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8/3/2019 Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction
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Introduction to GIS
Dr. Amba Shetty
Associate Professor
Dept.of Applied Mechanics
NITK Surathkal
Date 27/07/11
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1. Objective of the course :The general objective of the course is to equip students with theoretical and practicalknowledge. The specific objectives include the following.To introduce students to the basics of GIS Become familiar with a range of applications of these technologies
2.Skill development of the student expected from the courseExposure to Arc GIS software
3. Course coverage
StagesContents hrs
1
Introduction to Geographic Information System
Coordinate System
( 3+ 3 )6
2 Georelational Vector Data Model
Raster Data Model
Object Based Vector Data Model
8
3Data Input , Geometric Transformation , Spatial Data editing
5
4
Attribute Data Input , Data Exploration
5
5 Vector Data Analysis , Raster Data Analysis 8
7 Introduction to GPS 1
8 Applications of GPS, GIS 4
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4. Recommended Text Introduction to Geographic Information Systems , by Kang Tsung Chang
McGraw- Hill Higher Education , 3rd Edition with CD-ROM , 2008 Introduction to GPS: the Global Positing System, by EI- Rabbany, Ahmed,
Artech House, Inc. 2002 5. Details on Tutorials if any: Mini Project using Arc GIS 6. Evaluation Plan
End Sem. Exam 40 %
Mid Sem. Exam 20 %
Surprize quizes + Assignment , Test 25
Mini Project , Presentation 15
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Overview What is GIS and Why GIS
Components of GIS
Evolution of GIS
GIS Models : Raster and vector
Concept of Layer
GIS operations GIS Applications
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Introduction to GIS GIS = Geographic Information Systems;
Geospatial Information Systems; GeologicInformation Systems (also geospatial database
management)
What Information are we talking about? Information about anything that has a place (e.g.
locations of features, address of people) on Earthssurface, i.e. has coordinates
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Other terms used for GIS
multipurpose geographic data system
multipurpose input land use system computerized GIS
system for handling natural resources inventory data
image based information system
land resources information system
spatial data management and comprehensive analysis system planning information system
resource information system
natural resource management information system
spatial data handling system
geo- information system environment information system
AGIS - automated GIS
multipurpose cadastre
land information system
AM/FM - automated mapping and facilities management
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The ultimate purpose of a GIS is to providethe context for making a reasonabledecision.
Data
Information
Evidence
Knowledge
Wisdom
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The importance of GIS
The British Government (Dept. of the Environment)stated in 1988 that the impact of GIS on spatial
analysis was as significant as ........
the invention of the microscope and telescope wereto science, the computer to economics and the
printing press to information dissemination. It is thebiggest step forward in the handling of geographicinformation since the invention of the map
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What prompted the development of GIS
Proliferation of data: over the last two decades, there hasbeen a surge in the development of data gatheringmethodologies, plus the increasing ability to electronicallytransfer data
Reduction of computer cost and increase of computercapacities -in term of storage, processing speed, display andoutput devices
Integration of parallel developments: CAD, Remote
Sensing, spatial and images analysis, digital cartography,surveying and geodesy, etc
Increasing demand of GIS output, in public and privatesectors
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Data vs. Information
Data, by itself, generally differs from information
Data is of little use unless it is transformed intoinformation
Information is an answer to a question based on raw
data
We transform data into information through the useof an Information System.
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Data vs. Information
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What is an Information System
Information systems can be very simple, such
as a telephone directory.
In the digital
environment we use
software to create
complex informationsystems.
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What is a GIS?
GIS = G + IS
Geographic reference + Information system
GIS = IS with geographically referenced data
Data of spatial coordinates
on the surface of the earth
(Map)
location data
Database of attribute data
corresponding to spatial
location and procedures to
provide information for
decision making
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Definitions of GIS
A broadly accepted definition is the onegiven by USGS (1997)
A GIS is a Computer based Systemcapable of capturing , storing , analyzing
and displaying geographical referencedinformation
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Knowledge Base for GIS
GIS
Application Area:
public admin.planning
geology
mineral exploration
forestry
site selection
marketingcivil engineering
criminal justice
surveying
Computer
Science/MISgraphics
visualization
database
system administration
security
Geography
and related:cartography
geodesy
photogrammetry
landforms
spatial statistics.
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GIS as Multidisciplinary Science
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Relation between GIS and related Computer Systems
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Evolution of GIS
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Cost of implementation
Hardware,
Software,
Data creation,
Data updating ,
Data archiving.
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Cost of implementation
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Cost of implementation
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From Data to Analysis
75%Data Conversion:
10-15%
Attribute Tagging
Spatial 5% Analysis
Data Conversion
Spatial Analysis
Attribute Tagging
Past Future
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Components of a GIS
Hardware:the computer on which GIS operates
Software:which provides the
functions and tools needed to store,
analyze, and display geographic
information.
Data:geographic data & related
tabular data
People:GIS users who range from
specialists to simple users
Methods:a designed plan and business rules
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Description of GIS Components
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Hardware
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Software
GNU
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GIS software Windows Mac/Linu
x BSD Unix Web
CARIS Y N Y Y Y Y
Chameleon Y Y Y Y Y AMP
ERDAS IMAGINE Y N N N Y N
ESRI Y N Y N Y Y
GeoServer Y Y Y Y Y Java
GeoTools Java Java Java Java Java N
GRASS Y Y Y Y Y via pyWPS
IDRISI Y N N N N N
ILWIS Y N N N N N
JUMP GIS Java Java Java Java Java N
LandSerf Java Java Java Java Java NManifold System Y N N N N Y
MapInfo Y N Y N Y Y
MapServer Y Y Y Y Y AMP
Maptitude Y N N N N Y
Oracle Spatial Y Y Y N Y Y
PostGIS Y Y Y Y Y Y
Quantum GIS Y Y Y Y Y Y
Smallworld Y ? Y ? Y Y
SPRING Y N Y N Solaris N
TatukGIS Y N N N N ?
TransCAD Y N N N N Y
TerraView Y N Y N N N
TNTmips Y Y Y N Y N
TransModeler Y N N N N N
Source: Wikipedia
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GIS software Windows Mac
GNU/Linu
x BSD Unix Web
CARIS Y N Y Y Y Y
Chameleon Y Y Y Y Y AMP
ERDAS IMAGINE Y N N N Y N
ESRI Y N Y N Y Y
GeoServer Y Y Y Y Y Java
GeoTools Java Java Java Java Java N
GRASS Y Y Y Y Y via pyWPS
IDRISI Y N N N N N
ILWIS Y N N N N N
JUMP GIS Java Java Java Java Java N
LandSerf Java Java Java Java Java N
Manifold System Y N N N N Y
MapInfo Y N Y N Y Y
MapServer Y Y Y Y Y AMP
Maptitude Y N N N N Y
Oracle Spatial Y Y Y N Y Y
PostGIS Y Y Y Y Y Y
Quantum GIS Y Y Y Y Y Y
Smallworld Y ? Y ? Y Y
SPRING Y N Y N Solaris N
TatukGIS Y N N N N ?
TransCAD Y N N N N Y
TerraView Y N Y N N N
TNTmips Y Y Y N Y N
TransModeler Y N N N N N
$$$$
Free
Source: Wikipedia
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Other GIS Software Resources
DIVA-GIS http://www.diva-gis.org/
R-Project for Statistical Computing http://www.r-project.org/
Free Geography Tools http://freegeographytools.com/
GISWiki http://en.giswiki.net/
FreeGIS.org http://freegis.org/
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People
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..
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GIS ComponentsPolicies, Procedures and
Applications
For:
How and when to update data
(Maps, GIS Layers, etc..)
Who can update
Backup and recovery
Information Security
Etc..
Policies & Procedures
Policies and Procedures vary depending on the type of application
Many Corporate sectors are looking back into Policies
and Procedures after Satham fraud !!!
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GIS Components - Data
The Data is :
The Fuel for GIS
The most costly
component:80% of the cost of GIS
relates to data
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Geographically Referenced Data
Metadata describes both the spatial and attributedata to new users. Metadata is data about data.
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GIS in the Planning Process
Decision
GISProcessOutput
GIS
analysis
Import or
build datasets
Define GIS
criteria
Define
problem
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Data For GIS Applications
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Features Representation
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Examples of Descriptive Attributes
Water Wells (point features) Depth
Year Drilled
Volume of Water Production
Roads (line features) Name
Width
Number of Lanes
Land Parcels (polygon features) Area
Owner Name and Address
Permit Number
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Location and Attributes
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Location and Attributes
OBJECTI DISTID DISTNAME NO_ YEAR_1995 RICEKA RICEKP RICERA RICERP
23 123 Adilabad 113 1995 63 64 7 19
16 116 Nizamabad 78 1995 102 206 34 84
22 122 Karimnagar 108 1995 104 260 88 252
17 117 Medak 83 1995 64 111 41 78
15 115 Hyderabad 73 1995 1 1 1 1
14 114 Rangareddi 68 1995 22 47 18 35
OBJECTI ID Dist_name Dist_ID GeometryShape_Len Shape_Area
1 1 Adilabad 123 1Bo 753337 16838673859.80
2 2 Ni zamabad 116 1BoG( 430537 7655003826. 81
3 3 Karimnagar 122 1BoG 662231 11771979304.40
4 4 Medak 117 1BoG( 573986 9510748717.53
5 5 Hyderabad 115 1BoG\ 53851 203218046.01
6 6 Rangareddy 114 1BoG( 587854 7813591915.82
7 7 Warangal 120 1BoG 674389 12701135906. 20
Theme map of Rice_Kp
Attribute table of Dist
Rice_1995 table
LINKING SPATIAL AND ATTRIBUTE DATA
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Layers Concept
GIS, data for an area are divided into layersor themes. Data theme is a collection ofcommon geographic elements divided by type
for the dual purposes of display and analysis.
The database can be divided into as manylayers as is necessary, where each layer
contains one characteristic such as soils, landuse, drainage, etc. The layers overlay eachother perfectly as a result of Georeferencingand enabling analysis betwee
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Layers Concept
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What a GIS Can Do
There are five basic questions which a complete GIS must answer. These are:
What exists at a particular location? Given a geographic reference (eg lat,long) fora location, the GIS must describe the features of that location
Where can specific features be found?This is the converse of the first question.For example, where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mm and lessthan less than 750 mm?
Trends or What has changed over time? This involves answering both questionsabove. For example, at what locations are the crop yields showing decliningtrends?
What spatial patterns exist? if occurrence of a pest is associated with ahypothesized set of conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where dothose conditions exist?
Modelling or What if ? This is a higher level application of GIS and answersquestions like what would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the areaif fertilizer use is doubled?
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4 Ms
Key activities that can be enhanced through the useof GIS
Measure
Map
Monitor
Model
Environment
Development
Change space and time
Alternate action , Process operating
GIS are a means of integrating spatial data acquired at different scale,
time an format
Classification of
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Classification ofGIS Operations
Gettingprogressivelymore involved
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GIS Applications
Business Site Location, Delivery stems,Marketing
Government Central, State,District etc Economic Development Population Studies, Incomes,
Census and DemographicStudies
Emergency Services Fire & Police
Environmental Monitoring & Modeling Industry Transportation,
Communication,Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare
Public Health Epidemiology Studies Urban Planning Land Use, Historic studies,
Environmental andConservationStudies, Housing Studies,Crime Analysis
Politics Elections and Reappointment Education Research, Teaching Tool,
Administration
Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed
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Scholarly Journals Emphasizing
GIS Research
International Journal of GIScience (formerly International Journal ofGISystems)*
Cartography and GIScience (formerly American Cartographer andCartography and GISystems)
Computers and Geosciences* Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing*
Transactions in GISystems
Geographical and Environmental Modeling
Geographical Analysis*
GeoInformatica*
Annals of the Association of American Geographers*
Journal of Geographical Systems* (successor to Geographical Systems)*UD subscribes
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Thank You
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