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Generic Cell
Prison Cell
Fluorescent Stained Cell
I. Cell Theory (a relatively young concept)A. All living things are made up of cells
- Life must be separated from its environment to be an “open system”
B. Cells only come from other living cells
- Spontaneous Generation does not take place
II. Size Restriction of CellsA. Cells must stay small to maintain a high
surface area to
low volume ratio
- required for sufficient food and gas exchange
- a cell can “out grow” its ability to provide food and oxygen for its volume
1. High Surface Area
2. Low Volume
Bioflicks: The Cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Organisms
DNA
Organelles
Bacteria Plant, Animal, Fungi (multicellular organisms) &
Protists (mostly unicellular)
Circular; One DNA Strand; No “packaging”; nucleoid region
Linear; Many DNA strands; “packaged”, bound by a nuclear membrane
Ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles, “membranes inside membranes’
III. Cell Types
IV. Importance of “Membranes within Membranes”A. Increases surface area for important metabolic activities
B. Provides localized environmental conditions for
specific metabolic processC. Allows specialized division of labor
1) Within an individual cell
2) Within a multicellular organism
IV. Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Chart
Genetics(Transfers genes into proteins)
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B
“Control Center”
Contains the DNA codes to
make protein
Nuclear Membrane
DNA / Chromatin
Chromosomes
BContains the DNA code
to make ribosomes
Appears as a dark spots in nucleus.
Cells may have more than one
Site of Protein Synthesis
Made of RNA: 2 Types
a) Bound: Found on ER, Protein
made for export
b) Free: Found loose in cyto-
plasm, Protein made
for cell
1. Larger part and
smaller part
2. The two parts
join only when
making protein
B
Genetics
(Transfers genes into proteins)
B
Endo-
Membrane
Complex
(All exchangemembraneparts)
EndoplasmicReticulum (ER)
Golgi Apparatus(Bodies)
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Vacuoles
Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B
Hollow tube-like network
Isolates many metabolic activities
1. Smooth – no ribosomes, metabolism of lipids, sugars, toxins
2. Rough – with ribosomes,
metabolism of proteins
Outer membrane
Inner hollow space
(Cisternea)
B
Packages and modifies proteins for export out of cell
Separate entering and exit sites B
Membrane bound sack of powerful enzymes for cellular digestion of macromolecules (like lipids, proteins) & organelles
Membrane encloses enzymes
A
Storage sites for food, water & waste
Large in plants (Central Vacuole)
Membrane surrounds
the stored “stuff”
BTransport “bubbles” that carries materials from ER to Golgi to outside of cell
Membranes that “bud off” and fuse
B
lumen – opening/space inside a tube
Cyto-
Skeleton
Microtubules
CentrosomeCentrioles
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B
Maintains shape of cell
Aids in Movement
1. Flagella
2. Cilia
3. Vesicles
Small globular proteins that are easily rearranged as needed
9 + 2 arrangement
B
Maintains shape of cell
Aids in movement
1. Make up muscle fibers
(actin and myosin)
2. Amoeboid Movement
3. Cytoplasmic streaming
Small structural proteins (actin fibers)
B
Shape, Anchorage,Keratin fibers permanent
A
B
Microtubule Organizing Center (MOC)
Cell division
Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane (Plasma)
Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B
Support and Protection
Non-living
Made of Cellulose
Primary: Thin
Secondary: Thick, forms after the primary
P
Controls what goes in / out of cell
Semi-permeable
Phospholipids
and protein
B
Cell Surface
(separates inside from outside)
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Communication & Signaling, Structure
Glycoproteins, collagen, proteoglycans
A
Plasmodesmata Channels through cell walls that link to other plant cells
Communication between cells
Perforated “holes” P
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
Prevents leakage into cells Fused membranes forming a continuous belt
A
Anchors cells to each other
“Rivets”A
AChannels through cells that link to other animal cells
Intermediate filaments of keratin
Special membranes surround pores
(3 D Link)
Energy
Trans-Formation
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Grouping Organelle Function Parts A/P/B
Powerhouse of the cell
Site of cell respiration
Converts glucose to ATP
2 membranes
inner
outer
B
Photosynthesis / Food production
One of the Plastid group
a. Amyloplast – Store Amylose
b. Chromoplast – Color pigments
2 membranes
inner
outer P
Peroxisomes Generate and degrade H2O2 for oxidation of fats and detoxification
Crystalline core
CatalaseB
http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html
Video: Animal Cell
Video: Plant Cell
Slide 8
Structure of the Cell Wall
Extracellular Matrix
Slide 8
1. Microtubules move by “walking” against each other
Microtubules and Movement
Organelles can move by “walking” on a microtubule Slide 6
2.
Ameoba Movement.mov
Microfilaments: Small Interactions, Big Results
1. Microfilaments found in Muscle Cells
Microfilaments allow Amoeboid Movement
Slide 6
Cytoplasmic Streaming: Cytoplasmic movement within a cell
2.
3.
Microtubule Skeletons
Slide 6
Slide 2
A Typical Prokaryotic Cell
Typical Animal Cell
Slide 6Slide 5 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9Plant CellSlide 3
Typical Plant Cell
Slide 8Slide 6 Slide 9Animal Cell Slide 5
Slide 4
Structure of the Nucleus
Slide 4
The Structure of the Ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Slide 6
The Structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Slide 5
Slide 6
The Structure of the Golgi Apparatus
Hydrolytic Digestion in Lysosomes
Digestion of a Food Vacuole Digestion of an Organelle
(Autophagy) Slide 6Formation of a lysosome
Slide 5
Vesicles
Vesicles: The Transport Link of the Endomembrane Organelles
Slide 9
The Structure of the Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Slide 9
Structure of the Chloroplast
Slide 9
Slide 7
A Comparison of the Cytoskeleton Components
Pasteur’s Method of disproving Spontaneous Generation
Slide 2
Slide 6
Slide 6
Slide 5
Slide 10
Slide 4
Relative Sizes as Compared to Typical Cells
Slide 2
Slide 2
The Relationship of Surface Area and Volume
Intermediate Filaments
Slide Slide 7
Centrosome Structure
Slide 7
Plasmodesmata
Slide 8
Slide 8
Animation
Animation
Animation
Meet the Plastid Family
Pigment production and storage
Photosynthesis Resin and sap synthesis
Starch storage Fat synthesis and storage Protein Storage
Gravitropism
Chloroplast that have not been
exposed to light
Elodea leafTomato pulp / skin
Potato cells
Slide 9
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