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Global Trends in Waste Management
Klaus Fricke and Christiane Pereira
Inhabitants
83 million (total) 192 million (total)
226 / km² 22.4 / km²
Federal Republic of Germany – Basic Data
• 43 Mio t MSW
• 518 kg waste potential capita*a (1,32 kg/d)
• 326 kg recycling /capita*a
• 192 kg remaining rest waste
Trend Determining Influences
• Waste composition
• Environmental and resource protection
• Economics and markets
• Legal framework
• Available finances
Trend Determining Influences - Brasil
Waste Composition
Waste Compositions
% Germany
avarage
China Brazil Thailand India
Paper /
Cardboard
20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5
Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2
Organic 42 64 67 62 75
Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9
Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1
Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1
Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0
Water
content
Calorific V
kJ/ kg
Waste Compositions
% Germany
avarage
China Brazil Thailand India
Paper /
Cardboard
20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5
Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2
Organic 42 63,9 67.1 62.0 75.2
Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9
Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1
Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1
Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0
Water
content
35 - 45 42 - 60 46- 58 41 - 53 42 - 60
Calorific V
kJ/ kg
8.500 4 - 7.300 3 - 6.900 4 - 7.500 < 4.000
Waste with a calorific value lower 3.500 - 4.000
kJ/kg needs additional fuel for combustion
efficiently burning >> 6.000 kJ/kg
Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Waste composition
• Efficiently waste incineration for entire MSW not usefull
and not possible
• Mechanical pre-treatment is required (Splitting and
sorting)
• Waste drying
• Biological treatment for 60 - 70% of the waste suitable
• Development
• packagages production e.g.
• reduction of glas and metals
• Increase plastic
• Reduction of calorific value due to increasing
material recycling
• Reduction of Print media
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Billio
n D
ollar
*
1850 1900 1950 2000
BIP
Globale Dynamics - Markets
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Gig
ab
arr
el
Ölä
qu
iva
len
t/a
1850 1900 1950 2000
Need of Resources
287
306
324
343
361
380
399
pp
m
1850 1900 1950 2000
CO2-
Konzentration
Globale Dynamics
Securing of Resources
…what can we do?
World Bank:
One approach to
solve the problem is
>90% Recycling
Trend Determining Influences
Environmental and resource protection
What is the most sustainable strategy?
Material recycling or energy recovery or
disposal?
Waste management in EU and Germany
Result: Material Recycling versus Energy Recovery
• Regarding resource efficiency, material recycling shows
significant advantages compared to energy recovery and
disposal (Paper, Plastics)
• Higher energy efficiency corresponds to lower climate
effects (CO2-Emissions)
Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Environmental and Resouce Protection
• Improve Material Recycling by means of
• upgrading separate collecton
• establishing assorting facilities
GHG-Emission Mitigation by Means of Material Recycling,
Energy Recovery and Treatment before Landfill[k
g C
O2
eq
/ t
]
1700
1100
100
-420
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
landfill landfill with
gas collection
after pre-treatment
(MBT)
material recycling
and
energy recovery
8-12 % of GHG-
Emissionen are generated
by landfills!!!!
Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
• Landfill ban for untreated waste since 2005 in
GER, CH and A
• As from 2016 landfill for untreated waste has
banned allover Europe!!!!!
• Treatment technologies for non recycable - MBT
and incineration
Marine Litter
20
• 18.000 debris items per km2
• 1 kg plancton comes 6 kg of plastic components
• 30% on the surface, 70% sediment onto the ground – e.g. 200 Mio t in the
sediment of the Mediteran Sea
Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Environmental and Resouce Protection
Marine litter :
• Ban of plastic articles (e.g. shopping bags
in Italy)
• Changes in plastic quality e.g.
biodegredable plastics)
Waste Collecting and Recycling Ship
Use of ships for collection, transportation and treatment in
coastal metropolitan areas and islands
Trend Determining Influences
Economics and Markets
Markets for Secondary Products
- Oil
Source: indexmundi (2012)
Oil Uranium Energy index
Development of Oil Price
Markets for secondary products
- Paper and Plastic
(Quelle: EUWID: 02.2011)
Paper
PVC
PET
LD-PE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
€/t
2013
Need for Compost – But no Markets Available
Need for fertilizers
• Hongkong 20 - 45 €/t
• Java 30 - 50 €/t
• Bali 35 - 45 €/t
• Phnom Penh 25 - 40 €/t
• Mexico City 20 - 55 €/t
• GER up to 50 €/t
Revenues
compost
Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Economics and MarketsCurrently revenues for secondary recourses are high -
in the medium term, it can be expect that..
……revenues for secondary resources will rise
significantly!!!!
• Upgrading separate collecton
• Establishing assorting facilities
• RDFand biogas production for energy
recovary production
• Compost production
Rest
Waste
Organics
Anaerobic
digestion /
Composting
Facility
MBT or
Incineration
Collection Systems
- Germany
+ Paper Packaging+ + + Glas
Sorting
Facility
Glass
ManufacturingPapermill
100 %
MSW (43 Mio t)
63 % separate collection
24 % Treatment before landfill
IC, MBT, RDF (Energy + CO2, H2O)
8 % Recycling 0,5 t Ne and Fe; 3,1 Mio t slag
5 % landfill < 2 Mio t
Mass flow MSW - Germany
Recycling
(27 Mio t)
Treatment before landfill (16 Mio t)
Mass flow MSW
Material Recycling in Germany
- Development of Recycling Intensity
Waste incineration plants MBT plants
(composting and fermentation technologies)
Treatment Technologies
• 2013 in EU 369 MBTs in operation
• since 2009 every year 25 new MBT took into operation
Biological treatment
Anaerobic / aerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Landfill35 - 45 %
TOC < 18 %
RDF
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 120 mm
RDF
20 - 38 %
Hu= 11 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Fe> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
MBT Mass Flow (GER)
> 30 - 40 mmScreening
20 - 40mm
Sorting
• Plastic
• Paper/.
• Glass
• Wood
• Textiles
Sortierung – Low Tech
…with a high number of staff and
high product quality
Sorting and Refining - High Tech
…with a minimum of staff
Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill
15 - 45 %TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 120
mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 120 mm
> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
Separation of recyclable materials by MBT
Average Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) by
Alternative Fuels in the German Cement Industry
36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
avera
ge T
SR
of
VD
Z-M
em
ber
wo
rks
(Source: VDZ 2013)
1.6 Mio t/a RDF
Revenues: up to € 35.-
Production costs € 20 – 45.-
Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving120
mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 120 mm
> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
Biological Treatment Step
Technological Aspects
- Aerobic Treatment Technologies
Appropriate technologies
are available
• low and high tech
• low and high cost
Technological Aspects
- Aerobic Treatment Technologies
e.g.Bekon
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH
Technological Aspects
- Anaerobic Treatment Technologies
Appropriate technologies
are available
• low and high tech
• low and high cost
Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 80 mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 80 mm
> 80 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Compost
MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction
Digestate as Fermentation Product and Compost
Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 80 mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 80 mm
> 80 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction
MBT disposal on landfills…
Construction of a Methane Oxidation Layer
>120 cm
Methane oxidation layer
Gas distribution layer
Landfill body, top layer preferably
uncompressedCH4 CH4 CH4
O2O2 O2
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
Biological methane oxidation with methanotrophic bacteria:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + biomass + 210.8 kcal/mol
Ga
s e
mis
sio
n [N
l/k
g T
S]
200
20
2
MSW
untreated
MSW
MBT pretreated
90 %
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
MSW
with MOL
Methane Emission Reduction Efficiency of MBT and MOL
MOL = Methane Oxidation Layer
99 %
E-Waste
- Rare earth elements and strategic metals
Recycling rates <1%
48
Ohne Worte
© Kai Löffelbein, Deutschland | Student der Fotografie, Hochschule Hannover
UNICEF-Foto of the year 2011 – Ghana
Landfilled MSW
Germany:
since 1975: approx. 2,5 billion t MSW with demolition and commercial waste)2)
World wide:
since 1975: approx. 60 billion t3)
1) Umweltboard, Fricke 20082) Bilitewski 2000, Görner et al. 2002,
UBA 20063) MSW UNEP = 0,28 Mg /cap./a)
Sources:
Resource Potential in Landfills
– Germany
Landfilled waste since 1975:
• 250 Mio. t calorific fraction on basis of coalequ resp. Oilequ. 63,0 bn. US$
• 1,20 Mio. t copper scrap 8,4 bn. US$
• 0,50 Mio. t aluminium scrap 1,5 bn. US$
• 0,65 Mio. t phosphor 1,4 bn. US$
Phosphor
Prolongation of Landfilling by Reclamation of Volume
• Excavation and new landfilling 30 % Volume reclamation
with higher density
• Excavation and new landfilling 60 % Volume reclamation
withhigher density and recycling (RDF and metals)
Research work in the labs of TU Braunschweig
New Technologies
- Algaes Breeding
New Technologies
- Algaes Breeding
Research work at Pohlsche Heide (Semi scale) by GVoA
New Technologies
- Oiling Process
• Fuel production
• EEE pre-treatment
catalytic pressure-less
depolymerisation
New Technologies - Sewage Sludge
• Digestion of raw sludge
• Solar drying and energy revovery
• Co treatment in MBT
• Phosphate recycling (out of waste water, sludge or slake)
Self financing waste management?
Currently:
• Various organics like greenwaste
• Metals
• Paper and Cardboard
Short Term:
• RDF
Medium Term:
• Plastics
Long Term:
AD and Composting
Summary Tendencies
• Ban of plastic articles e.g. shopping bags; reduction of
glas
• Shortage of resources - increasing revenues for
secondary resources
• Increasing material recycling
• Decline in the konventional Incineration in favour of
RDF-use
• Decline of composting in favour of anaerobic digestion
• Landfill ban for untreated waste
• E-Waste recycling
• Landfill Mining
waste-bin race in Germany
Thank you for your attention !
