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Unit 2: Early ManGlobal AIS
Neolithic RevolutionVocabulary
Paleolithic Age
Also called the Stone Age Earliest period in human history
Many years after the dinosaurs Before 10,000 BC
Earliest evidence of humans was found in Africa
Hunting and Gathering
The way early humans got their food. Men hunted, women gathered
Migration and Nomads
Migration: moving from one place to another Hunters and gatherers often migrated as
the seasons changed
Nomads: people who have no permanent home
Traditional Economy
Closely linked to the natural environment Characteristics: Subsistence Agriculture,
Hunting and Gathering, Barter System Subsistence Agriculture (Farming)
Grow just enough food to feed their immediate family
Barter System Trading goods and/or services for goods and/or
services People often have the same job as their
parents
Slash and Burn
Existing plants are cut and burned to prepare the land for new crops
Used by subsistence farmers
Neolithic Revolution
The change from hunting and gathering to herding and farming
Summarization Video Show first 2 minutes
Stages of Neolithic Revolution
Timeline and Map (in packet) Things to Notice
Look how long it took to go from the Neolithic Revolution to the first civilization (5,000 years)
Look where the first civilizations started on the map▪ Fertile Crescent: stretch of land from Mediterranean
to Persian Gulf where many early civilizations started▪ Nile River Valley
Notice how early humans migrated to those river valleys
Stages of the Neolithic Revolution
1. Transition from hunting and gathering to herding and farming
2. Built permanent homes 3. Had extra time to think new ideas 4. Began to specialize in jobs and
teach others how to do the job 5. Communities grew and organized
into CIVILIZATIONS!
Things Found in an Organized Society
Organized government Laws and consequences
Organized economy Standardized method of trading, buying
and selling goods and services Urban setting
Communities of permanent homes Writing systems
Methods of communication outside of spoken language
What was the relationship between early people and the environment?
Dependent on environment for food and shelter Environment: a person’s surroundings
Had to work for food and shelter The Neolithic Revolution resulted in
man learning to master his environment to improve his life
What were the main factors that led to the Neolithic Revolution?
People accidentally discovered ways to improve their lives. Ex. Realizing that plants could be
planted and raised. Humans invented new concepts that
made a stationary life possible Agriculture Domestication of animals Permanent homes
What are the changes that took place as a result of the Neolithic Revolution?
Organization into communities Before: Nomadic tribes
Specialization of jobs Before: Working to survive, whatever
was needed Creation of civilizations
Before: Limited contact with other tribes
THIS IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW!
Early Civilizations
Timeline and Map
Egyptian Notice the date (first civilization) Formed in Nile River Valley
Sumerian Formed in Sumer River Valley
Indian Part of Fertile Crescent
Chinese Formed after migration from early
civilizations
Elements that Define a Civilization
Civilization
A highly organized community with advanced elements of culture, politics, economy, art, etc…
Elements that Define a Civilization
Organized Government Written laws (rules) Leaders Protection (military)
Organized Economy Trade within the civilization and with
other civilizations Tokens to represent value (money) Reliable food supply (agriculture and
storage)
Elements that Define a Civilization
Writing System Improved communication Record-keeping Using symbols to represent ideas
Urban Setting (Cities) Many unrelated people living together in
one large, planned community
Four Major River Valley Civilizations
Egyptian (Nile River Valley)
Leader: Pharaoh Role of King, but considered an
extension of Amun-Ra (king of gods) Male or Female Famous Pharaohs▪ Khufu: Built the Great Pyramid▪ King Tutankhamun: Youngest pharaoh (8 or 9)▪ Ramses II: Most powerful pharaoh, married
Nefertari
Egyptian cont’d
Built the Pyramids Tombs for the pharaohs who were
mummified and buried with treasures (including live slaves) for them to use in the afterlife
Great Pyramid of Giza Also built Sphinx
Egyptian Cont’d
Developed Hieroglyphics Picture-based writing Translated by modern linguists using the
Rosetta stone
Sumerian (Sumer River Valley)
Also called Mesopotamia Located in the Fertile Crescent
Sumerian cont’d
Developed Cuneiform Wedge-shaped
writing Invented the wheel
Think about how hard life would be without it
Think about how much it changed their lives
Sumerian Cont’d
First written laws (that we know of) called Code of Hammurabi or Hammurabi’s Code (IMPORTANT) Hammurabi ruled from 1792-1750 BCE “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a
tooth.” 282 laws inscribed on a stone pillar Purposes:▪ Keeping order in his kingdom▪ Unifying the different city-states that he
conquered
More Hammurabi’s Code
“If a man has knocked out the teeth of a man of the same rank, his own teeth shall be knocked out. If he has knocked out the teeth of a commoner, he shall pay one-third of a mina of silver.”
How does this law show that the Sumerians distinguished between social classes?
Indian (Indus)
Two main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Very well-organized
Learned to weave cotton into cloth A skill we’re still using today!
Chinese (Huang He)
Writing symbols represent whole ideas instead of a word or phrase
Called themselves the Middle Kingdom Believed they were the
center of the world Believed they were more
important, better than other civilizations
Connecting Ancient to ModernHow these Civilizations Contributed to Our Lives
New Technologies
Irrigation Getting water to crops Made agriculture possible without constant
rainfall Why civilizations needed to be near rivers
Money Standardized method of payment
Metal Used to make weapons and tools Replaced rock and wood
Architecture
Functional and beautiful Offered protection, storage, shelter Looked good
Multi-purpose Place to live Place to praise gods and rulers
Organized Religions
Polytheism: belief in many gods Ex. Egyptians had over 100 gods
Belief in an afterlife Dead were often judged and the
judgment dictated whether they had a good or bad afterlife
Developed rituals Some are still used today Ex. Preserving the dead (Egypt)
Written Laws
Hammurabi’s Code Gave consequences for infractions Set up consistent rules
Writing Systems
Developed to record trading Helped increase human intelligence
People had to be taught the writing, which made them use their minds more
Picture-based writing systems
Regents PrepLaws and Codes
What the Regents Says
The Regents exams says this instead of “laws” Standardized systems of laws Rules of behavior Written set of laws Items that established legal procedure
THINK BEFORE YOU ANSWER All those phrases point to laws
Different Codes are Often Compared
Qin Dynasty Legalism (China) Harsh punishments for crimes Goal: orderly society
Justinian’s Code (Byzantine Empire) Collections of laws and Roman jury interpretations Basis of European legal system
10 Commandments Laws listed in the Bible Dictate proper human behavior
Napoleonic Code (France) Prohibited privilege based on birth Freedom of religion Government jobs go to the most qualified
How do each of those compare to Hammurabi’s Code?
Slash and burn techniques are typically practiced by
A. Nomads who use pastures for their livestock
B. Farmers who rely on chemical fertilizers
C. Subsistence farmersD. People who live along rivers
One way in which the Code of Hammurabi, The Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are similar are that they
A. Legalized monotheistic beliefsB. Established legal standardsC. Provided records of economic
activityD. Supported republican governments
What is the main reason the Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in world history?
A. Spoken language was used to improve communication
B. Fire was used as a source of energy for the first time
C. Stone tools and weapons were developed
D. Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops led to settled communities
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