trend Setting Influences - Consequences

• Landfill ban for untreated waste since 2005 in

GER, CH and A

• As from 2016 landfill for untreated waste has

banned allover Europe!!!!!

• Treatment technologies for non recycable - MBT

and incineration

Marine Litter

20

• 18.000 debris items per km2

• 1 kg plancton comes 6 kg of plastic components

• 30% on the surface, 70% sediment onto the ground – e.g. 200 Mio t in the

sediment of the Mediteran Sea

Trend Setting Influences - Consequences

Environmental and Resouce Protection

Marine litter :

• Ban of plastic articles (e.g. shopping bags

in Italy)

• Changes in plastic quality e.g.

biodegredable plastics)

Waste Collecting and Recycling Ship

Use of ships for collection, transportation and treatment in

coastal metropolitan areas and islands

Trend Determining Influences

Economics and Markets

Markets for Secondary Products

- Oil

Source: indexmundi (2012)

Oil Uranium Energy index

Development of Oil Price

Markets for secondary products

- Paper and Plastic

(Quelle: EUWID: 02.2011)

Paper

PVC

PET

LD-PE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

€/t

2013

Need for Compost – But no Markets Available

Need for fertilizers

• Hongkong 20 - 45 €/t

• Java 30 - 50 €/t

• Bali 35 - 45 €/t

• Phnom Penh 25 - 40 €/t

• Mexico City 20 - 55 €/t

• GER up to 50 €/t

Revenues

compost

Trend Setting Influences - Consequences

Economics and MarketsCurrently revenues for secondary recourses are high -

in the medium term, it can be expect that..

……revenues for secondary resources will rise

significantly!!!!

• Upgrading separate collecton

• Establishing assorting facilities

• RDFand biogas production for energy

recovary production

• Compost production

Rest

Waste

Organics

Anaerobic

digestion /

Composting

Facility

MBT or

Incineration

Collection Systems

- Germany

+ Paper Packaging+ + + Glas

Sorting

Facility

Glass

ManufacturingPapermill

100 %

MSW (43 Mio t)

63 % separate collection

24 % Treatment before landfill

IC, MBT, RDF (Energy + CO2, H2O)

8 % Recycling 0,5 t Ne and Fe; 3,1 Mio t slag

5 % landfill < 2 Mio t

Mass flow MSW - Germany

Recycling

(27 Mio t)

Treatment before landfill (16 Mio t)

Mass flow MSW

Material Recycling in Germany

- Development of Recycling Intensity

Waste incineration plants MBT plants

(composting and fermentation technologies)

Treatment Technologies

• 2013 in EU 369 MBTs in operation

• since 2009 every year 25 new MBT took into operation

Biological treatment

Anaerobic / aerobic

Shreddering

Municipal solid waste

FeFerrous metals

2 - 4 %

Landfill35 - 45 %

TOC < 18 %

RDF

5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Sieving 120 mm

RDF

20 - 38 %

Hu= 11 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Fe> 120 mm

Reduction of

organic matter,water

25 - 30 %

MBT Mass Flow (GER)

> 30 - 40 mmScreening

20 - 40mm

Sorting

• Plastic

• Paper/.

• Glass

• Wood

• Textiles

Sortierung – Low Tech

…with a high number of staff and

high product quality

Sorting and Refining - High Tech

…with a minimum of staff

Biological treatment

aerobic/anaerobic

Shreddering

Municipal solid waste

FeFerrous metals

2 - 4 %

Further mechanical

treatment

Landfill

15 - 45 %TOC< 18 %

Refuse derived fuel

5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Sieving 120

mm

Refuse derived fuel

25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg

Fe

< 120 mm

> 120 mm

Reduction of

organic matter,water

25 - 30 %

Filter material

Methane oxidation

layer

Separation of recyclable materials by MBT

Average Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) by

Alternative Fuels in the German Cement Industry

36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

%

avera

ge T

SR

of

VD

Z-M

em

ber

wo

rks

(Source: VDZ 2013)

1.6 Mio t/a RDF

Revenues: up to € 35.-

Production costs € 20 – 45.-

Biological treatment

aerobic/anaerobic

Shreddering

Municipal solid waste

FeFerrous metals

2 - 4 %

Further mechanical

treatment

Landfill15 - 45 %

TOC< 18 %

Refuse derived fuel

5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Sieving120

mm

Refuse derived fuel

25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg

Fe

< 120 mm

> 120 mm

Reduction of

organic matter,water

25 - 30 %

Filter material

Methane oxidation

layer

Biological Treatment Step

Technological Aspects

- Aerobic Treatment Technologies

Appropriate technologies

are available

• low and high tech

• low and high cost

Technological Aspects

- Aerobic Treatment Technologies

e.g.Bekon

C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH

Technological Aspects

- Anaerobic Treatment Technologies

Appropriate technologies

are available

• low and high tech

• low and high cost

Biological treatment

aerobic/anaerobic

Shreddering

Municipal solid waste

Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %

Further mechanical

treatment

Landfill15 - 45 %

TOC< 18 %

Refuse derived fuel

5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Sieving 80 mm

Refuse derived fuel

25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg

Fe

< 80 mm

> 80 mm

Reduction of

organic matter,water

25 - 30 %

Compost

MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction

Digestate as Fermentation Product and Compost

Biological treatment

aerobic/anaerobic

Shreddering

Municipal solid waste

Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %

Further mechanical

treatment

Landfill15 - 45 %

TOC< 18 %

Refuse derived fuel

5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg

Sieving 80 mm

Refuse derived fuel

25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg

Fe

< 80 mm

> 80 mm

Reduction of

organic matter,water

25 - 30 %

Filter material

Methane oxidation

layer

MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction

MBT disposal on landfills…

Construction of a Methane Oxidation Layer

>120 cm

Methane oxidation layer

Gas distribution layer

Landfill body, top layer preferably

uncompressedCH4 CH4 CH4

O2O2 O2

CO2

H2O

CO2

H2O

CO2

H2O

Biological methane oxidation with methanotrophic bacteria:

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + biomass + 210.8 kcal/mol

Ga

s e

mis

sio

n [N

l/k

g T

S]

200

20

2

MSW

untreated

MSW

MBT pretreated

90 %

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

MSW

with MOL

Methane Emission Reduction Efficiency of MBT and MOL

MOL = Methane Oxidation Layer

99 %

E-Waste

- Rare earth elements and strategic metals

Recycling rates <1%

48

Ohne Worte

© Kai Löffelbein, Deutschland | Student der Fotografie, Hochschule Hannover

UNICEF-Foto of the year 2011 – Ghana

Landfilled MSW

Germany:

since 1975: approx. 2,5 billion t MSW with demolition and commercial waste)2)

World wide:

since 1975: approx. 60 billion t3)

1) Umweltboard, Fricke 20082) Bilitewski 2000, Görner et al. 2002,

UBA 20063) MSW UNEP = 0,28 Mg /cap./a)

Sources:

Resource Potential in Landfills

– Germany

Landfilled waste since 1975:

• 250 Mio. t calorific fraction on basis of coalequ resp. Oilequ. 63,0 bn. US$

• 1,20 Mio. t copper scrap 8,4 bn. US$

• 0,50 Mio. t aluminium scrap 1,5 bn. US$

• 0,65 Mio. t phosphor 1,4 bn. US$

Phosphor

Prolongation of Landfilling by Reclamation of Volume

• Excavation and new landfilling 30 % Volume reclamation

with higher density

• Excavation and new landfilling 60 % Volume reclamation

withhigher density and recycling (RDF and metals)

Research work in the labs of TU Braunschweig

New Technologies

- Algaes Breeding

New Technologies

- Algaes Breeding

Research work at Pohlsche Heide (Semi scale) by GVoA

New Technologies

- Oiling Process

• Fuel production

• EEE pre-treatment

catalytic pressure-less

depolymerisation

New Technologies - Sewage Sludge

• Digestion of raw sludge

• Solar drying and energy revovery

• Co treatment in MBT

• Phosphate recycling (out of waste water, sludge or slake)

Self financing waste management?

Currently:

• Various organics like greenwaste

• Metals

• Paper and Cardboard

Short Term:

• RDF

Medium Term:

• Plastics

Long Term:

AD and Composting

Summary Tendencies

• Ban of plastic articles e.g. shopping bags; reduction of

glas

• Shortage of resources - increasing revenues for

secondary resources

• Increasing material recycling

• Decline in the konventional Incineration in favour of

RDF-use

• Decline of composting in favour of anaerobic digestion

• Landfill ban for untreated waste

• E-Waste recycling

• Landfill Mining

waste-bin race in Germany

Thank you for your attention !